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Mohammadi A, Malek-Mohammadi Jahani S, Kamankesh M, Jazaeri S, Eivani M, Esmaeili S, Abdi S. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Edible Oil Using Fast and Sensitive Microwave-assisted Extraction and Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1481110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Malek-Mohammadi Jahani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran
| | - Sahar Jazaeri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadjavad Eivani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Esmaeili
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Abdi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Irei S, Stupak J, Gong X, Chan TW, Cox M, McLaren R, Rudolph J. Molecular Marker Study of Particulate Organic Matter in Southern Ontario Air. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:3504274. [PMID: 29075550 PMCID: PMC5623806 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3504274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To study the origins of airborne particulate organic matter in southern Ontario, molecular marker concentrations were studied at Hamilton, Simcoe, and York Gateway Tunnel, representing industrial, rural, and heavy traffic sites, respectively. Airborne particulate matter smaller than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter was collected on quartz filters, and the collected samples were analyzed for total carbons, 5-6 ring PAHs, hopanes, n-alkanes (C20 to C34), and oxygenated aromatic compounds. Results showed that PAH concentrations at all three sites were highly correlated, indicating vehicular emissions as the major source. Meanwhile, in the scatter plots of α,β-hopane and trisnorhopane, concentrations displayed different trends for Hamilton and Simcoe. The slopes of the linear regressions for Hamilton and the tunnel were statistically the same, while the slope for Simcoe was significantly different from those. Comparison with literature values revealed that the trend observed at Simcoe was explained by the influence from coal combustion. We also found that the majority of oxygenated aromatic compounds at both sites were in the similar level, possibly implying secondary products contained in the southern Ontario air. Regardless of some discrepancies, absolute principal component analysis applied to the datasets could reproduce those findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Irei
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jacek Stupak
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Xueping Gong
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Tak-Wai Chan
- Climate Chemistry Measurements and Research, Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - Michelle Cox
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Robert McLaren
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jochen Rudolph
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
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Nayebzadeh M, Vahedpour M. A Review on Reactions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with the Most Abundant Atmospheric Chemical Fragments: Theoretical and Experimental Data. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/146867817x14821527549293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and have strong effects on climate and public health due to the importance of reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds in air. Over the last decade, study of the reactions of PAHs and their derivatives in the atmosphere has become a key topic to find an effective way to decrease the impact of this spontaneous reaction and so reduce air pollution. This article aims to pool the majority of research on the reactions of PAHs with atmospheric agents such as oxygen, hydrogen and ozone and compare the theoretical and experimental results. In examining theoretical research, the number of aromatic rings is very important in calculating the rate constants and determining the main pathway of the reaction. So, while there are weak theoretical data, several papers issued in this field have concurred with key experimental results. For reactants with more than six aromatic rings, small basis sets have good conformity with experimental outcomes. Due to the abundance of OH in the atmosphere, much research has been done to find the best reaction pathway and calculate the associated rate constants experimentally and theoretically. In future, the opportunity exists for new researchers to detect the main intermediates, most important pathways, rate constants and the products of reactions with more than six aromatic rings and to detect PAHs in a dense atmosphere. Product identification will help to reduce air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nayebzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, PO Box 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Morteza Vahedpour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, PO Box 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran
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Yauk C, Polyzos A, Rowan-Carroll A, Somers CM, Godschalk RW, Van Schooten FJ, Berndt ML, Pogribny IP, Koturbash I, Williams A, Douglas GR, Kovalchuk O. Germ-line mutations, DNA damage, and global hypermethylation in mice exposed to particulate air pollution in an urban/industrial location. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:605-10. [PMID: 18195365 PMCID: PMC2206583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705896105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate air pollution is widespread, yet we have little understanding of the long-term health implications associated with exposure. We investigated DNA damage, mutation, and methylation in gametes of male mice exposed to particulate air pollution in an industrial/urban environment. C57BL/CBA mice were exposed in situ to ambient air near two integrated steel mills and a major highway, alongside control mice breathing high-efficiency air particulate (HEPA) filtered ambient air. PCR analysis of an expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) locus revealed a 1.6-fold increase in sperm mutation frequency in mice exposed to ambient air for 10 wks, followed by a 6-wk break, compared with HEPA-filtered air, indicating that mutations were induced in spermatogonial stem cells. DNA collected after 3 or 10 wks of exposure did not exhibit increased mutation frequency. Bulky DNA adducts were below the detection threshold in testes samples, suggesting that DNA reactive chemicals do not reach the germ line and cause ESTR mutation. In contrast, DNA strand breaks were elevated at 3 and 10 wks, possibly resulting from oxidative stress arising from exposure to particles and associated airborne pollutants. Sperm DNA was hypermethylated in mice breathing ambient relative to HEPA-filtered air and this change persisted following removal from the environmental exposure. Increased germ-line DNA mutation frequencies may cause population-level changes in genetic composition and disease. Changes in methylation can have widespread repercussions for chromatin structure, gene expression and genome stability. Potential health effects warrant extensive further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Yauk
- Environmental and Occupational Toxicology Division, HECSB, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
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Polyzos A, Parfett C, Healy C, Douglas GR, Yauk CL. Instability of expanded simple tandem repeats is induced in cell culture by a variety of agents: N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea, benzo(a)pyrene, etoposide and okadaic acid. Mutat Res 2006; 598:73-84. [PMID: 16516931 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) sequences have proven useful biomarkers to detect genotoxicity in vivo. Their high sensitivity has been used to assess environmentally relevant doses of mutagens such as ionizing radiation, DNA alkylating agents and airborne particulate pollution, for germline mutations in mouse assays. The mutagenic response involves size alteration of these ESTR loci induced by agents causing a variety of cellular damage. The mechanistic aspects of this induced instability remain unclear and have not been studied in detail. Mechanistic knowledge is important to help understand the relevance of increased ESTR mutation frequencies. In this study, we applied a murine cell culture system to examine induced response to four agents exhibiting different modes of toxic action including: N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), okadaic acid and etoposide at slightly sub-toxic levels. We used single-molecule-polymerase chain reaction (SM-PCR) to assess the relative mutant frequency after 4-week chemical treatments at the Ms6-hm ESTR sequence of cultured C3H/10T1/2 cells (a mouse embryonic cell line). Increased mutation was observed with both 0.64 mM ENU (1.95-fold increase, P<0.0001), 1 microM benzo(a)pyrene (1.87-fold increase, P=0.0006) and 3 nM etoposide (1.89-fold increase, P=0.0003). The putative ESTR mutagen okadaic acid (1.27-fold increase, P=0.2289), administered at 0.5 nM, did not affect the C3H/10T1/2 Ms6-hm locus. Therefore, agents inducing small and bulky adducts, and indirectly causing strand breaks through inhibition of topoisomerase, caused similar induction of instability at an ESTR locus at matched toxicities. As size spectra for induced mutations were identical, the data indicate that although these chemicals exhibit distinct modes of action, a similar indirect process is influencing ESTR instability. In contrast, a potent tumour promoter that is a kinase inhibitor does not contribute to induced ESTR instability in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris Polyzos
- Environmental Health Centre, Environmental and occupational Toxicology Division, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, P.L. 0803A, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0L2
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Yauk CL. Advances in the application of germline tandem repeat instability for in situ monitoring. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2004; 566:169-82. [PMID: 15164979 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2003] [Accepted: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in tandem repetitive DNA sequences such as minisatellite DNA and expanded simple tandem repeats (ESTRs) may provide useful biomarkers of induced germline effects. In this review, I describe the differences between ESTRs and minisatellites with respect to their structure and mutational mechanisms, and discuss field applications measuring induced germline instability. It is evident that both types of loci have high rates of mutation that facilitate the measurement of induced mutation measured in relatively small numbers of samples following environmentally relevant exposures. Several research groups have used these loci to demonstrate a significant increase in germline mutation in humans and animals exposed to radioactive or chemical pollutants in their natural environment. Mutations are manifested as gains or losses in repeat units and are detected either by pedigree screening or by PCR amplification of sperm DNA. Mutations at both ESTRs and minisatellites appear to arise via indirect mechanisms rather than by direct damage to the repeat locus itself. Most interestingly, ESTR instability following radiation has been shown to be heritable and transmitted to subsequent generations. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in induced instability is required in order to begin to decipher the potential biological implications of increased germline tandem repeat mutation. Furthermore, relatively few studies have investigated the ability of different genotoxins to induce tandem repeat instability. Such laboratory-based experiments will be crucial in clarifying the particular environmental or occupational exposures that should be targeted for future studies and for isolating and subsequently identifying the putative mutagens in complex environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Centre, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, 0803A, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, K1A 0L2.
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Somers CM, Yauk CL, White PA, Parfett CLJ, Quinn JS. Air pollution induces heritable DNA mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:15904-7. [PMID: 12473746 PMCID: PMC138537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.252499499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of thousands of people worldwide live or work in close proximity to steel mills. Integrated steel production generates chemical pollution containing compounds that can induce genetic damage (1, 2). Previous investigations of herring gulls in the Great Lakes demonstrated elevated DNA mutation rates near steel mills (3, 4) but could not determine the importance of airborne or aquatic routes of contaminant exposure, or eliminate possible confounding factors such as nutritional status and disease burden. To address these issues experimentally, we exposed laboratory mice in situ to ambient air in a polluted industrial area near steel mills. Heritable mutation frequency at tandem-repeat DNA loci in mice exposed 1 km downwind from two integrated steel mills was 1.5- to 2.0-fold elevated compared with those at a reference site 30 km away. This statistically significant elevation was due primarily to an increase in mutations inherited through the paternal germline. Our results indicate that human and wildlife populations in proximity to integrated steel mills may be at risk of developing germline mutations more frequently because of the inhalation of airborne chemical mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Somers
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
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Yauk CL, Fox GA, McCarry BE, Quinn JS. Induced minisatellite germline mutations in herring gulls (Larus argentatus) living near steel mills. Mutat Res 2000; 452:211-8. [PMID: 11024480 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread industrial release of genotoxic contaminants, little is understood of their role in inducing germline mutations in natural populations. We used multilocus DNA fingerprinting to quantify germline minisatellite mutations in families of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) in three nesting categories: (a) near cities with large steel mills operating coking ovens; (b) near cities without steel mills; and (c) in rural locations removed from point sources of contamination. Gulls nesting near integrated steel mills showed significantly higher mutation rates than gulls from rural locations (Fisher's exact, P=0.0004); urban sites without steel mills fell midway between steel and rural sites (difference from rural; Fisher's exact, P=0.19). Distance of the nesting location of herring gulls from the steel industries' coking ovens was negatively correlated with minisatellite mutation rate demonstrating significant risk for induced germline mutations in cities with steel operations (Kendall Tau; tau=0.119; P<0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Yauk
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
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Determination of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocyclic compounds in airborne particulate by gas chromatography with atomic emission and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mccarry B, Allan L, Legzdins A, Lundrigan J, Marvin C, Bryant D. Thia-Arenes as Pollution Source Tracers in Urban Air Particulate. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639608544651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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