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Tsampoukas G, Manolas V, Brown D, Dellis A, Deliveliotis K, Moussa M, Papatsoris A. Atypical small acinar proliferation and its significance in pathological reports in modern urological times. Asian J Urol 2021; 9:12-17. [PMID: 35198392 PMCID: PMC8841244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical small acinar proliferation is a histopathological diagnosis of unspecified importance in prostate needle-biopsy reports, suggestive but not definitive for cancer. The terminology corresponds to some uncertainty in the biopsy report, as the finding might represent an underlying non-cancerous pathology mimicking cancer or an under-sampled prostate cancer site. Therefore, traditional practice favors an immediate repeat biopsy. However, in modern urological times, the need of urgent repeat biopsy is being challenged by some authors as in the majority of cases, the grade of cancer found in subsequent biopsy is reported to be low or the disease to be non-significant. On the other hand, high risk disease cannot be excluded, whereas no clinical or pathological factors can predict the final outcome. In this review, we discuss the significance of the diagnosis of atypical small acinar proliferation in the biopsy report, commenting on its importance in modern urological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsampoukas
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Harlow, UK
- U-merge Ltd. (Urology for Emerging Countries), London, UK
- Corresponding author. U-merge Ltd. (Urology for Emerging Countries), London, UK.
| | - Victor Manolas
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Harlow, UK
| | - Dominic Brown
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Harlow, UK
- Department of Urology, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Athanasios Dellis
- U-merge Ltd. (Urology for Emerging Countries), London, UK
- Department of Urology and General Surgery, Areteion Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Deliveliotis
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Sismanoglio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mohamad Moussa
- Chairman of Surgery & Urology Department, Lebanese University & Zahraa Hospital, University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Athanasios Papatsoris
- U-merge Ltd. (Urology for Emerging Countries), London, UK
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Sismanoglio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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2
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Andras I, Telecan T, Crisan D, Cata E, Kadula P, Andras D, Bungardean M, Coman I, Crisan N. Different clinical significance of ASAP/HGPIN pattern in systematic vs. MRI-US fusion guided prostate biopsy. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:195. [PMID: 33123225 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) and high grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) patterns identified at prostate biopsy yield an important clinical significance, their presence signaling an increased likelihood of future oncological development or underdiagnosed PCa. MRI and MRI-TRUS fusion prostate biopsy have recently become the standard for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Thus, we aimed to assess the role of ASAP/HGPIN pattern in the context of these recent developments as compared with the standard systematic biopsy. The present study included 400 patients who underwent MRI-TRUS fusion prostate biopsy. A subgroup of these patients had a history of prior systematic biopsy and their results were also included in the analysis. We observed that ASAP/HGPIN pattern diagnosed at systematic biopsy is suggestive of a high-volume clinically-significant disease, most probably located outside the standard sampling area. On the contrary, ASAP/HGPIN at MRI-TRUS fusion biopsy has clinical features more similar to benign prostate hyperplasia, thus suggesting a more incipient disease, if present. No relation between concurrent ASAP/HGPIN and PCa was observed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Andras
- Urology Department, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Urology Department, Clinical Municipal Hospital, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Telecan
- Urology Department, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Crisan
- Internal Medicine Department, 5th Medical Clinic, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emanuel Cata
- Urology Department, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Urology Department, Clinical Municipal Hospital, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Pierre Kadula
- Urology Department, Clinical Municipal Hospital, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - David Andras
- General Surgery Department, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Bungardean
- Pathology Department, Emergency County Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Coman
- Urology Department, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Urology Department, Clinical Municipal Hospital, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicolae Crisan
- Urology Department, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Urology Department, Clinical Municipal Hospital, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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3
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Kryza T, Silva LM, Bock N, Fuhrman-Luck RA, Stephens CR, Gao J, Samaratunga H, Lawrence MG, Hooper JD, Dong Y, Risbridger GP, Clements JA. Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 induces cancer-associated fibroblast features in prostate-derived stromal cells. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1307-1329. [PMID: 28510269 PMCID: PMC5623815 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal communication between cancer cells and their microenvironment is critical in cancer progression. Although involvement of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAF) in cancer progression is long established, the molecular mechanisms leading to differentiation of CAFs from normal fibroblasts are poorly understood. Here, we report that kallikrein‐related peptidase‐4 (KLK4) promotes CAF differentiation. KLK4 is highly expressed in prostate epithelial cells of premalignant (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) and malignant lesions compared to normal prostate epithelia, especially at the peristromal interface. KLK4 induced CAF‐like features in the prostate‐derived WPMY1 normal stromal cell line, including increased expression of alpha‐smooth muscle actin, ESR1 and SFRP1. KLK4 activated protease‐activated receptor‐1 in WPMY1 cells increasing expression of several factors (FGF1, TAGLN, LOX, IL8, VEGFA) involved in prostate cancer progression. In addition, KLK4 induced WPMY1 cell proliferation and secretome changes, which in turn stimulated HUVEC cell proliferation that could be blocked by a VEGFA antibody. Importantly, the genes dysregulated by KLK4 treatment of WPMY1 cells were also differentially expressed between patient‐derived CAFs compared to matched nonmalignant fibroblasts and were further increased by KLK4 treatment. Taken together, we propose that epithelial‐derived KLK4 promotes tumour progression by actively promoting CAF differentiation in the prostate stromal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kryza
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Lakmali M Silva
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Nathalie Bock
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Ruth A Fuhrman-Luck
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Carson R Stephens
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Jin Gao
- Regenerative Dentistry and Oral Biology, Oral Health Centre, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Hema Samaratunga
- Aquesta Pathology, Toowong, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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- Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource, The Prostate Cancer Research Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mitchell G Lawrence
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program - Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - John D Hooper
- Cancer Biology and Care Program, Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Ying Dong
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program - Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Translational Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Judith A Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
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4
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Glover M, Soni S, Ren Q, Maclennan GT, Fu P, Gupta S. Influence of chronic inflammation on Bcl-2 and PCNA expression in prostate needle biopsy specimens. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3927-3934. [PMID: 28943900 PMCID: PMC5604163 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between inflammation and cancer has been established in certain forms of human malignancies; however, its role in prostate cancer remains unclear. The present study investigates a possible association between chronic inflammation and the development of epithelial neoplasia in the prostate. Needle biopsy specimens were obtained from patients with serum prostate-specific antigen levels >4 ng/ml, evaluated for morphological findings, and immunostained for Bcl-2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Bcl-2 is a survival protein that appears to lie at a nodal point in pathways involved in cell survival, carcinogenesis, and development of therapeutic resistance in certain cancer types. Similarly, PCNA is a critical protein for DNA replication, repair of DNA damage, chromatin structure maintenance, chromosome segregation and cell-cycle progression. The association between these two proteins was examined in prostate tissues with and without chronic inflammation, as well as tissues with and without evidence of neoplastic changes. Of the 106 needle biopsies examined, 18% exhibited atrophy with inflammation. Proliferative inflammatory atrophy/post-atrophic hyperplasia were observed in 42%, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) in 8%, prostatic adenocarcinoma in 11%, and 2% had atypical acinar proliferation suspicious for malignancy. A total of 36 specimens were stained for Bcl-2 and PCNA. Bcl-2 was expressed widely in inflammatory and epithelial tissue; however, more intense expression was observed in the areas of chronic inflammation, predominantly in infiltrating immune cells. The highest proliferation index was observed in the epithelia of HGPIN and cancer. An inverse correlation between the expression of Bcl-2 and the expression of PCNA was observed in the epithelium. The areas of chronic inflammation were associated with increased Bcl-2 expression, whereas the highly proliferative epithelium minimally expressed Bcl-2. These results suggest that Bcl-2 alters the phenotype of particular epithelial cells with a gain in neoplastic characteristics, leading to a likely precursor that may later progress into HGPIN and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Glover
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shardul Soni
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Qinghu Ren
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gregory T Maclennan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pingfu Fu
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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5
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Drivalos A, Chrisofos M, Efstathiou E, Kapranou A, Kollaitis G, Koutlis G, Antoniou N, Karanastasis D, Dimopoulos MA, Bamias A. Expression of α5-integrin, α7-integrin, Ε-cadherin, and N-cadherin in localized prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2015; 34:165.e11-8. [PMID: 26652134 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the correlation between the expression of α5-integrin, α7-integrin, Ε-cadherin, and N-cadherin in prostate cancer (PCa) and its clinicopathological data including tumor grade and clinical stage. METHODS The expression of α5-integrin, α7-integrin, Ε-cadherin, and N-cadherin was examined in 157 cases of PCa and adjacent normal prostatic tissue by immunohistochemical assay, and the correlation with clinicopathological features was analyzed. RESULTS Expressions of α5-integrin, α7-integrin, and Ε-cadherin in PCa were lower than those in normal prostatic tissues (P<0.05). N-cadherin expression was higher in cancer prostatic tissue than in normal prostatic tissues (P<0.05). The reduced expression of α5-integrin, α7-integrin, and Ε-cadherin was related to Gleason score, pathological stage, lymph node metastasis, and prostate-specific antigen level, but it was not associated with positive surgical margins and patient age. The increased expression of N-cadherin was related to Gleason score, pathological stage, lymph node metastasis, and prostate-specific antigen level, but not to age and positive surgical margins. The expression of E-cadherin was highly negatively correlated with that of N-cadherin and also positively correlated with that of α5-integrin and α7-integrin. CONCLUSION The reduced expression of α5-integrin, α7-integrin, and Ε-cadherin and abnormal expression of N-cadherin play an important role in the occurrence and development of PCa. The results indicate that these have potential values in the diagnosis and are predictable indices in the proliferation of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Chrisofos
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Sismanoglio Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Efstathiou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amalia Kapranou
- Department of Anatomopathology, Athens Navy Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Koutlis
- Department of Anatomopathology, Athens Navy Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nick Antoniou
- Department of Urology, Athens General Hospital "Elpis," Athens, Greece
| | | | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Bamias
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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6
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Lu J, Sun P, Sun B, Wang C. Low LKB1 Expression Results in Unfavorable Prognosis in Prostate Cancer Patients. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:3722-7. [PMID: 26616116 PMCID: PMC4671456 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to compare the expression of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) in prostate cancer (PCa) tissues and the paired adjacent tissues, then to evaluate the statistical relationship between LKB1 expression and prognosis of PCa patients. Material/Methods The relative expression of LKB1 at mRNA level was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression of LKB1 at protein level was measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. The relationship between LKB1 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics was estimated by chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the overall survival of PCa patients with different LKB1 expression. Cox regression analysis was performed to estimate the significance of LKB1 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in the prognosis of PCa patients. Results The relative expression of LKB1 at mRNA level was significantly lower in PCa tissues than in the normal tissues (P<0.001). The LKB1 expression was proved to be affected by clinical stage (P=0.019) and PSA concentration (P=0.031) of PCa patients. Moreover, patients with negative LKB1 expression had shorter survival than those with positive expression. Cox regression analysis confirmed that LKB1 could be regarded as a prognostic biomarker for PCa patients (P=0.001, HR=3.981, 95% CI=1.698–9.336). Conclusions The expression of LKB1 was lower in PCa tissues and might be a predictor for the prognosis of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Lu
- Department of Urology, The First people's Hospital of Jining, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Beibei Sun
- Department of Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Jining, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First people's Hospital of Jining, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
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7
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Watanabe T, Kato A, Terashima H, Matsubara K, Chen YJ, Adachi K, Mizuno H, Suzuki M. The PFA-AMeX method achieves a good balance between the morphology of tissues and the quality of RNA content in DNA microarray analysis with laser-capture microdissection samples. J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 28:43-9. [PMID: 26023261 PMCID: PMC4337499 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2014-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, large-scale gene expression profiling is often performed using RNA extracted from unfixed frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples. However, both types of samples have drawbacks in terms of the morphological preservation and RNA quality. In the present study, we investigated 30 human prostate tissues using the PFA-AMeX method (fixation using paraformaldehyde (PFA) followed by embedding in paraffin by AMeX) with a DNA microarray combined with laser-capture microdissection. Morphologically, in contrast to the case of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, loss of basal cells in prostate adenocarcinomas was as obvious in PFA-AMeX samples as in FFPE samples. As for quality, the loss of rRNA peaks 18S and 28S on the capillary electropherograms from both FFPE and PFA-AMeX samples showed that the RNA was degraded equally during processing. However, qRT-PCR with 3' and 5' primer sets designed against human beta-actin revealed that, although RNA degradation occurred in both methods, it occurred more mildly in the PFA-AMeX samples. In conclusion, the PFA-AMeX method is good with respect to morphology and RNA quality, which makes it a promising tool for DNA microarrays combined with laser-capture microdissection, and if the appropriate RNA quality criteria are used, the capture of credible GeneChip data is well over 80% efficient, at least in human prostate specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Watanabe
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Inc., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Terashima
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsubara
- PharmaLogicals Research, Pte. Ltd., 11 Biopolis Way, #05-08/09 Helios, 138667, Singapore
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-11 to 17 Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Yu Jau Chen
- PharmaLogicals Research, Pte. Ltd., 11 Biopolis Way, #05-08/09 Helios, 138667, Singapore
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-11 to 17 Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Kenji Adachi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Hideaki Mizuno
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Masami Suzuki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
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8
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Genetically engineered mouse models of prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:190-205. [PMID: 23481269 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major improvement in treatment of early stage localised prostate cancer, the distinction between indolent tumors and those that will become aggressive, as well as the lack of efficient therapies of advanced prostate cancer, remain major health problems. Genetically engineered mice (GEM) have been extensively used to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying prostate tumor initiation and progression, and to evaluate new therapies. Moreover, the recent development of conditional somatic mutagenesis in the mouse prostate offers the possibility to generate new models that more faithfully reproduce the human disease, and thus should contribute to improve diagnosis and treatments. The strengths and weaknesses of various models will be discussed, as well as future opportunities.
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9
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Arista-Nasr J, Martínez-Mijangos O, Martínez-Benítez B, Bornstein-Quevedo L, Lino-Silva S, Urbina-Ramírez S. Atypical small acinar proliferation: utility of additional sections and immunohistochemical analysis of prostatic needle biopsies. Nephrourol Mon 2012; 4:443-7. [PMID: 23573463 PMCID: PMC3614276 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In surgical pathology, atypical small acinar proliferation is commonly detected in prostate biopsies. Most studies on atypical small acinar proliferation have examined morphological characteristics and the utility of immunohistochemical studies. However, these resources are not available to many pathology departments. We have found that examining additional sections is a simple and inexpensive method that allows better evaluation of focal prostatic glandular atypia. Objectives The present report compares the diagnostic utility of immunohistochemical techniques versus examining additional sections in prostate biopsies with focal glandular atypia. Patients and Methods Thirty recently studied prostate biopsies with focal glandular atypia were selected. In each case, 3 additional levels were examined. An immunohistochemical study was performed on one level using an antibody against high-molecular-weight keratin (34BetaE12). Two additional sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results The diagnosis of focal carcinoma was established with only additional sections in 4 cases (13.3%). In 2 of these biopsies, additional areas of carcinoma were found that were not identified in the original sections. In 4 other cases, immunohistochemical analysis was the only useful method for diagnosing cancer. In 9 cases (30%), both methods were useful for classifying focal glandular atypia as carcinoma. In the remaining 13 cases,neither immunohistochemical analysis nor additional sections were useful in changing the diagnosis of focal glandular atypia. Conclusions Focal glandular atypia in prostatic needle biopsies should be routinely examined with additional sections, particularly when immunohistochemical analysis is not possible. Some biopsies with atypical glandular proliferation may show focal carcinoma in additional sections, even if the immunohistochemical analysis did not provide a diagnosis of malignancy. Additional sections can also reveal areas of carcinoma that were not apparent in the original sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Arista-Nasr
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médica y la Nutrición, S. Z. (INCMNSZ), Tlalpan, México D.F, México
| | - Omar Martínez-Mijangos
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médica y la Nutrición, S. Z. (INCMNSZ), Tlalpan, México D.F, México
| | - Braulio Martínez-Benítez
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médica y la Nutrición, S. Z. (INCMNSZ), Tlalpan, México D.F, México
- Corresponding author: Braulio Martínez-Benítez, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médica y la Nutrición, S. Z. (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga No.15, 14000, Tlalpan, México D.F, México. Tel.: +52-554870900 (Ext.: 2184, 2186), E-mail:
| | - Leticia Bornstein-Quevedo
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médica y la Nutrición, S. Z. (INCMNSZ), Tlalpan, México D.F, México
| | - Saul Lino-Silva
- Departament of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), México D. F, México
| | - Shaddaí Urbina-Ramírez
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médica y la Nutrición, S. Z. (INCMNSZ), Tlalpan, México D.F, México
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10
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Drivalos A, Papatsoris AG, Chrisofos M, Efstathiou E, Dimopoulos MA. The role of the cell adhesion molecules (integrins/cadherins) in prostate cancer. Int Braz J Urol 2011; 37:302-6. [PMID: 21756376 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382011000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During prostate carcinogenesis the cellular adhesion molecules, i.e.; integrins and cadherins mediate aberrant interactions between glandular epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix. Several integrin α subunits are downregulated, while β subunits are up-regulated. The expression of several cadherins and catenins has specific prognostic value. There is an association between the expression of the E-cadherin/catenin complex and high grade prostate cancer. Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of integrin antagonists are ongoing with promising results. In this article we update the role of integrins and cadherins in prostate carcinogenesis and evaluate the therapeutic potential of their manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Drivalos
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Sismanoglio Hospital, Athens, Greece
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11
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Balistreri CR, Caruso C, Carruba G, Miceli V, Candore G. Genotyping of sex hormone-related pathways in benign and malignant human prostate tissues: data of a preliminary study. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:369-74. [PMID: 21348640 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major health issue in Westernized countries, representing a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly male population. Endogenous sex steroids, along with environmental factors (notably diet) and host immune and inflammatory responses, are likely to cooperate in the pathogenesis of the disease. Based on the assumption that a complex endocrine-inflammatory-immune interaction is primarily implicated in human PCa, we have investigated the interplay between sex steroids and inflammation in development and growth of human PCa. To this end, we have assessed nine functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)s of five genes involved in sex hormone-related pathways in both hyperplastic and malignant human prostate tissues, as well as in matched controls and in a "supercontrol" group composed of male Sicilian centenarians. In particular, the following genes were investigated: AR-OMIM313700, SRD5A2-NM-000348, CYP19-NM-031226, ERS1-NM-001122742, ERS2-NM-001040276. A significant association with PCa was found in seven out of the nine SNPs considered. Although this is a preliminary study and larger investigations are needed to confirm the role of these genes in PCa development and/or progression, our data might provide an experimental basis to develop additional or alternative strategies for prevention and treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Immunosenescence Group, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Bourdoumis A, Papatsoris AG, Chrisofos M, Efstathiou E, Skolarikos A, Deliveliotis C. The novel prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) biomarker. Int Braz J Urol 2010; 36:665-8; discussion 669. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382010000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Rosenberg MT, Froehner M, Albala D, Miner MM. Biology and natural history of prostate cancer and the role of chemoprevention. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64:1746-53. [PMID: 21070525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens not only play an important role in the development and function of the prostate but they are also intimately involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Within the prostate, testosterone is converted to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) via the action of 5α-reductase enzymes. DHT is the primary prostatic androgen and promotes the growth and survival of normal, hyperplastic and malignant prostate tissues. Throughout the different stages of PCa [prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), localised, recurrent, and metastatic] there is an increase in expression of 5α-reductase enzymes, particularly in localised high-grade carcinoma. Specifically inhibiting 5α-reductase may reduce the production of DHT in the prostate while maintaining other endogenous hormone levels. Clinical studies have shown significant PCa risk reduction by blocking this pathway with 5α-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs). However, this comes at a risk, albeit low, with sexual side effects, gynaecomastia and cardiac failure. In addition, one study has shown a slight, but significant, risk of high-grade PCa. The currently available evidence does not support the routine use of 5α-reductase inhibitors to prevent PCa in the general population. It could, however, be considered as an individual option for high-risk or concerned patients with appropriate education from the prescribing provider.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Rosenberg
- Mid Michigan Health Centers, Allegiance Health, Jackson, Michigan, USA.
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Davitashvili E, Kvitsinadze N, Megrelishvili I, Karazanashvili G, Solomonia R, Aleksidze N. Influence of beta-galactose-specific mitochondrial lectins from prostate hyperplasic tissue on mitochondrial properties. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 70:33-9. [PMID: 19929274 DOI: 10.3109/00365510903427583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Galactose-specific lectins (Gal-lectins) were isolated from the mitochondrial fraction of prostate post-operational hyperplasic tissue of two diagnoses: benign prostate hyperplasic tissue with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGPIN) and benign prostate hyperplasic tissue with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH). They had similar molecular weight and other properties. Effects of these lectins were investigated in vitro model experiments on bovine liver cells mitochondrial properties. Time-dependent changes: (i) in the amount of H(2)O(2); (ii) redox state of Cu in cytochrome oxidase and (iii) redox state of heme in cytochrome a+a(3) (cyt a+a(3)) of cytochrome c oxidase complex were studied. Gal-lectins from both sources increase the amount of H(2)O(2) and decrease the redox state of Cu in cytochrome oxidase and heme in cyt a+a(3). However the Gal-lectin from tissue with more severed transformation (AAH) expresses significantly more strong and long-lasting influence. These effects are mediated by galactose binding domain of the lectins as are completely abolished by the inclusion of galactose in reaction medium. Accumulation of H(2)O(2) and long-lasting decrease in the redox state of key enzymes of mitochondrial respiration chain could induce defective functioning of these organelles and whole cells. Obtained data point the possible way, which enhances further transformation of prostate tissue by release of Gal-lectins from damaged mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Davitashvili
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia. 2, University Str., 0143 Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia.
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Midi A, Tecimer T, Bozkurt S, Ozkan N. Differences in the structural features of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and low-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma. Indian J Urol 2009; 24:169-77. [PMID: 19468392 PMCID: PMC2684265 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.40610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) is a small glandular proliferation that has histological similarities with Gleason grade 1 and 2 prostatic adenocarcinoma (PACG1,2). There are no distinct histomorphological criteria distinguishing these two lesions from each other and other small glandular proliferations. Because treatment approaches are different for these lesions, it is necessary to determine histological criteria. The aim of this study is to review the histological features of these two lesions and to define new histological criteria distinguishing AAH from PACG1,2. We, therefore, assessed 18 anatomical and structural parameters. Materials and Methods We found 11 AAH (22 foci) and 15 PACG1,2 (22 foci) cases in 105 radical prostatectomy specimens. Basal cell-specific antikeratin was applied to these lesions. We assumed that PACG1,2 lesions did have not basal cells and we grouped the lesions as AAH and PACG1,2 based on this assumption. Results We found differences between AAH and PACG1,2 lesions for some parameters including the number of glands, structures such as the main ductus and basal cells. We found similar properties in the two lesions for the following parameters: localization, multiplicity, diameter of the lesion, focus asymmetry, distance between glands, inflammatory cells in and out of the lesions, secretory cell shape on the luminal side, papillary projection towards the luminal side of gland, the shape of the outer gland, the infiltrative pattern of the gland, glandular pleomorphism, biggest gland diameter and median gland diameter. Conclusion We determined that concurrent evaluation of histomorphological features was important to differentiate between AAH and PACG1,2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Midi
- Department of Pathology, Marmara University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Prostate cancer has been projected to cause almost 10% of all male cancer deaths in the United States in 2007. The incidence of mutations in the tumor suppressor genes Rb1 and p53, especially in the early stages of the disease, is low compared to those for other cancers. This has led to the hypothesis that a human virus such as BK virus (BKV), which establishes a persistent subclinical infection in the urinary tract and encodes oncoproteins that interfere with these tumor suppressor pathways, is involved. Previously, we detected BKV DNA in the epithelial cells of benign and proliferative inflammatory atrophy ducts of cancerous prostate specimens. In the present report, we demonstrate that BKV is present at a much lower frequency in noncancerous prostates. Additionally, in normal prostates, T-antigen (TAg) expression is observed only in specimens harboring proliferative inflammatory atrophy and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. We further demonstrate that the p53 gene from atrophic cells expressing TAg is wild type, whereas tumor cells expressing detectable nuclear p53 contain a mix of wild-type and mutant p53 genes, suggesting that TAg may inactivate p53 in the atrophic cells. Our results point toward a role for BKV in early prostate cancer progression.
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Diaw L, Woodson K, Gillespie JW. Prostate cancer epigenetics: a review on gene regulation. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2007; 1:313-25. [PMID: 19936097 PMCID: PMC2759139 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in western countries, and its incidence is increasing steadily worldwide. Molecular changes including both genetic and epigenetic events underlying the development and progression of this disease are still not well understood. Epigenetic events are involved in gene regulation and occur through different mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Both DNA methylation and histone modifications affect gene regulation and play important roles either independently or by interaction in tumor initiation and progression. This review will discuss the genes associated with epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer progression: their regulation and importance as possible markers for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Diaw
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute/Advanced Technology Center, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4605, USA.
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