Pressure-related cooling and freezing techniques for the food industry: fundamentals and applications

Mini Review on the Lyophilization: A Basic Requirement for Formulation Development and Stability Modifier

Freeze-drying is popular for producing pharmaceutical formulations with structurally complicated active components and drug delivery system carriers. It is the process of eliminating water from ice crystals through the sublimation mechanism. Some formulations may require drug-specific excipients such as stabilizers, buffers, and bulking agents to maintain the appearance and assure the long-term stability of the drug product. This approach is utilized for therapeutic compounds that are moisture sensitive, thermolabile, and degrade in the atmosphere. Freezing and primary and secondary drying are critical processes in the lyophilization process because they directly impact the end result. This approach is effective for producing a variety of dosage forms, including oral, inhalation, and parenteral. As a result, lyophilization may be an important method for improving the therapeutic efficacy and delivery of various dosage forms delivered via different routes. Additionally, lyophilization is used in pharmacological research to preserve biological samples, stabilize reference/standards, and increase the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Thus, lyophilization is critical for maintaining the stability, efficacy, and safety of pharmaceutical products throughout their development and lifecycles. This article includes a broad overview of the lyophilization process, principle, excipients for lyophilized medicine compositions, and new lyophilization technologies as well as their applications in a variety of fields.

Assessing the impact of isochoric freezing as a preservation method on the quality attributes of orange juice

Isochoric (constant volume) freezing is a novel food preservation technology that has demonstrated the ability to preserve food products at subfreezing temperatures in an unfrozen state, thereby avoiding the detrimental effects of ice formation. It minimizes the quality loss of fresh fruits and juices, increases their nutrient content, and reduces microbial counts. Orange juice (OJ) samples were subjected to conventional freezing (CF) and isochoric freezing (IF) for 7 days and then stored at 4°C for an additional 7 days. We evaluated the microbiological and physicochemical quality of CF and IF OJ before and after storage. The IF was performed at three different conditions: -5°C/73 MPa, -10°C/93 MPa, and -15°C/143 MPa. The results indicate that the total aerobic count of OJ remained below the detection limit after heat treatment, 7 days of CF and 7 days of IF. Yeast and mold counts increased in fresh and CF OJ after 7 days of storage at 4°C, whereas IF OJ remained below the detection limit. Less color difference was observed in IF (-15°C/143 MPa) OJ compared to heat-treated and CF OJ. Heat treatment inactivated 42% of pectin methylesterase (PME), whereas 7-day long IF increased PME activity up to 150%. Additionally, IF (-15°C/143 MPa) OJ showed reduced pulp sedimentation, which can be advantageous, as sedimentation in juices has been a recognized technological issue in the juice industry. Ascorbic acid level was significantly higher in IF (-15°C/143 MPa) OJ compared to fresh and CF OJ after storage.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) films based on gelatin as active packaging for moisture regulation in fruit preservation

To develop a novel active packaging for fruit preservation, two different deep eutectic solvents (DESs) comprising choline chloride, betaine and glycerol [ChCl:Gly (1:2) and Be:Gly (1:2)] were prepared and the corresponding DESs-based films (DES@Gel) using gelatin as polymer matrix were fabricated. DES@Gel showed smoother morphologies and better optical and mechanical properties as compared with Gel. Moisture sorption isotherm curves, the enhancement of water vapour permeability (WVP) and the excellent moisture absorption-desorption cyclist performance illustrated the moisture regulation hypothesis mechanism of DES@Gel. Furthermore, cherry tomato preservation experiment was carried out and the groups treated with DES@Gel showed better performances. The moisture regulation property of DES@Gel could broaden new avenues for active packaging.

Benefits of isochoric freezing for carrot juice preservation

Isochoric freezing (IF) at -5°C/77 and -10°C/100 MPa was used to preserve carrot juice for 12 weeks. The juice qualities were compared to those using heat treatment (HT) at 95°C for 15 s followed by cold storage at 4°C. The native population of total aerobic bacteria, yeasts, and molds in isochoric frozen juice remained below the detection limit for 12 weeks. In comparison, microbes started to grow in heat-treated juices after 3 weeks of refrigeration. The color of isochoric frozen juice appeared more deep orange than the fresh juice due to an increase in carotenoid extractability. IF was not effective in reducing the activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and pectin methyl esterase compared with HT. However, the isochoric samples showed higher carotenoid content, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity compared to the fresh and heat-treated juices. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Isochoric freezing was used to produce carrot juice with extended shelf life. Isochoric freezing could be a beneficial alternative to conventional heat treatment for carrot juice processing as the applied pressures reached total inactivation levels of spoilage microorganisms. Moreover, the low processing temperatures better retained desirable compounds and quality attributes of fresh juice throughout its shelf life.

Regulation of the Ice Ⅰ to Ice III high pressure phase transition meta-stability in milk and its bactericidal effects

This study was focused on a novel approach of creating perturbations under high pressure (HP) meta-stable Ice Ⅰ to Ice Ⅲ phase transition and its bactericidal effects. Experiments were carried out under subzero high pressure processing conditions using Escherichia coli suspended in milk, and the microbial inactivation before and after the meta-stable state regulation was compared. The phase transition position of unperturbed milk was 302 MPa/-37.5 °C. The volume change resulting from the phase transition was employed as the perturbation mechanism. Glucose (5 %, 20 %) and sodium chloride solutions (5 %, 20 %) were used as regulatory sources. Glucose solutions accelerated the phase change of the milk better than the sodium chloride solution and resulted in an optimum phase transition position of milk at 243 MPa/-30.6 °C. The induced perturbations accelerated meta-stable transformation and enhanced the microbial destruction. At 330 MPa/3s, compared to the unfrozen samples, the lethality of E. coli in the frozen-regulated samples significantly increased by 1.79 log. The relationship between the E. coli inactivation within the phase change pressure range and the pressure was not continuous, but a segmented one, both before and after meta-stable state regulation. A higher level of E. coli destruction was accomplished by a 5 min pressure-holding of frozen samples at 220 MPa and 280 MPa as compared to the one-pulse and two-pulses treatments without holding time. The maximum lethality of 6.73 log was achieved at 280 MPa/5 min in the frozen-regulated application.

Recent developments in freezing of fruits and vegetables: Striving for controlled ice nucleation and crystallization with enhanced freezing rates

Fruits and vegetables are rich in essential nutrients such as minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants; however, they have short shelf life. Freezing is a superior method of preservation compared to other techniques with respect to nutrient retention and maintenance of sensory attributes. However, several physical and textural quality changes associated with freezing and thawing pose a serious problem to the quality of frozen products. Some of the disadvantages associated with the currently employed methods for freezing fruits and vegetables include low rates of heat exchange in blast freezers, shape limitation in plate freezers, high cost of operation in cryogenic freezing, and freezing solution dilution in immersion freezing. Therefore, novel freezing technologies have been developed to achieve controlled ice nucleation and crystallization, enhanced freezing rate, decreased phase transition time, and maintained temperature stability. This review discusses some of the most recent approaches employed in freezing and points to their adoption for maintaining the quality of fruits and vegetables with extended storage.

Ca2+ATPase enzyme activities and lipid and protein oxidations of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) stored at 4 °C for 30 min under electromagnetic fields

This work studied the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) with frequencies between 100 and 400 Hz and a fixed strength of 12 mT on cold storage of grass carp at 4 °C for 30 min, and Ca²⁺ATPase enzyme activities, and lipid and protein oxidations in samples were measured to assess changes in intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration and oxidative stability. Results showed higher Ca²⁺ATPase activities in samples treated with EMF frequencies. Significant (p < 0.05) decreases occurred in protein oxidation for samples treated between 100 and 300 Hz, but an increase was observed for treatment with 400 Hz. However, the lipid oxidation increased for samples treated up to 200 Hz and decreased with further increase in frequency to 300 and 400 Hz. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that exposure to different frequencies of EMF could reduce the association of water molecules with protein for both bound and immobilized water. Overall, treatments of EMF between 100 and 400 Hz could improve grass carp quality during cold storage.

Research Progress on Nutritional Value, Preservation and Processing of Fish-A Review

The global population has rapidly expanded in the last few decades and is continuing to increase at a rapid pace. To meet this growing food demand fish is considered a balanced food source due to their high nutritious value and low cost. Fish are rich in well-balanced nutrients, a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and impose various health benefits. Furthermore, the most commonly used preservation technologies including cooling, freezing, super-chilling and chemical preservatives are discussed, which could prolong the shelf life. Non-thermal technologies such as pulsed electric field (PEF), fluorescence spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging technique (HSI) and high-pressure processing (HPP) are used over thermal techniques in marine food industries for processing of most economical fish products in such a way as to meet consumer demands with minimal quality damage. Many by-products are produced as a result of processing techniques, which have caused serious environmental pollution. Therefore, highly advanced technologies to utilize these by-products for high-value-added product preparation for various applications are required. This review provides updated information on the nutritional value of fish, focusing on their preservation technologies to inhibit spoilage, improve shelf life, retard microbial and oxidative degradation while extending the new applications of non-thermal technologies, as well as reconsidering the values of by-products to obtain bioactive compounds that can be used as functional ingredients in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food processing industries.

Novel isochoric impregnation to develop high-quality and nutritionally fortified plant materials (apples and sweet potatoes)

Isochoric impregnation was explored as a novel pressure-assisted infusion technique to fortify plant materials with bioactive compounds. Apple and potato cylinders were impregnated with a sucrose solution containing 4% ascorbic acid (AA) while freezing under isochoric conditions. Isochoric impregnation resulted in greater infusion of AA compared to infusion at atmospheric pressure, which demonstrated the feasibility of this impregnation technology. Processing temperatures (-3°C and -5°C) and processing times (1, 3, and 5 h) significantly affected the AA infusion. The AA content values ranged from 446 to 516 mg/100 g for apples and 322 to 831 mg/100 g for sweet potatoes under isochoric conditions. For both plant materials, isochoric impregnation at -3°C did not cause major changes in texture and microstructure of the biological tissues. These results indicated that isochoric impregnation of solid foods could be a feasible technology for infusion of bioactive compounds without significantly altering their matrix. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The findings of this study showed that the use of isochoric impregnation as a fortification technique is a promising way to develop fresh-like and value-added products with improved nutrition during preservation at subfreezing temperatures.

Effect of Pulsed Electric Field Pre-Treatment and the Freezing Methods on the Kinetics of the Freeze-Drying Process of Apple and Its Selected Physical Properties

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of application of pulsed electric field (PEF) and different freezing methods (fast, slow and vacuum freezing) on the drying kinetics as well as selected physical properties of freeze-dried apple. The apples were subjected to PEF treatment with range of pulses from 0 to 160 and the intake energy from 0 to 1327 kJ·g⁻¹. Apples with and without PEF treatment were frozen with different rates and the freeze-dried. The water content, water activity and colour attributes of freeze-dried apples were investigated. Regression analysis and fitting procedures showed that among six different models, the Midilli et al. model the best described the drying curves of all dried samples. The highest value of the parameter L* = 71.54 was obtained for freeze-dried sample prepared without PEF pre-treatment and fast frozen. Application of PEF pre-treatment resulted in increase in browning index of freeze-dried apples (BI). The studies confirmed the positive effect of PEF on the freeze drying rate only in the case of the slow or fast freezing of the material after the application of low-energy PEF treatment. However, the increase in drying rate was also observed after application of slow and vacuum freezing of the material without PEF pre-treatment. These technologies can be recommended for optimization of the freeze drying process of apples. The statement that the freeze drying process with application of appropriately selected PEF processing parameters causing only partial destruction of cell membranes can be considered as an innovative contribution to the development of science about the possibilities of PEF application.

Effects of Isochoric Freezing Conditions on Cut Potato Quality

Isochoric freezing is a pressure freezing technique that could be used to retain the beneficial effects of food storage at temperatures below their freezing point without ice damage. In this study, potato cylinders were frozen in an isochoric system and examined using full factorial combinations of three processing procedures (immersed in water, vacuum-packed and immersed in ascorbic acid solution), four freezing temperatures/pressures (−3 °C/37 MPa, −6 °C/71 MPa, −9 °C/101 MPa and −15 °C/156 MPa) and two average compression rates (less than 0.02 and more than 0.16 MPa/s). The effects of process variables on critical quality attributes of frozen potatoes after thawing were investigated, including mass change, volume change, water holding capacity, color and texture. Processing procedure and freezing temperature/pressure were found to be highly significant factors, whereas the significance of the compression rate was lower. For the processing procedures, immersion in an isotonic solution of 5% ascorbic acid best preserved quality attributes. At the highest pressure level of 156 MPa and low compression rate of 0.02 MPa/s, potato samples immersed in ascorbic acid retained their color, 98.5% mass and 84% elasticity modulus value. These samples also showed a 1% increase in volume and 13% increase in maximum stress due to pressure-induced hardening.