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Kleinbub JR, Esposito G, Cutolo AS, Palmieri A, Gonçalves MM. Physiological synchronization and innovative moments in psychotherapy: A single-case study of micro-process. Psychother Res 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38754031 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2024.2352752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interpersonal synchronization is increasingly studied as a biomarker of empathy, therapeutic alliance, and treatment outcome. However, most studies average data over sessions, leaving associations between synchrony and actual interactions largely unexplored. We aim to showcase a novel approach examining synchronization during specific micro-processes: Innovative Moments (IM) as markers of exceptions to clients' problematic patterns of meaning. METHODS Electrodermal activity was recorded over 15 sessions of a psychodynamic psychotherapy single case. Moment-to-moment patient-therapist synchrony was calculated using the Adaptive Matching Interpolated Correlations (AMICo) algorithm. The Innovative Moments Coding System was utilized to identify IMs within session transcripts with precise timing. Monte-Carlo permutation tests were conducted to examine the association between physiological synchrony and IM Levels of increasing complexity (Levels 1-3). RESULTS Higher-than-random synchronization emerged during Level 3 IMs (p = 0.046; d = 0.21) but not in lower Levels. Post-hoc qualitative analyses linked high synchrony to sub-processes of Level 3 IMs, such as positive contrasts and attributions for change. CONCLUSION Our findings show it is possible to link moment-by-moment physiological co-regulation to theoretically identified meaning-making processes. While generalization of these observations is undue, this work demonstrates a robust and promising application of a multimodal approach to investigating psychotherapy, providing insights into both the clinical case and the theoretical model adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann R Kleinbub
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Esposito
- Department of Humanities, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna S Cutolo
- Department of Humanities, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Arianna Palmieri
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Drüge M, Staeck R, Haller E, Seiler C, Rohner V, Watzke B. Innovative moments in low-intensity, telephone-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1165899. [PMID: 37564304 PMCID: PMC10409642 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1165899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Innovative moments (IMs), defined as moments in psychotherapy when patients' problematic patterns change toward more elaborated and adaptive patterns, have been shown to be associated with a clinical change in patients with depression. Thus, far IMs have been studied in face-to-face settings but not in telephone-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (t-CBT). This study investigates whether IMs occur in t-CBT and examines the association between IMs and symptom improvement, and reconceptualization and symptom improvement. Methods The therapy transcripts of n = 10 patients with mild to moderate depression (range: 7-11 sessions, in total 94 sessions) undergoing t-CBT were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Symptom severity (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and IMs (levels and proportions) were assessed for each therapy session. Hierarchical linear models were used to test the prediction models. Results The rating of IMs was shown to be feasible and reliable using the Innovative Moments Coding System (IMCS) (84.04% agreement in words coded), which is indicative of the applicability of the concept of IMs in t-CBT. Only reconceptualization IMs were shown to have a predictive value for treatment success (R2 = 0.05, p = 0.01). Discussion The results should be interpreted with caution due to the exploratory nature of this study. Due to the telephone setting, it was necessary to adapt the IMCS. Nonetheless, the extent of IMs identified in the low-intensity t-CBT investigated was comparable to IMs in face-to-face therapy. Further studies are needed to clarify the association between IMs and treatment success as a change process, especially for low-intensity treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Drüge
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology with Focus on Psychotherapy Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Staeck
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Haller
- Faculty of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Intervention Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cara Seiler
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology with Focus on Psychotherapy Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Rohner
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology with Focus on Psychotherapy Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Watzke
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology with Focus on Psychotherapy Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Pol SM, Schug F, Chakhssi F, Westerhof GJ. Life stories of patients with personality disorders before and after treatment: Change and stability in agency and communion. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1134796. [PMID: 37009106 PMCID: PMC10060533 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studying written life stories of patients with personality disorders (PDs) may enhance knowledge of how they understand themselves, others and the world around them. Comparing the construction of their life stories before psychotherapy to their reconstruction after psychotherapy may provide insight in therapeutic changes in the understandings of their lives. Methods As few studies addressed this topic, the current study explored changes in agency (i.e., perceived ability to affect change in life), and communion (i.e,, perceived connectedness to other persons) in written life stories of 34 patients with various PDs, before and after intensive psychotherapy treatment. Results Life stories showed a positive increase in agency from pre- to posttreatment, in particular regarding internal agency, societal success, and occupational success. No significant changes were observed for communion as a whole. However, the perceived number and quality of close relationships revealed a significant positive increase. Discussion The increased agency in the reconstruction of patients' life story after psychotherapy suggests that patients improved their perceived ability to affect change in their own lives. This can be seen as an important step in the treatment of PDs towards further recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M. Pol
- GGNet Scelta, Apeldoorn, Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Health, and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | | | - Farid Chakhssi
- GGNet Scelta, Apeldoorn, Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Health, and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Gerben J. Westerhof
- GGNet Scelta, Apeldoorn, Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Health, and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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Gonçalves MM, Batista J, Braga C, Oliveira JT, Fernandéz-Navarro P, Magalhães C, Ferreira H, Sousa I. Innovative moments in recovered cases treated with the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. Psychother Res 2021; 32:736-747. [PMID: 34789064 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2021.2003463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Innovative moments (IMs) are moments in which the previous problematic pattern of meaning is challenged. Studies have shown that IMs are associated with good psychotherapy outcomes. A three-level hierarchy of IMs was observed in recent studies, with level 1 IMs being more elementary and levels 2 and 3 being more complex and associated with treatment success. However, studies with manualized protocol treatments are thus far lacking. This study analyzed the longitudinal progression of IMs in the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) and explored its associations with changes in psychological distress. METHODS Data were collected from a Portuguese university-based outpatient clinic and included 18 cases with positive outcomes. Nine sessions of each case were coded with the IM coding system (N=162). RESULTS Multilevel analyses showed a significant increase in all IM levels across treatments. The decrease in psychological distress predicted an increase in level 2 IMs in the same session. CONCLUSION The evolution of IMs is similar to what was found previously in other studies. Contrary to what was found in previous studies, IMs did not predict outcomes in the following session, whereas the reduction in psychological distress predicted the emergence of level 2 IMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Gonçalves
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Batista
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cátia Braga
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Tiago Oliveira
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pablo Fernandéz-Navarro
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carina Magalhães
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Lab, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Sousa
- University of Minho, Department of Mathematics, Braga, Portugal
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Batista J, Fernández-Navarro P, Gonçalves MM. Internalized relationships and narrative change in psychotherapy: A thematic analysis case study. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2020.1717112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Batista
- Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel M. Gonçalves
- Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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de Felice G, Giuliani A, Gelo OCG, Mergenthaler E, De Smet MM, Meganck R, Paoloni G, Andreassi S, Schiepek GK, Scozzari A, Orsucci FF. What Differentiates Poor- and Good-Outcome Psychotherapy? A Statistical-Mechanics-Inspired Approach to Psychotherapy Research, Part Two: Network Analyses. Front Psychol 2020; 11:788. [PMID: 32508701 PMCID: PMC7251305 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Statistical mechanics is the field of physics focusing on the prediction of the behavior of a given system by means of statistical properties of ensembles of its microscopic elements. The authors examined the possibility of applying such an approach to psychotherapy research with the aim of investigating (a) the possibility of predicting good and poor outcomes of psychotherapy on the sole basis of the correlation pattern among their descriptors and (b) the analogies and differences between the processes of good- and poor-outcome cases. This work extends the results reported in a previous paper and is based on higher-order statistics stemming from a complex network approach. Four good-outcome and four poor-outcome brief psychotherapies were recorded, and transcripts of the sessions were coded according to Mergenthaler's Therapeutic Cycle Model (TCM), i.e., in terms of abstract language, positive emotional language, and negative emotional language. The relative frequencies of the three vocabularies in each word-block of 150 words were investigated and compared in order to understand similarities and peculiarities between poor-outcome and good-outcome cases. Network analyses were performed by means of a cluster analysis over the sequence of TCM categories. The network analyses revealed that the linguistic patterns of the four good-outcome and four poor-outcome cases were grounded on a very similar dynamic process substantially dependent on the relative frequency of the states in which the transition started and ended ("random-walk-like behavior", adjusted R 2 = 0.729, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the psychotherapy processes revealed statistically significant changes in the relative occurrence of visited states between the beginning and the end of therapy, thus pointing to the non-stationarity of the analyzed processes. The present study showed not only how to quantitatively describe psychotherapy as a network, but also found out the main principles on which its evolution is based. The mind, from a linguistic perspective, seems to work-through psychotherapy sessions by passing from the most adjacent states and the most occurring ones. This finding can represent a fertile ground to rethink pivotal clinical concepts such as the timing of an interpretation or a comment, the clinical issue to address within a given session, and the general task of a psychotherapist: from someone who delivers a given technique toward a consultant promoting the flexibility of the clinical field and, thus, of the patient's mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio de Felice
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, NCIUL University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Omar C. G. Gelo
- Department of History, Society and Human Studies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erhard Mergenthaler
- Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Melissa M. De Smet
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Clinical Consulting, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Reitske Meganck
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Clinical Consulting, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giulia Paoloni
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Andreassi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Scozzari
- Faculty of Economics, Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco F. Orsucci
- Department of Psychology, NCIUL University, London, United Kingdom
- Psychoanalysis Unit, UCL University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Batista J, Silva J, Magalhães C, Ferreira H, Fernández‐Navarro P, Gonçalves MM. Studying psychotherapy change in narrative terms: The innovative moments method. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Batista
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia, Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho Braga Portugal
| | | | - Carina Magalhães
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia, Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia, Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Pablo Fernández‐Navarro
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia, Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia, Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho Braga Portugal
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Gonçalves MM, Fernández-Navarro P, Magalhães C, Braga C, Milhazes A, Batista J, Neimeyer RA. FIND: A Feedback Initiated Narrative Development Protocol to Elicit Resources in Psychotherapy. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2020.1717139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert A. Neimeyer
- University of Memphis, USA and Portland Institute for Loss and Transition
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Cardoso P, Savickas ML, Gonçalves MM. Innovative Moments in Career Construction Counseling: Proposal for an Integrative Model. THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cdq.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cardoso
- Department of PsychologyCEFAGE, University of Évora Évora Portugal
| | - Mark L. Savickas
- Department of Behavioral SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical University
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Pivolusková H, Řiháček T, Čevelíček M, Ukropová L. Are client- and therapist-identified significant events related to outcome?: a systematic review. COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2019.1642851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Pivolusková
- Department of Psychology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Řiháček
- Department of Psychology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Čevelíček
- Department of Psychology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Ukropová
- Department of Psychology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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What Differentiates Poor and Good Outcome Psychotherapy? A Statistical-Mechanics-Inspired Approach to Psychotherapy Research. SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/systems7020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Statistical mechanics investigates how emergent properties of macroscopic systems (such as temperature and pressure) relate to microscopic state fluctuations. The underlying idea is that global statistical descriptors of order and variability can monitor the relevant dynamics of the whole system at hand. Here we test the possibility of extending such an approach to psychotherapy research investigating the possibility of predicting the outcome of psychotherapy on the sole basis of coarse-grained empirical macro-parameters. Four good-outcome and four poor-outcome brief psychotherapies were recorded, and their transcripts coded in terms of standard psychological categories (abstract, positive emotional and negative emotional language pertaining to patient and therapist). Each patient-therapist interaction is considered as a discrete multivariate time series made of subsequent word-blocks of 150-word length, defined in terms of the above categories. “Static analyses” (Principal Component Analysis) highlighted a substantial difference between good-outcome and poor-outcome cases in terms of mutual correlations among those descriptors. In the former, the patient’s use of abstract language correlated with therapist’s emotional negative language, while in the latter it co-varied with therapist’s emotional positive language, thus showing the different judgment of the therapists regarding the same variable (abstract language) in poor and good outcome cases. On the other hand, the “dynamic analyses”, based on five coarse-grained descriptors related to variability, the degree of order and complexity of the series, demonstrated a relevant case-specific effect, pointing to the possibility of deriving a consistent picture of any single psychotherapeutic process. Overall, the results showed that the systemic approach to psychotherapy (an old tenet of psychology) is mature enough to shift from a metaphorical to a fully quantitative status.
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Huston J, Meier S, Faith M, Reynolds A. Exploratory study of automated linguistic analysis for progress monitoring and outcome assessment. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fernández-Navarro P, Ribeiro AP, Soylemez KK, Gonçalves MM. Innovative Moments as Developmental Change Levels: A Case Study on Meaning Integration in the Treatment of Depression. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2019.1592037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fernández-Navarro
- CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - António P. Ribeiro
- CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Kerem K. Soylemez
- CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Gonçalves
- CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Ribeiro E, Gonçalves MM, Santos B. How Reconceptualization of the Self Is Negotiated in Psychotherapy: An Exploratory Study of the Therapeutic Collaboration. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022167818792123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fernández-Navarro P, Rosa C, Sousa I, Moutinho V, Antunes A, Magalhães C, Ribeiro AP, Gonçalves MM. Reconceptualization innovative moments as a predictor of symptomatology improvement in treatment for depression. Clin Psychol Psychother 2018; 25:765-773. [PMID: 29989260 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In previous studies, reconceptualization innovative moments were associated with successful psychotherapy. Reconceptualization has two components-(a) a positive temporal contrast between the past self and the present self (contrasting self [CS]) and (b) a description of how and/or why this change has occurred (change process [CP])-from the perspective of the client. The aim of this study is to analyse if CS and CP have the same association with outcomes as reconceptualization. METHOD Sixteen cases of clients with major depression (305 sessions) were analysed. Longitudinal regression models were used to explore if proportions of CS, CP, and reconceptualization predicted outcome measures and if outcome measures predicted CS, CP, and reconceptualization. RESULTS Reconceptualization is less frequent than CS and CP taken separately, but reconceptualization was a better predictor of treatment outcomes than were its separate components. Moreover, symptom improvement did not predict reconceptualization. CONCLUSION The construction of new meanings is important in improving depressive symptomatology. Psychotherapists can elicit these new meanings in their regular practice by posing questions that may help clients to conceptualize what is changing in themselves (CS) and questions of how this change is occurring (CP). The construction of an integrative account of these new meanings is associated with psychotherapeutic gains, and thus, reconceptualizing change could improve symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fernández-Navarro
- CIPsi-Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Catarina Rosa
- CIPsi-Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS.UA), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Sousa
- Department of Mathematics and Applications, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Moutinho
- CIPsi-Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Antunes
- CIPsi-Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carina Magalhães
- CIPsi-Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - António P Ribeiro
- CIPsi-Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Gonçalves
- CIPsi-Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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McGuinty EF, Bird BM, Silva JR, Morrow DK, Armstrong DC. Externalizing Metaphors Therapy and Innovative Moments: A Four-Session Treatment Group for Anxiety. Int J Group Psychother 2018; 68:428-457. [PMID: 38449148 DOI: 10.1080/00207284.2018.1429926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The zeitgeist for brief services psychotherapy efficacy is well underway within the individual and family therapy treatment modalities. However, this paradigm shift, to produce clinically significant mental health outcomes in a much shorter time, has evolved to a much lesser degree within the treatment group format. Longer-term treatment group protocols typically do not match treatment-seeking behaviors with high dropout rates for clients. The current authors describe a structured, four-session treatment protocol that integrates the tenets of Externalizing Metaphors Therapy (EMT) with Innovative Moments (IMs) in addressing anxiety for children and youth. EMT is based upon the externalization of problems, transformation of metaphoric imagery, and the shifting of underlying maladaptive emotional schemas. It is suggested that treatment outcomes are enhanced through the integration of three IMs between-session exercises.
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Braga C, Ribeiro AP, Gonçalves MM, Oliveira JT, Botelho A, Ferreira H, Sousa I. Ambivalence resolution in brief psychotherapy for depression. Clin Psychol Psychother 2018; 25:369-377. [PMID: 29316007 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ambivalence in the process of psychotherapeutic change should be addressed and resolved if we are to avoid psychotherapeutic failure and promote sustained change. In this context, ambivalence can be defined as the cyclical conflictual relation between two opposed positions of the self: one expressed as an innovation, and a subsequent one expressed in a trivialization or rejection of the innovation (problematic position). This conflict may be resolved in two different ways: (a) the dominance of the innovative position and the consequent inhibition of the problematic one and (b) the negotiation between the innovative and the problematic positions. In this study, we sought to study the evolution of the dominance and the negotiation processes in recovered and unchanged cases; to analyse if different therapeutic models produce different results on the evolution of the dominance and negotiation processes, and finally, to study if these processes are predictive of ambivalence resolution. The complete sessions of 22 clinical cases of depression (6 cognitive-behavioural therapy, 10 narrative therapy, and 6 emotion-focused therapy cases) were independently coded for innovative moments, ambivalence, and ambivalence resolution. Results revealed that recovered cases had a progressively higher proportion of negotiation along treatment, whereas in unchanged cases, negotiation was virtually absent throughout treatment. Both dominance and negotiation were significant predictors of ambivalence reduction, however, negotiation had a higher impact than dominance. Overall, these results did not significantly differ for the 3 therapeutic models. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed, and theoretical derived suggestions for clinicians are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Braga
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Inês Sousa
- Department of Mathematics and Applications, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Batista J, Silva J, Freitas S, Alves D, Machado A, Sousa I, Fernández-Navarro P, Magalhães C, Gonçalves MM. Relational schemas as mediators of innovative moments in symptom improvement in major depression. Psychother Res 2017; 29:58-69. [PMID: 28782433 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2017.1359427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Innovative moments (IMs) are exceptions to the maladaptive framework of meaning that typically motivates clients to seek psychotherapy, and previous studies have shown that IMs are associated with psychotherapy outcomes. While IMs are exceptions that occur at the level of the therapeutic conversation, relational schemas are more stable patterns, and their increased flexibility may facilitate change during psychotherapy. With this in mind, we tested the hypothesis that IMs contribute to outcomes by improving the flexibility of relational schemas. METHOD The Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) was used to assess relational schemas. IMs were evaluated using the Innovative Moments Coding System. The sample included 22 clients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. The flexibility of the three components of the CCRT (Wishes, responses of the self (RS), and responses of others (RO)) were tested as mediators between IMs and outcomes. RESULTS The flexibility of the RS was a mediator between IMs and outcomes, but Wishes and RO were not. CONCLUSION These findings align with previous research showing that RS is the component most open to change, whereas the other components seem less sensitive to change during brief therapy. Clinical or methodological significance of this article: This study shows the mediation role of relational schemas in the association between in-session events (innovative moments (IMs)) and the symptoms improvement. It contributes to the literature that emphasizes the importance of relational schemas in psychotherapy by using a mediation model, which has rarely been tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Batista
- a Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, CIPsi - Psychology Research Center , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- a Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, CIPsi - Psychology Research Center , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Sara Freitas
- a Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, CIPsi - Psychology Research Center , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Daniela Alves
- a Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, CIPsi - Psychology Research Center , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Anabela Machado
- a Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, CIPsi - Psychology Research Center , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Inês Sousa
- b Department of Mathematics , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Pablo Fernández-Navarro
- a Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, CIPsi - Psychology Research Center , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Carina Magalhães
- a Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, CIPsi - Psychology Research Center , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Miguel M Gonçalves
- a Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, CIPsi - Psychology Research Center , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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Meira L, Salgado J, Sousa I, Ribeiro AP, Gonçalves MM. Psychological Change in Everyday Life: An Exploratory Study. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2017.1304300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Meira
- University Institute of Maia—ISMAI & Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Salgado
- University Institute of Maia—ISMAI & Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Sousa
- Department of Mathematics and Applications, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - António P. Ribeiro
- Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Gonçalves
- Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Esposito G, Ribeiro AP, Gonçalves MM, Freda MF. Mirroring in Group Counseling: Analyzing Narrative Innovations. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1046496417697149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this case study is to demonstrate how an innovative group counseling method, the narrative mediation path, promotes reflective mirroring in a group of underachieving university students. We used an adaptation of the innovative moments coding system, a reliable method for studying change by tracking narrative innovations throughout the intervention. The transcripts of the seven sessions of a single narrative mediation path counseling group were analyzed, and three types of innovative moments were identified: self-directed innovative moments (those directed at the participants themselves), other-directed innovative moments (those directed at another group member), and group-directed innovative moments (those directed at the group as a whole). To study the narrative sequences containing both other-directed or group-directed innovative moments and self-directed innovative moments, a microgenetic approach was adopted. Results suggested that across the narrative mediation path counseling sessions, different types of reflecting mirroring emerged, based on supporting, interpreting, and connecting members’ experiences.
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Gonçalves MM, Ribeiro AP, Mendes I, Alves D, Silva J, Rosa C, Braga C, Batista J, Fernández-Navarro P, Oliveira JT. Three narrative-based coding systems: Innovative moments, ambivalence and ambivalence resolution. Psychother Res 2016; 27:270-282. [PMID: 27855544 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2016.1247216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Narrative and dialogical perspectives suggest that personal meaning systems' flexibility is an important resource for change in psychotherapy. Drawn from these theoretical backgrounds, a research program focused on the identification of Innovative Moments (IMs)-exceptions to the inflexible meaning systems present in psychopathological suffering-has been carried out. For this purpose, three process-oriented coding systems were developed: The IMs Coding System, the Ambivalence Coding System, and the Ambivalence Resolution Coding System. They allow, respectively, for the study of change, ambivalence, and ambivalence resolution in therapy. This paper presents these coding systems, the main findings that resulted from their application to different samples and therapeutic models, the main current and future lines of research, as well as the clinical applications of this research program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inês Mendes
- a School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,b ISMAI - University Institute of Maia , Maia , Portugal
| | - Daniela Alves
- a School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- a School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Catarina Rosa
- c Department of Education and Psychology , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal.,d IBILI - Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Cátia Braga
- a School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - João Batista
- a School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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Esposito G, Ribeiro AP, Alves D, Gonçalves MM, Freda MF. Meaning Coconstruction in Group Counseling: The Development of Innovative Moments. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2016.1238789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Alves
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Gonçalves MM, Silva JR, Mendes I, Rosa C, Ribeiro AP, Batista J, Sousa I, Fernandes CF. Narrative Changes Predict a Decrease in Symptoms in CBT for Depression: An Exploratory Study. Clin Psychol Psychother 2016; 24:835-845. [PMID: 27766698 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Innovative moments (IMs) are new and more adjusted ways of thinking, acting, feeling and relating that emerge during psychotherapy. Previous research on IMs has provided sustainable evidence that IMs differentiate recovered from unchanged psychotherapy cases. However, studies with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are so far absent. The present study tests whether IMs can be reliably identified in CBT and examines if IMs and symptoms' improvement are associated. METHODS The following variables were assessed in each session from a sample of six cases of CBT for depression (a total of 111 sessions): (a) symptomatology outcomes (Outcome Questionnaire-OQ-10) and (b) IMs. Two hierarchical linear models were used: one to test whether IMs predicted a symptom decrease in the next session and a second one to test whether symptoms in one session predicted the emergence of IMs in the next session. RESULTS Innovative moments were better predictors of symptom decrease than the reverse. A higher proportion of a specific type of IMs-reflection 2-in one session predicted a decrease in symptoms in the next session. Thus, when clients further elaborated this type of IM (in which clients describe positive contrasts or elaborate on changes processes), a reduction in symptoms was observed in the next session. DISCUSSION A higher expression and elaboration of reflection 2 IMs appear to have a facilitative function in the reduction of depressive symptoms in this sample of CBT. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE Elaborating innovative moments (IMs) that are new ways of thinking, feeling, behaving and relating, in the therapeutic dialogue, may facilitate change. IMs that are more predictive of amelioration of symptoms in CBT are the ones focused on contrasts between former problematic patterns and new adjusted ones; and the ones in which the clients elaborate on processes of change. Therapists may integrate these kinds of questions (centred on contrasts and centred on what allowed change from the client's perspective), in the usual CBT techniques. When elaborating these IMs successfully, therapists may expect an improvement in symptoms in the next session of psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inês Mendes
- University of Minho, School of Psychology, Braga, Portugal
| | - Catarina Rosa
- University of Minho, School of Psychology, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - João Batista
- University of Minho, School of Psychology, Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Sousa
- University of Minho, Department of Mathematics, Braga, Portugal
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Gonçalves MM, Batista J, Freitas S. Narrative and Clinical Change in Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: A Comparison of Two Recovered Cases. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2016.1183537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Braga C, Oliveira JT, Ribeiro AP, Gonçalves MM. Ambivalence resolution in emotion-focused therapy: The successful case of Sarah. Psychother Res 2016; 28:423-432. [PMID: 27196812 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2016.1169331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambivalence can be understood as a cyclical movement between two opposing positions of the self: one expressed in a novelty-an innovative moment (IM)-and another one conveyed by a return to the maladaptive pattern. If not properly addressed and resolved during therapy, ambivalence can prevent change and lead to psychotherapeutic failure. Two processes of ambivalence resolution have been suggested: (1) the dominance of the innovative position and consequent inhibition of the problematic position and (2) the negotiation between both positions. OBJECTIVES To empirically study both processes of ambivalence resolution in a successful case of emotion-focused therapy. METHOD Sessions were independently coded with three coding systems-the IMs, the return to the problem and the ambivalence resolution. RESULTS Ambivalence tended to be resolved from the initial to the final sessions. Although resolutions through dominance tended to decrease and resolutions through negotiation seemingly increased along treatment, dominance was, nonetheless, the most prominent process of resolution along the whole treatment. CONCLUSIONS Although it has been suggested that integrating opposing parts of the self is a necessary process for psychotherapeutic success, a less integrative process of ambivalence resolution may also be an important resource along the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Braga
- a Department of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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Cunha C, Mendes I, Ribeiro AP, Angus L, Greenberg LS, Gonçalves MM. Self-narrative reconstruction in emotion-focused therapy: A preliminary task analysis. Psychother Res 2016; 27:692-709. [PMID: 27092727 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2016.1158429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research explored the consolidation phase of emotion-focused therapy (EFT) for depression and studies-through a task-analysis method-how client-therapist dyads evolved from the exploration of the problem to self-narrative reconstruction. METHOD Innovative moments (IMs) were used to situate the process of self-narrative reconstruction within sessions, particularly through reconceptualization and performing change IMs. We contrasted the observation of these occurrences with a rational model of self-narrative reconstruction, previously built. RESULTS This study presents the rational model and the revised rational-empirical model of the self-narrative reconstruction task in three EFT dyads, suggesting nine steps necessary for task resolution: (1) Explicit recognition of differences in the present and steps in the path of change; (2) Development of a meta-perspective contrast between present self and past self; (3) Amplification of contrast in the self; (4) A positive appreciation of changes is conveyed; (5) Occurrence of feelings of empowerment, competence, and mastery; (6) Reference to difficulties still present; (7) Emphasis on the loss of centrality of the problem; (8) Perception of change as a gradual, developing process; and (9) Reference to projects, experiences of change, or elaboration of new plans. CONCLUSIONS Central aspects of therapist activity in facilitating the client's progression along these nine steps are also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cunha
- a University Institute of Maia - ISMAI , Maia , Portugal.,b Center of Psychology , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Inês Mendes
- a University Institute of Maia - ISMAI , Maia , Portugal.,c CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - António P Ribeiro
- c CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Lynne Angus
- d Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | | | - Miguel M Gonçalves
- c CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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Cardoso P, Gonçalves MM, Duarte ME, Silva JR, Alves D. Life Design Counseling outcome and process: A case study with an adolescent. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Piazza-Bonin E, Neimeyer RA, Alves D, Smigelsky M, Crunk E. Innovative Moments in Humanistic Therapy I: Process and Outcome of Eminent Psychotherapists Working with Bereaved Clients. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2015.1118712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Barbosa E, Cunha C, Santos A, Gonçalves MM, Salgado J. Narrative change in Gloria Films: Comparing various processes of therapeutic innovation. Psychother Res 2015; 27:89-101. [PMID: 26308677 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2015.1072286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The present study focuses on the analysis of novelty emergence in classic Gloria Films with Rogers, Perls, and Ellis to understand how the same client formulated her own problem and if and how change occurred in those three sessions. METHOD The Innovative Moments Coding System was applied to track innovative moments (IMs) and their themes. RESULTS The session with Rogers showed more diversity in disclosed problems and themes of IMs, as well as a higher proportion of reflection IMs. The session with Perls demonstrated a high proportion of protest IMs. The session with Ellis showed less innovation than other sessions. The changes found were based mostly on reflection and protest IMs in three sessions. CONCLUSION Narrative innovations occurred in the three single sessions. The type of dominant innovation is consistent with the therapeutic model and the IMs model. The exploration of the IMs' themes allowed a more precise identification of Gloria's new narrative positions and their development throughout those sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Barbosa
- a CINEICC-Cognitive-Behavioural Research Center, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Carla Cunha
- b ISMAI-University Institute of Maia and Center of Psychology at University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Anita Santos
- b ISMAI-University Institute of Maia and Center of Psychology at University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Miguel M Gonçalves
- c Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - João Salgado
- b ISMAI-University Institute of Maia and Center of Psychology at University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Gonçalves MM, Ribeiro AP, Silva JR, Mendes I, Sousa I. Narrative innovations predict symptom improvement: Studying innovative moments in narrative therapy of depression. Psychother Res 2015; 26:425-35. [PMID: 25968420 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2015.1035355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Innovative moments (IMs) are moments in the therapeutic dialog that constitute exceptions toward the client's problems. These narrative markers of meaning transformation are associated with change in different models of therapy and diverse diagnoses. Our goal is to test if IMs precede symptoms change, or, on the contrary, are a mere consequence of symptomatic 15 change. METHOD For this purpose, IMs and symptomatology (Outcome Questionnaire-10.2) were assessed at every session in a sample of 10 cases of narrative therapy for depression. Hierarchical linear modeling was conducted to explore whether (i) IMs in a given session predict patients' symptoms in the following session and/or (ii) symptoms in a given session predict IMs in the next session. RESULTS Results suggested that IMs are better predictors of symptoms than the reverse. CONCLUSIONS These results are discussed considering the contribution of meanings and narrative processes' changes to symptomatic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Gonçalves
- a CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology, Research Unit, School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - AntÓnio P Ribeiro
- a CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology, Research Unit, School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Joana R Silva
- a CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology, Research Unit, School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - InÊs Mendes
- a CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology, Research Unit, School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,b ISMAI , Avioso São Pedro , Portugal
| | - Inês Sousa
- c Department of Mathematics and Applications , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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Ribeiro AP, Gonçalves MM, Silva JR, Brás A, Sousa I. Ambivalence in Narrative Therapy: A Comparison Between Recovered and Unchanged Cases. Clin Psychol Psychother 2015; 23:166-75. [PMID: 25808359 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Research on the identification of poor outcome predictors is crucial for the prevention of therapeutic failure. Previous research suggests that clients' persistent ambivalence is one possible path to unsuccessful psychotherapy. The present study analyses ambivalence--here operationalized as return-to-the-problem markers (RPMs)--in five recovered and five unchanged cases of narrative psychotherapy for major depression. The results suggest that both recovered and unchanged cases presented a similar proportion of RPMs at baseline and a decreasing pattern of these ambivalence markers throughout therapy. However, the decreasing was more accentuated in recovered than in unchanged cases, and at the end of the treatment, the proportion of RPMs of the unchanged cases was significantly higher. The results are discussed in light of previous research on ambivalence in psychotherapy, focusing on the meaning of ambivalence and its clinical implications. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE Ambivalence towards change, here operationalized as RPMs, seems to be a common process in both recovered and unchanged cases, perhaps signalling the uncertainty and anxiety that change may elicit. Although the number of RPMs decreased in both the recovered and unchanged cases, this reduction was significantly higher in the recovered group. Moreover, at the end of therapy, the recovered group revealed a significantly lower proportion of RPMs than the unchanged group, suggesting that ambivalence resolution (or lack thereof) may play a determining role in the therapy's evolution and outcome. RPMs in later stages of therapy may be operationalized as 'red flags' for the therapist to acknowledge the client's stuckness and adapt his or her intervention efforts, turning these instances into developmental opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- António P Ribeiro
- CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Gonçalves
- CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana R Silva
- CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia Brás
- CIPsi - Psychology Research Center, Psychotherapy and Psychopathology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ines Sousa
- Department of Mathematics and Applications, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Strauss BM, Shapiro DA, Barkham M, Parry G, Machado PPP. “The Times They Are a-Changin'”*: 25 years ofPsychotherapy Research– A European and Latin American perspective. Psychother Res 2015; 25:294-308. [DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2014.1002439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Gelo OCG, Manzo S. Quantitative Approaches to Treatment Process, Change Process, and Process-Outcome Research. Psychother Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Shapiro AF, Gottman JM, Fink BC. Short-Term Change in Couples' Conflict Following a Transition to Parenthood Intervention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4:239-251. [PMID: 27375959 DOI: 10.1037/cfp0000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Conflict among couples was examined following a transition to parenthood intervention to determine both short-term efficacy of the program and elucidate the process of change postintervention. A randomized clinical trial design was used to examine conflict in couples who participated in a transition to parenthood psycho-educational workshop compared with controls. The beginnings of improved communication in conflict were evident at 3 months postbirth through decreased husband contempt and increased husband positive affect during conflict in a sample that demonstrated more substantial improvement at 1 year postintervention. Increases in husband positive affect in the workshop group at 3 months postbirth predicted more positive and less negative wife affect during conflict at 1 year postbirth. Results suggest that some indicators of intervention efficacy were evident, postintervention change can be gradual, husbands may be more receptive to implementing change shortly after birth, and early changes can be associated with later positive outcomes. Findings have implications for preparing couples for the gradual and complex nature of change associated with intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson F Shapiro
- Department of Child and Family Development, San Diego State University
| | - John M Gottman
- Relationship Research Institute, Deer Harbor, Washington
| | - Brandi C Fink
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico
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Angus L, Watson JC, Elliott R, Schneider K, Timulak L. Humanistic psychotherapy research 1990-2015: from methodological innovation to evidence-supported treatment outcomes and beyond. Psychother Res 2014; 25:330-47. [PMID: 25517088 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2014.989290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over the past 25 years, humanistic psychotherapy (HP) researchers have actively contributed to the development and implementation of innovative practice-informed research measures and coding systems. METHOD Qualitative and quantitative research findings, including meta-analyses, support the identification of HP approaches as evidence-based treatments for a variety of psychological conditions. RESULTS Implications for future psychotherapy research, training, and practice are discussed in terms of addressing the persistent disjunction between significant HP research productivity and relatively low support for HP approaches in university-based clinical training programs, funding agencies, and government-supported clinical guidelines. CONCLUSION Finally, specific recommendations are provided to further enhance and expand the impact of HP research for clinical training programs and the development of treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Angus
- a Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
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Cardoso P, Silva JR, Gonçalves MM, Duarte ME. Narrative innovation in life design counseling: The case of Ryan. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ribeiro AP, Mendes I, Stiles WB, Angus L, Sousa I, Gonçalves MM. Ambivalence in emotion-focused therapy for depression: the maintenance of problematically dominant self-narratives. Psychother Res 2014; 24:702-10. [PMID: 24552124 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2013.879620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ambivalence can be understood as a cyclical movement between an emerging narrative novelty-an Innovative Moment (IM)-and a return to a problematically dominant self-narrative. The return implies that the IM, with its potential for change is devalued right after its emergence. Our goal is to test the hypothesis that the probability of the client expressing such form of ambivalence decreases across treatment in good-outcome cases but not in poor-outcome cases. METHOD Return-to-the-Problem Markers (RPMs) signaling moments of devaluation of IMs were coded in passages containing IMs in six clients with major depression treated with emotion-focused therapy: three good-outcome cases and three poor-outcome cases. RESULTS The percentage of IMs with RPMs decreased across therapy in good-outcome cases, whereas it remained unchanged and high in the poor-outcome cases. CONCLUSIONS These results were consistent with the theoretical suggestion that therapeutic failure may be associated with this form of ambivalence.
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Bento T, Ribeiro AP, Salgado J, Mendes I, Gonçalves MM. The Narrative Model of Therapeutic Change: An Exploratory Study Tracking Innovative Moments and Protonarratives Using State Space Grids. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2014.850373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gonçalves MM, Gabalda IC, Ribeiro AP, Pinheiro P, Borges R, Sousa I, Stiles WB. The innovative moments coding system and the assimilation of problematic experiences scale: a case study comparing two methods to track change in psychotherapy. Psychother Res 2013; 24:442-55. [PMID: 24099105 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2013.835080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES) and the Innovative Moments Coding System were applied to transcripts of a successful case of linguistic therapy of evaluation independently by different research groups. Assimilation theory and research suggest that higher APES scores reflect therapeutic gains, with a level of approximately 4.0 separating good from poor outcome cases. The innovative moments (IMs) model suggests that IMs classified as reconceptualization and performing change occur mainly in good outcome cases, whereas action, reflection and protest occur in both good and poor outcome cases. Passages coded as reconceptualization and performing change were rare in this case, but 100% of them were rated at or above APES 4. By contrast, 63% passages coded as action, reflection or protest were rated below APES 4 (Chi-square = 28.62, p < .001). Implications for research are discussed.
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Alves D, Fernández-Navarro P, Baptista J, Ribeiro E, Sousa I, Gonçalves MM. Innovative moments in grief therapy: The meaning reconstruction approach and the processes of self-narrative transformation. Psychother Res 2013; 24:25-41. [PMID: 23885786 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2013.814927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Alves D, Mendes I, Gonçalves MM, Neimeyer RA. Innovative moments in grief therapy: reconstructing meaning following perinatal death. DEATH STUDIES 2012; 36:795-818. [PMID: 24563928 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2011.608291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an intensive analysis of a good outcome case of constructivist grief therapy with a bereaved mother, using the Innovative Moments Coding System (IMCS). Inspired by M. White and D. Epston's narrative therapy, the IMCS conceptualizes therapeutic change as resulting from the elaboration and expansion of unique outcomes (or as we prefer, innovative moments), referring to experiences not predicted by the problematic or dominant self-narrative. The IMCS identifies and tracks the occurrence of 5 different types of innovative moments: action, reflection, protest, re-conceptualization, and performing change. Results documented the process of meaning reconstruction over the 6 sessions of treatment, and demonstrated the feasibility and reliability of analyzing narrative change in this form of grief therapy, opening it to comparison with other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Alves
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Mendes
- Research Center at the Center for Cognitive-Behavioral Studies and Intervention, Instituto Superior da Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | | | - Robert A Neimeyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Gonçalves MM, Mendes I, Cruz G, Ribeiro AP, Sousa I, Angus L, Greenberg LS. Innovative moments and change in client-centered therapy. Psychother Res 2012; 22:389-401. [DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2012.662605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Angus L. Toward an integrative understanding of narrative and emotion processes in Emotion-focused therapy of depression: Implications for theory, research and practice. Psychother Res 2012; 22:367-80. [DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2012.683988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Gonçalves MM, Ribeiro AP, Mendes I, Matos M, Santos A. Tracking novelties in psychotherapy process research: the innovative moments coding system. Psychother Res 2011; 21:497-509. [PMID: 21480054 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2011.560207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a method for the assessment of innovative moments, which are novelties that emerge in contrast to a client's problematic self-narrative as expressed in therapy, the innovative moments coding system (IMCS). The authors discuss the theoretical background of the IMCS as well as its coding procedures. Results from several studies suggest that the IMCS is a reliable and valid coding system that can be applied to several modalities of psychotherapy. Finally, future research implications are discussed.
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Mendes I, Ribeiro AP, Angus L, Greenberg LS, Sousa I, Gonçalves MM. Narrative change in emotion-focused psychotherapy: A study on the evolution of reflection and protest innovative moments. Psychother Res 2011; 21:304-15. [PMID: 21480051 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2011.565489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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