1
|
Rani Kumar N, Agrawal AR. Advances in the Chemistry of 2,4,6-Tri(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202200203. [PMID: 36599693 PMCID: PMC9812756 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic systems are now considered to be an integral part of material chemistry. Thiophene, selenophene, furan, pyrrole, carbazole, triazine and others are some such examples worth mentioning. 2,4,6-Tri(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine is a C3h -symmetric system with thiophene as the donor unit and s-triazine as the acceptor unit. This review gives an insight into the advances made in the thienyl-triazine chemistry over the past two to three decades. The synthetic pathways for arriving at this system and all its important derivatives are provided. The major focus is on the materials synthesized using the thienyl-triazine system, including star molecules, linear and hyperbranched polymers, porous materials and their diverse applications. This review will play a catalytic role for new dimensions to be explored in thienyl-triazine chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rani Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Dhemaji CollegeDhemaji787057, AssamIndia
| | - Abhijeet R. Agrawal
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Edmond J. Safra CampusJerusalem91904Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karunathilaka D, Rajapakse RMG, Hardin AE, Sexton TM, Sparks NE, Mosely JJ, Rheingold AL, Hammer NI, Tschumper GS, Watkins DL. Correlation of solid-state order to optoelectronic behavior in heterocyclic oligomers. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00560c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we address a longstanding challenge in the field of optoelectronic materials by evaluating the molecular and solid-state arrangements of heterocyclic oligomers and correlating their crystal structures to their optical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Karunathilaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - R. M. G. Rajapakse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - April E. Hardin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Thomas More Sexton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Nicholas E. Sparks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Jacquelyn J. Mosely
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Nathan I. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Gregory S. Tschumper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Davita L. Watkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu LN, Sui MY, Xiao S, Xie YZ, Sun GY. Design of single-porphyrin donors toward high open-circuit voltage for organic solar cells via an energy level gradient-distribution screening strategy of fragments: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4015-4022. [PMID: 32022038 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Open-circuit voltage (VOC) is a key factor for improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs). At present, increasing attention has been devoted towards modifying π bridges in single-porphyrin small molecule donors with an A-π-D-π-A configuration to reduce the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels and improve the VOC of devices. However, how to screen the π bridges is a key issue. In this work, nine π bridges were screened by the HOMO level gradient-distribution strategy of fragments (electron-donating donor (D), π bridges, and electron-withdrawing acceptor (A)), where fragments meeting the requirements were combined into five novel small molecule donors. Meanwhile, in order to test whether the strategy is beneficial to increasing VOC, [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) was selected as the acceptor material. The energy levels of all molecules were compared and the photoelectric properties (i.e., energy gap, energy driving force, reorganization energy, intermolecular charge transfer rate, charge recombination rate, and VOC) of the five small molecules were studied. The results showed that the HOMO levels of porphyrin donors could be significantly lowered via this strategy, and VOC was raised without losing the short-circuit current (JSC) and fill factor (FF) of the devices. Meanwhile, the designed five small molecules could be used as donor candidates to improve the performance of OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Thiophene-based π-conjugated organic small molecules and polymers are the research subject of significant current interest owing to their potential use as organic semiconductors in material chemistry. Despite simple and similar molecular structures, the hitherto reported properties of thiophene-based organic semiconductors are rather diverse. Design of high performance organic semiconducting materials requires a thorough understanding of inter- and intra-molecular interactions, solid-state packing, and the influence of both factors on the charge carrier transport. In this chapter, thiophene-based organic semiconductors, which are classified in terms of their chemical structures and their structure-property relationships, are addressed for the potential applications as organic photovoltaics (OPVs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Barbarella G, Di Maria F. Supramolecular oligothiophene microfibers spontaneously assembled on surfaces or coassembled with proteins inside live cells. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2230-41. [PMID: 26234700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During the last few decades, multifunctional nano- and microfibers made of semiconducting π-conjugated oligomers and polymers have generated much interest because of a broad range of applications extending from sensing to bioelectronic devices and (opto)electronics. The simplest technique for the fabrication of these anisotropic supramolecular structures is to let the molecules do the work by spontaneous organization driven by the information encoded in their molecular structure. Oligothiophenes-semiconducting and fluorescent compounds that have been extensively investigated for applications in thin-film field-effect transistors and solar cells and to a lesser extent as dyes for fluorescent labeling of proteins, DNA, and live cells-are particularly suited as building blocks for supramolecular architectures because of the peculiar properties of the thiophene ring. Because of the great polarizability of sulfur outer-shell electrons and the consequent facile geometric deformability and adaptability of the ring to the environment, thiophene can generate multiple nonbonding interactions to promote non-covalent connections between blocks. Furthermore, sulfur can be hypervalent, i.e., it can accommodate more than the eight electrons normally associated with s and p shells. Hypervalent oligothiophene-S,S-dioxides whose oxygen atoms can be involved in hydrogen bonding have been synthesized. These compounds are amphiphilic, and some of them are able to spontaneously cross the membrane of live cells. Hypervalent nonbonding interactions of divalent sulfur, defined as weak coordination to a proximate nitrogen or oxygen, have also been invoked in the solid-state packing of many organic molecules and in the architecture of proteins. In this Account, we describe two different types of thiophene-based building blocks that can induce the spontaneous formation of nanostructured microfibers in very different environments. The first, based on the synthesis of "sulfur-overrich" hexamers and octamers, leads to surface-independent self-assembly of microfibers-helical or rodlike depending on the groups attached to the same identical inner core-that are crystalline, fluorescent, and conductive and display chirality despite the lack of chiral carbon atoms on the building blocks. Supramolecular polymorphic microfibers are also formed, and they are characterized by very different functional properties. The second, based on a rigid oligothiophene-S,S-dioxide, leads to coassembled protein-oligothiophene microfibers that are physiologically formed inside live cells. The oligothiophene-S,S-dioxide can indeed spontaneously cross the membrane of live cells and be directed toward the perinuclear region, where it is recognized and incorporated by specific peptides during the formation of fibrillar proteins without being harmful to the cells. Coassembled oligothiophene-protein microfibers are progressively formed through a cell-mediated physiological process. Thanks to the oligothiophene blocks, the microfibers possess fluorescence and charge-conduction properties. By means of fluorescence imaging, we demonstrated that various types of live cells seeded on these microfibers were able to internalize and degrade them, experiencing in turn different effects on their morphology and viability, suggesting a possible use of the microfibers as multiscale biomaterials to direct cell behavior. On the whole, our results show the great versatility of oligothiophene building blocks and allow us to foresee that their capabilities of spontaneous assembly in the most different environments could be exploited in much more exciting research fields than those explored to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Barbarella
- Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche (CNR-ISOF), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Maria
- Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche (CNR-ISOF), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang X, Yang X, Geng H, Nan G, Sun X, Xi J, Xu X. Theoretical comparative studies on transport properties of pentacene, pentathienoacene, and 6,13-dichloropentacene. J Comput Chem 2015; 36:891-900. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road 200433 Shanghai China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials; Fudan University; 200438 Shanghai China
| | - Hua Geng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100190 Beijing China
| | - Guangjun Nan
- Institute of Theoretical and Simulational Chemistry; Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Sciences; Harbin Institute of Technology; 150080 Harbin China
| | - Xingwen Sun
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road 200433 Shanghai China
| | - Jinyang Xi
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road 200433 Shanghai China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road 200433 Shanghai China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Laboratory for Computational Physical Science; 200438 Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu H, Brémond É, Prlj A, Gonthier JF, Corminboeuf C. Adjusting the Local Arrangement of π-Stacked Oligothiophenes through Hydrogen Bonds: A Viable Route to Promote Charge Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:2320-2324. [PMID: 26279553 PMCID: PMC4598018 DOI: 10.1021/jz501078s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We show that substituting quaterthiophene cores with strong H-bond aggregators, such as urea groups, provides an efficient way to adjust the mutual in-plane displacements of the semiconducting units and promote charge transfer. Our 2-D structure-property mapping reveals that the insertion of substituents induces up to 2.0 Å longitudinal and transversal displacements between the π-conjugated moieties. Some of these relative displacements lead to improved cofacial orbital overlaps that are otherwise inaccessible due to Pauli repulsion. Our results also emphasize that the fine-tuning of in-plane displacements is more effective than achieving "tighter" packing to promote charge-transfer properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Liu
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Éric Brémond
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Prlj
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme F Gonthier
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luschtinetz R, Seifert G. Theoretical studies on the structural and electronic properties of π-stacked cyano-thiophene-based molecules. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
10
|
Yamaguchi Y, Maruya Y, Katagiri H, Nakayama KI, Ohba Y. Synthesis, Properties, and OFET Characteristics of 5,5′-Di(2-azulenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene (DAzBT) and 2,5-Di(2-azulenyl)-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DAzTT). Org Lett 2012; 14:2316-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3007327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Maruya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katagiri
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nakayama
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohba
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Balaji G, Della Pelle AM, Popere BC, Chandrasekaran A, Thayumanavan S. Synthesis and properties of thienopyrrole based heteroacenes – indolodibenzothienopyrrole and dicarbazolodithienopyrrole. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3455-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Liu Y, Di CA, Du C, Liu Y, Lu K, Qiu W, Yu G. Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Fused Thiophenes for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Chemistry 2010; 16:2231-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
13
|
Amiri S, Schreiner PR. Non-Kekulé N-Substituted m-Phenylenes: N-Centered Diradicals versus Zwitterions. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:11750-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9028672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Amiri
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alesi S, Brancolini G, Viola I, Capobianco ML, Venturini A, Camaioni N, Gigli G, Melucci M, Barbarella G. Self-organization, optical, and electrical properties of alpha-quinquethiophene-dinucleotide conjugates. Chemistry 2009; 15:1876-85. [PMID: 19132701 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and properties of (5')TA(3')-t5 (8a) and (5')CG(3')-t5 (8b) conjugates, in which the self-complementary dinucleotides TA and CG are covalently bound to the central ring of alpha-quinquethiophene (t5), are described. According to molecular mechanics calculations, the preferred conformation of both 8a and 8b is that with the dinucleotide folded over the planar t5 backbone, with the nucleobases facing t5 at stacking distance. The calculations show that the aggregation process of 8a and 8b is driven by a mix of nucleobase-thiophene interactions, hydrogen bonding between nucleobases (non Watson-Crick (W&C) in TA, and W&C in CG), van der Waals, and electrostatic interactions. While 8b is scarcely soluble in any solvents, 8a is soluble in water, indicating that the aggregates of the former are more stable than those of the latter. Microfluidic-induced self-assembly studies of 8a showed the formation of lamellar, spherulitic, and dendritic supramolecular structures, depending on the concentration and solvent evaporation time. The self-assembled structures displayed micrometer dimensions in the xy plane of the substrate and nanometer dimensions in the z direction. Spatially resolved confocal microscopy and spectroscopy showed that the aggregates were characterized by intense fluorescence emission. Cast films of 8a from water solutions showed chirality transfer from the dinucleotide to t5. The hole mobility of the cast films of 8a was estimated using a two-electrode device under high vacuum and found to be up to two orders of magnitude greater than those previously measured for dinucleotide-quarterthiophene conjugates under the same experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Alesi
- Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gao P, Feng X, Yang X, Enkelmann V, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Conjugated Ladder-Type Heteroacenes Bearing Pyrrole and Thiophene Ring Units: Facile Synthesis and Characterization. J Org Chem 2008; 73:9207-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801898g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaoyin Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Enkelmann
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Qi T, Qiu W, Liu Y, Zhang H, Gao X, Liu Y, Lu K, Du C, Yu G, Zhu D. Synthesis, structures, and properties of disubstituted heteroacenes on one side containing both pyrrole and thiophene rings. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4638-43. [PMID: 18494524 DOI: 10.1021/jo800622y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new series of ladder-type heteroacenes containing both pyrrole and furan rings, 5,6-disubstituted diindolo[3,2-b:4,5-b']thiophenes (DITs), were effectively synthesized from N-functionalized 3,3'-dibromo-2,2'-biindoles undergoing intramolecular cyclization with bis(phenylsulfonyl) sulfide and organolithium. Single-crystal X-ray results demonstrate that 5,6-dipropyldiindolo[3,2-b:4,5-b']thiophene (4b) forms a herringbone-type of packing motif and 5,6-di(p-tolyl)diindolo[3,2-b:4,5-b']thiophene (4d) forms a parallel packing motif. Both of them have S-S contacts, enhancing the electronic transport between molecules. Their photophysical properties suggest that the skeleton of diindolo[3,2- b:4,5-b']thiophene is more favorable to aggregate in solid than that of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole. The large band gaps and low-lying HOMO energy levels could result in much better stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qi
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang YR, Hajgató B, Ning CG, Zhang SF, Liu K, Luo ZH, Deng JK, Deleuze MS. Study of the Valence Wave Function of Thiophene with High Resolution Electron Momentum Spectroscopy and Advanced Dyson Orbital Theories. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:2339-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp710845n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. R. Huang
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular NanoSciences of MOE, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Research Group of Theoretical Chemistry, Department SBG, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - B. Hajgató
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular NanoSciences of MOE, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Research Group of Theoretical Chemistry, Department SBG, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - C. G. Ning
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular NanoSciences of MOE, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Research Group of Theoretical Chemistry, Department SBG, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - S. F. Zhang
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular NanoSciences of MOE, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Research Group of Theoretical Chemistry, Department SBG, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - K. Liu
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular NanoSciences of MOE, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Research Group of Theoretical Chemistry, Department SBG, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Z. H. Luo
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular NanoSciences of MOE, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Research Group of Theoretical Chemistry, Department SBG, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - J. K. Deng
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular NanoSciences of MOE, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Research Group of Theoretical Chemistry, Department SBG, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - M. S. Deleuze
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular NanoSciences of MOE, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Research Group of Theoretical Chemistry, Department SBG, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zou L, Fu Y, Yan X, Chen X, Qin J. Linear π-conjugated polymers containing 2,4,6-tris(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine unit: Synthesis and optical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Di CA, Yu G, Liu Y, Zhu D. High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Molecular Design, Device Fabrication, and Physical Properties. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:14083-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jp071753b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-an Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100080, P. R. China, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100080, P. R. China, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100080, P. R. China, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100080, P. R. China, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xiao K, Liu Y, Qi T, Zhang W, Wang F, Gao J, Qiu W, Ma Y, Cui G, Chen S, Zhan X, Yu G, Qin J, Hu W, Zhu D. A Highly π-Stacked Organic Semiconductor for Field-Effect Transistors Based on Linearly Condensed Pentathienoacene. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:13281-6. [PMID: 16173758 DOI: 10.1021/ja052816b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the synthesis and characterization of a fused-ring compound, dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']thieno[3,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (pentathienoacene, PTA). In contrast to pentacene, PTA has a larger band gap than most semiconductors used in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and therefore is expected to be stable in air. The large pi-conjugated and planar molecular structure of PTA would also form higher molecular orders that are conductive for carrier transport. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy experiments on its films show that the molecules stack in layers with their long axis upright from the surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests that there are no chemical bonds at the PTA/Au interface. OFETs based on the PTA have been constructed, and their performances as p-type semiconductors are also presented. A high mobility of 0.045 cm(2)/V s and an on/off ratio of 10(3) for a PTA OFET have been achieved, demonstrating the potential of PTA for application in future organic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Melucci M, Barbarella G, Zambianchi M, Benzi M, Biscarini F, Cavallini M, Bongini A, Fabbroni S, Mazzeo M, Anni M, Gigli G. Poly(α-vinyl-ω-alkyloligothiophene) Side-Chain Polymers. Synthesis, Fluorescence, and Morphology. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma049102q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Melucci
- CNR-ISOF and CNR-ISMN-Sez BO, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Univ. Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; and NNL-INFM, Dip. Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giovanna Barbarella
- CNR-ISOF and CNR-ISMN-Sez BO, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Univ. Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; and NNL-INFM, Dip. Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Massimo Zambianchi
- CNR-ISOF and CNR-ISMN-Sez BO, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Univ. Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; and NNL-INFM, Dip. Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mario Benzi
- CNR-ISOF and CNR-ISMN-Sez BO, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Univ. Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; and NNL-INFM, Dip. Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- CNR-ISOF and CNR-ISMN-Sez BO, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Univ. Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; and NNL-INFM, Dip. Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- CNR-ISOF and CNR-ISMN-Sez BO, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Univ. Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; and NNL-INFM, Dip. Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bongini
- CNR-ISOF and CNR-ISMN-Sez BO, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Univ. Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; and NNL-INFM, Dip. Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Serena Fabbroni
- CNR-ISOF and CNR-ISMN-Sez BO, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Univ. Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; and NNL-INFM, Dip. Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzeo
- CNR-ISOF and CNR-ISMN-Sez BO, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Univ. Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; and NNL-INFM, Dip. Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Anni
- CNR-ISOF and CNR-ISMN-Sez BO, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Univ. Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; and NNL-INFM, Dip. Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR-ISOF and CNR-ISMN-Sez BO, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Univ. Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; and NNL-INFM, Dip. Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Melucci M, Barbarella G, Zambianchi M, Di Pietro P, Bongini A. Solution-Phase Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Unsubstituted and Modified α-Quinque- and Sexithiophenes. J Org Chem 2004; 69:4821-8. [PMID: 15230609 DOI: 10.1021/jo035723q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of poorly soluble unsubstituted and modified alpha-quinque- and sexithiophenes under microwave irradiation in the liquid phase is described. The use of microwave irradiation allowed these compounds to be prepared in a few minutes and at high yields by means of the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. Unsubstituted sexithiophene was obtained in 10 min via the one-pot borylation/Suzuki reaction, purified according to a very simple procedure, and isolated in 84% yield. The efficient synthesis of two new methylated quinque- and sexithiophenes displaying liquid crystalline properties is reported. A new microwave-assisted methodology for the conversion of aldehyde-terminated quinque- and sexithiophenes into the corresponding cyano derivatives is also described. The use of microwaves was extended to the Sonogashira coupling reaction and found to be very effective in the preparation of a quinquethiophene containing acetylenic spacers. The electronic and optical characterization of this compound is reported and discussed in relation to that of unsubstituted quinquethiophene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Melucci
- Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche (ISOF), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang G, Pei Y, Ma J, Yin K, Chen CL. Packing Structures and Packing Effects on Excitation Energies of Amorphous Phase Oligothiophenes. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037882j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Lab of Mesoscopic Materials Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Lab of Mesoscopic Materials Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Lab of Mesoscopic Materials Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Kailiang Yin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, Changzhou, 213016, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 80424, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tedesco E, Della F, Favaretto L, Barbarella G, Albesa-Jové D, Pisignano D, Gigli G, Cingolani R, Harris KDM. Solid-State Supramolecular Organization, Established Directly from Powder Diffraction Data, and Photoluminescence Efficiency of Rigid-Core Oligothiophene-S,S-dioxides. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12277-83. [PMID: 14519013 DOI: 10.1021/ja035570o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The "rigid-core" material 3,5-dimethyl-2,3'-bis(3-methylthiophene)-dithieno[3,2-b:',3'-d]thiophene-4,4-dioxide (DTTOMe4) has the highest photoluminescence ever reported for thiophene-based molecules in the solid state. We report the structure of this material, determined directly from powder X-ray diffraction data using the Genetic Algorithm method for structure solution, followed by Rietveld refinement, and the structural properties are discussed in relation to the structures of the corresponding subsystems DTTO and DTTOMe. While the crystal structures of the latter compounds contain cofacial dimers, the crystal structure of DTTOMe4 comprises layers of molecules aligned in an antiparallel fashion. Intermediate neglect of differential overlap with single configuration interaction (INDO/SCI) calculations on the intermolecular interactions in the three crystal structures show that the different solid-state photoluminescence efficiencies of DTTOMe4, DTTOMe, and DTTO cannot be correlated with the different types of dipole-dipole alignment in the solid state. Instead, photoluminescence efficiencies correlate well with the rate of formation of nonradiatively decaying charge-transfer pairs upon photoexcitation. Because of larger intermolecular distances in DTTOMe4, the photoluminescence is less effectively quenched by charge-transfer processes than in DTTOMe and DTTO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Tedesco
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Melucci M, Gazzano M, Barbarella G, Cavallini M, Biscarini F, Maccagnani P, Ostoja P. Multiscale self-organization of the organic semiconductor alpha-quinquethiophene. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:10266-74. [PMID: 12926950 DOI: 10.1021/ja036152m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We show that thin films grown by vacuum sublimation, or formed by melted powders, of semiconductor alpha-quinquethiophene (T5) exhibit a hierarchical self-affinity organization that spans scales from tens of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers. T5 organization was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and optical microscopy. XRD showed that vacuum-evaporated T5 films were characterized by a preferred orientation of the h00 planes parallel to the glass substrate. Melting of the films followed by rapid quenching to room temperature led to the formation of micrometer-sized, single-crystal-like structures, characterized by uniaxially aligned stripes. XRD proved that the melting-quenching process enhanced molecular ordering and increased the size of domains with the molecule's long axes tilted by about 65 degrees with respect to the substrate plane and piled up side-by-side along parallel columns. AFM measurements on the melt-quenched structures showed that a hierarchical architecture was built by reiteration across multiple length scales of the same recurring motif. Because of the tendency of T5 to form highly crystalline vacuum-evaporated thin films, a field-effect hole mobility comparable to state-of-the-art FET mobility of alpha-sexithiophene films was reached, without any attempt to optimize deposition conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Melucci
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattivita', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|