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Wang L, Ma Y, Lin W. Construction of a turn-on fluorescent probe for detecting formaldehyde in biological systems and real food samples. Food Chem 2024; 450:139315. [PMID: 38615534 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The monitoring of formaldehyde (FA) in biosystems and real foods is critical for ensuring human health and food safety. However, the development of effective and highly selective assays for sensing FA in organisms and real food samples remains challenging. Herein, a hydrophilic group-modified the probe (Nap-FA) was reported, which utilizes the specific chemical reaction between FA and hydrazino to trigger a "turn-on" fluorescence response. The probe Nap-FA displayed superior selectivity, high sensitivity, good photostability and a low detection limit in the reaction with FA. Notably, Nap-FA has been successfully used for imaging FA in cells, zebrafish, and plant root tissues. In addition, the rationally constructed probe Nap-FA could rapidly and visually detect FA in real food samples. This work provides a prospective approach for monitoring FA in complex biological systems and food fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - Yanyan Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Monitoring Instrument Equipment Technology, National Engineering and Technological Research Center of Marine Monitoring Equipment, Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China; Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China.
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2
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Khalifa AA, Alalaiwat D, Khan E. Phytoremediation of formaldehyde by three selected non-native indoor plant species. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38825846 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2357635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is an organic volatile compound and a commonly used chemical in various construction materials thus causing dwellers to be exposed to it inside a building. Its remediation from indoor air has been carried out through various techniques where potted plants and living walls are at the front foot. It is necessary to study plants under various conditions for their efficiency. We selected three plant species Epipremnum aureum, Chlorophytum comosum, and Spathiphyllum wallisii non-native of Bahrain. These plants were tested under normal conditions in a sealed fumigation box where formaldehyde concentration was kept ∼3 ppm, CO2 ∼ 450 ppm, light intensity 1000 Lx (equal to 13.5 µmol.m-2.s-1), irrigated with tap water. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical method was performed to test the significant differences of purification efficiencies of the tested indoor plants against HCHO. In addition, the statistical method was used to test the significant difference, if any, of the plants to CO2 emission because of absorbing HCHO. The physical health of plants and their short-term remediation ability reveals that all plants exhibited up to 70% remediation potential and tolerance to remediate the target chemical. It is evident that the impact of local environmental factors on the plants is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Ahmed Khalifa
- Environment and Sustainable Development, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Main Campus Sakhir, Zallaq, Kingdom of Bahrain
- Department of Architecture and Interior Design, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Isa Town, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Dalal Alalaiwat
- Department of Math and Science, College of Engineering, University of Technology Bahrain, Salmabad, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ezzat Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Main Campus Sakhir, Zallaq, Kingdom of Bahrain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Totakan, Pakistan
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3
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Sangthong W, Sirijaraensre J. Theoretical investigation of the carbonyl-ene reaction between encapsulated formaldehyde and propylene over M-Cu-BTC paddlewheels (M= Be, Mg, and Ca): A DFT study. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108756. [PMID: 38479236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a VOC gas that plays a key role in air pollution. To limit emissions into the environment, the utilization of this waste as a raw material is a promising way. In this work, the M06-L functional calculation was used to investigate the structure, electronic properties, and catalytic activity of group IIA metals (Be, Mg, and Ca) partial substitution on Cu-BTC paddlewheels for formaldehyde encapsulation and carbonyl-ene reaction with propylene. Formaldehyde is absorbed by the metal center of the paddlewheel via its oxygen atom. The adsorption of formaldehyde on the substituted metal sites increased as compared to the parent Cu-BTC which can facilitate formaldehyde to react with propylene. The adsorption free energies are predicted to be -15.1 (Be-Cu-BTC), -14.7 (Mg-Cu-BTC), and -14.5 (Ca-Cu-BTC) kcal mol-1, respectively. The substituted metal has a slight effect on the Lewis acidity of the Cu ion in the paddlewheel. The adsorption free energy of formaldehyde, similar to that found in the pristine Cu-BTC, is observed. For the carbonyl-ene reaction, the reaction is proposed via a single step involving the C-C bond formation between two reactants and one hydrogen of propylene methyl group moves to formaldehyde oxygen, simultaneously. It was found that the substituted metals do not affect the catalytic performance of the Cu center for this reaction. The activation energies for the reaction at the Cu center are in the range of 22.0-23.4 kcal mol-1, which are slightly different from Cu-BTC (21.5 kcal mol-1). Interestingly, the catalytic activity of this reaction on the substituted metal is greater than that on the Cu center. The catalytic activities are in the order Be-Cu-BTC (13.3 kcal mol-1) > Mg-Cu-BTC (15.9 kcal mol-1) > Ca-Cu-BTC (17.8 kcal mol-1). Among them, the Be site of the bimetallic Be-Cu-BTC paddlewheel is predicted as a promising candidate catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winyoo Sangthong
- Research Network of NANOTEC-KU on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for Sustainable Energy and Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food, and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Jakkapan Sirijaraensre
- Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food, and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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4
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Ma H, Wang T, Wang J, Wang P, Shu Q, Qin R, Li S, Xu H. Formaldehyde exacerbates inflammation and biases T helper cell lineage commitment through IFN-γ/STAT1/T-bet pathway in asthma. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116534. [PMID: 38823345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The correlation between formaldehyde (FA) exposure and prevalence of asthma has been widely reported. However, the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood. FA exposure at 2.0 mg/m3 was found to exacerbate asthma in OVA-induced murine models. IFN-γ, the cytokine produced by T helper 1 (Th1) cells, was significantly induced by FA in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of asthmatic mice, which was different from cytokines secreted by other Th cells. The observation was also confirmed by mRNA levels of Th marker genes in CD4+ T cells isolated from BALF. In addition, increased production of IFN-γ and expression of T-bet in Jurkat T cells primed with phorbol ester and phytohaemagglutinin were also observed with 100 μM FA treatment in vitro. Upregulated STAT1 phosphorylation, T-bet expression and IFN-γ production induced by FA was found to be restrained by STAT1 inhibitor fludarabine, indicating that FA promoted Th1 commitment through the autocrine IFN-γ/STAT1/T-bet pathway in asthma. This work not only revealed that FA could bias Th lineage commitment to exacerbate allergic asthma, but also identified the signaling mechanism of FA-induced Th1 differentiation, which may be utilized as the target for development of interfering strategies against FA-induced immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Ma
- School of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 231131, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tingqian Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 231131, China
| | - Peiyao Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qi Shu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruilin Qin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huan Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 231131, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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5
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Kakoti A, Borah J, Sonowal DJ, Devi S, Hazarika UN, Konwer S, Khakhlary P. Solution and gaseous phase sensing of formaldehyde with economical triphenylmethane based sensors: a tool to estimate formaldehyde content in stored fish samples. Analyst 2024; 149:2988-2995. [PMID: 38602359 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02038j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of formalin to preserve raw food items such as fish, meat, vegetables etc. is very commonly practiced in the present day. Also, formaldehyde (FA), which is the main constituent of formalin solution, is known to cause serious health issues on exposure. Considering the ill effects of formaldehyde, herein we report synthesis of highly sensitive triphenylmethane based formaldehyde (FA) sensors from a single step reaction of inexpensive reagents namely 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde and 2,6-dimethyl phenol. The synthetic method also provides highly pure product in bulk quantity. The analytical activity of the triphenylmethane sensor 1 with a limit of detection (LOD) value of 2.31 × 10-6 M for FA was significantly enhanced through induced deprotonation and thereafter a LOD value of 1.82 × 10-8 M could be achieved. To the best of our knowledge, the LOD value of the deprotonated form (sensor 2) for FA was superior to those of all the FA optical sensors reported so far. The mechanism of sensing was demonstrated by 1H-NMR titration and recording mass spectra before and after addition of FA to a solution of sensor 2. Both sensor 1 and sensor 2 exhibit quenching in emission upon addition of FA. A fluorescence study also demonstrates enhancement in analytical activity of the sensor upon induced deprotonation. Then the sensor was effectively immobilized into a hydrophilic and biocompatible starch-PVA polymer matrix which enabled detection of FA in a 100% aqueous system reversibly. Again, quick and effective sensing of FA in real food samples (stored fish) with the help of a computational application was demonstrated. The sensors have significant practical applicability as they effectively detect FA in real food samples qualitatively and quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arobinda Kakoti
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
| | - Jhorna Borah
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
| | | | - Shrutipriya Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
| | | | - Surajit Konwer
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
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Wu X, Duan N, Yang S. Research Progress on the Application of Multifunctional Amino Derivative Fluorescent Probes in Food, the Environment, and the Microenvironment. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38693829 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2343848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The amino group is regarded as a multifunctional recognition group in fluorescent probes. It is nucleophilic, a strong electron-donating group and is a polar group with active hydrogen. Based on these characteristics, amino-based fluorescent probes combined with various fluorescent precursors have been constructed, with excellent sensing performance and low cytotoxicity. These probes have significant application value in the detection of food, living cells and organisms. Here, the relevant studies on amino fluorescent probes from 2016 to 2024 are systematically reviewed and their molecular design principles, recognition mechanisms and applications are described. These studies included 14 on exogenous and endogenous formaldehyde detection, five that detected polarity changes in the external environment and organelles in vivo, four intracellular mitochondrial and lysosomal viscosity detections, seven physiological environment and intracellular pH detections, seven metal ion detections in biological and environmental systems and four rapid detections of the hypochlorite anion (ClO-) in a variety of physiological processes and cells. The application scope of amino fluorescent probes is constantly expanding at present but, research progress in multiple application fields has not been summarized. This article mainly reviews the latest progress in amino fluorescent probes in the fields of food, the environment and the microenvironment, as well as looking forward to the development prospects of these fluorescent probes. Improving the reactivity of amino recognition groups and visual detection may become hot issues in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wu
- Beijing Key laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ning Duan
- Beijing Key laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shaoxiang Yang
- Beijing Key laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
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Austin HK, Schoenberg E. A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Effects of Formaldehyde on the Upper Respiratory Tract. Cureus 2024; 16:e59743. [PMID: 38840986 PMCID: PMC11151271 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to indoor air pollutants at high concentrations can have adverse health effects on the respiratory system of individuals who spend most of their time indoors. Formaldehyde (FA) is a common indoor air pollutant because of its extensive use in household products such as cleaners, floorings, and furnishings. As a chemical, FA is highly water soluble and reactive. When its airborne form is inhaled, it is mainly absorbed in the upper airways. FA has been extensively studied for its carcinogenic effects, but it can also cause inflammation in the upper airways. The objective of the current review was to assess the secondary effects of such inflammation and how it can contribute to an increased risk for upper respiratory infections, which are mostly caused by viruses. A rigorous literature review was conducted through gathering, reading, and analyzing relevant literature, including peer-reviewed articles published after 1990 and seminal literature regardless of publication date. Findings from the review provide a greater understanding of the outcomes of FA exposure, the potential accumulative damage to the upper respiratory tract, and the associated increased risk for acute infections of the upper respiratory tract. This information can help in the development and enforcement of stricter regulations for furniture and building materials for household-related products to limit exposure to indoor pollutants such as FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Kaye Austin
- Otolaryngology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, USA
| | - Erik Schoenberg
- Otolaryngology, HCA Florida Orlando Allergy and ENT, Sanford, USA
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Zhu B, Jiang X, Li S, Zhu M. An Overview of Recycling Phenolic Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1255. [PMID: 38732725 PMCID: PMC11085933 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Over a century ago, phenolic formaldehyde (PF) resin was developed and continues to increase in yield due to its diverse applications. However, PF resin is a thermosetting plastic lacking fluidity and moldability, which are nondegradable in natural environments, leading to severe threats to fossil resources as well as global environmental crises. As a result, recycling PF resin is extremely important. In this review, we provide the recent advances in the recycling of PF resin, which includes mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and utilization of carbon-based materials. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are evaluated from a green chemistry perspective. This article aims to attract interest in PF resin design, synthesizing, application and recycling, offering useful suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Songjun Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Maiyong Zhu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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9
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Sofa SA, Roto R, Aflaha R, Natsir TA, Humairah NA, Kusumaatmaja A, Triyana K, Gupta R. Formaldehyde gas sensors based on a quartz crystal microbalance modified with aniline-doped polyvinyl acetate nanofibers. Analyst 2024; 149:1262-1270. [PMID: 38226482 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01856c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Real-time detection of formaldehyde in the atmosphere remains challenging. The available gaseous formaldehyde sensing methods offer limited sensitivity, selectivity, and robustness. We modified a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) system for selective detection of formaldehyde in air. The QCM surface was functionalized with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) nanofibers and doped with 2, 4, and 6 wt% aniline to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of the sensor. The chemical content and morphological structure of PVAc nanofibers doped with aniline were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the modified QCM sensor had a sensitivity of 0.056 Hz ppm-1 with a response and recovery times of 200 s and 90 s, respectively. It gave limits of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 28 ppm and 96 ppm, respectively. Moreover, the modified QCM was selective towards formaldehyde compared to the other gases. The current workplace exposure limit (WEL) for formaldehyde is 2 ppm, with a time-weighted average over eight hours. Future work will focus on improving the reported QCM sensor to meet the required LOD for formaldehyde detection in the environment and industrial sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintia Ainus Sofa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Roto Roto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Rizky Aflaha
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Taufik Abdillah Natsir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Nur Aisyah Humairah
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Kusumaatmaja
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Kuwat Triyana
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Park S, Lee JI, Na CK, Kim D, Kim JJ, Kim DY. Evaluation of the adsorption performance and thermal treatment-associated regeneration of adsorbents for formaldehyde removal. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2024; 74:131-144. [PMID: 38059786 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2292205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution remains a major concern, with formaldehyde (HCHO) a primary contributor due to its long emission period and associated health risks, including skin allergies, coughing, and bronchitis. This study evaluated the adsorption performance and economic efficiency of various adsorbents (biochar, activated carbon, zeolites A, X, and Y) selected for HCHO removal. The impact of thermal treatment on adsorbent regeneration was also assessed. The experimental apparatus featured an adsorption column and HCHO concentration meter with an electrochemical sensor designed for adsorption analysis. Zeolite X exhibited the highest adsorption performance, followed by zeolite A, zeolite Y, activated carbon, and biochar. All adsorbents displayed increased HCHO removal rates with an extended length/diameter (L/D) ratio of the adsorption column. Zeolite A demonstrated the highest economic efficiency, followed by zeolite X, activated carbon, zeolite Y, and biochar. Higher L/D ratios improved economic efficiency and prolonged the replacement cycle (the optimal timing for adsorbent replacement to maintain high adsorption performance). Sensitivity analysis of adsorbent regeneration under varying thermal treatment conditions (150, 120, and 80°C) and durations (60, 45, and 30 min) revealed minimal changes in adsorption efficiency (±3%). The results indicated the potential of adsorbent regeneration under energy-efficient thermal treatment conditions (80°C, 30 min). In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of a comprehensive assessment, considering factors such as adsorption performance, replacement cycle, economic efficiency, and regeneration performance for the selection of optimal adsorbents for HCHO adsorption and removal.Implications: This study underscores the importance of adsorption technology for the removal of formaldehyde and similar volatile organic compounds (VOCs), highlighting the potential of alternative adsorbents, such as environmentally friendly biochar, in addition to traditional strategies, such as activated carbon and zeolites. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of adsorbent regeneration under energy-efficient thermal treatment conditions. These results hold promise for improving indoor air quality, reducing environmental pollutants, and enhancing responses to air contaminants like fine dust and VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seri Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea
- Koenlife Inc, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-In Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Ki Na
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea
| | - Daegi Kim
- Department of Environmental Technology Engineering, Daegu University, Kyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Department of Environmental Atmospheric Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea
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11
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Xu Y, Liu Y, Sun H, Gong X, Yu G, Zhai C, Hu W, Zong Q, Yu Y, Tang Y, Zhang M, Wang F, Zou Y. Global burden of leukemia attributable to occupational exposure to formaldehyde from 1990 to 2019. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3560-3571. [PMID: 38085479 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the worldwide burden of leukemia owing to occupational exposure to formaldehyde (OEF) from 1990 to 2019. Data on leukemia due to OEF were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. By region, age, sex, and disease subtype, the numbers and age-standardized rates (ASRs) associated with deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were analyzed. Annual average percentage change (AAPC) was used to estimate disease burden trends from 1990 to 2019. To measure the risk of leukemia due to OEF, the population attributable fraction (PAF) was introduced. From 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths, DALYs, YLLs, and YLDs for leukemia caused by OEF increased by 44%, 34%, 33%, and 124%, respectively. Regarding the change in ASRs, the age-standardized YLDs (ASYLDs) rate of leukemia due to OEF, which was 38.03% (AAPC = 1.17 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11, 1.23]), indicated an increased trend. But the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), age-standardized DALY (ASDALY) rate, and age-standardized YLL (ASYLL) rate showed decline trends, with - 11.90% (AAPC = - 0.41 [95% CI - 0.45, - 0.37]), - 14.19% (AAPC = - 0.5 [95% CI - 0.55, - 0.45]), and - 14.97% (AAPC = - 0.53 [95% CI - 0.58, - 0.48]), respectively. In terms of PAFs, there were increasing trends in PAFs of age-standardized deaths, ASDALYs, ASYLLs, and ASYLDs for leukemia caused by OEF, with 20.15% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 11.76%, 30.25%), 36.28% (95% UI 21.46%, 53.42%), 51.91% (95% UI 35.05%, 72.07%), and 36.34% (95% UI 21.58%, 53.63%), respectively. Across the socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, the leukemia burden caused by OEF was concentrated in middle and high-middle SDI regions. Besides, OEF poses a more serious risk for acute leukemia among the leukemia subtype. Globally, leukemia caused by OEF remains a public health burden. Policies must be developed to avoid the burden of leukemia caused by OEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xingyu Gong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Guanghui Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chunxia Zhai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wanqin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qiqun Zong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuqin Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanfeng Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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12
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Xiong J, Luo R, Jia Z, Ge S, Lam SS, Xie L, Chai X, Zhang L, Du G, Wang S, Xu K. Electrospun microcrystalline cellulose/chitosan porous composite nanofibrous membranes modified by non-thermal plasma for gaseous formaldehyde adsorption. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128399. [PMID: 38007014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
To develop a green and facile adsorbent for removing indoor polluted formaldehyde (HCHO) gas, the biomass porous nanofibrous membranes (BPNMs) derived from microcrystalline cellulose/chitosan were fabricated by electrospinning. The enhanced chemical adsorption sites with diverse oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N)-containing functional groups were introduced on the surface of BPNMs by non-thermal plasma modification under carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) atmospheres. The average nanofiber diameters of nanofibrous membranes and their nanomechanical elastic modulus and hardness values decreased from 341 nm to 175-317 nm and from 2.00 GPa and 0.25 GPa to 1.70 GPa and 0.21 GPa, respectively, after plasma activation. The plasma-activated nanofibers showed superior hydrophilicity (WCA = 0°) and higher crystallinity than that of the control. The optimal HCHO adsorption capacity (134.16 mg g-1) of BPNMs was achieved under a N2 atmosphere at a plasma power of 30 W and for 3 min, which was 62.42 % higher compared with the control. Pyrrolic N, pyridinic N, CO and O-C=O were the most significant O and N-containing functional groups for the improved chemical adsorption of the BPNMs. The adsorption mechanism involved a synergistic combination of physical and chemical adsorption. This study provides a novel strategy that combines clean plasma activation with electrospinning to efficiently remove gaseous HCHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Xiong
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Ronggang Luo
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Jia
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Shengbo Ge
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), University of Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Linkun Xie
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Xijuan Chai
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Lianpeng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Guanben Du
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Siqun Wang
- Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Kaimeng Xu
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, PR China.
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13
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Rossi L, Wechsler L, Peltzer MA, Ciannamea EM, Ruseckaite RA, Stefani PM. Sustainable Particleboards Based on Brewer's Spent Grains. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:59. [PMID: 38201724 PMCID: PMC10780620 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the main solid waste generated in beer production and primarily consists of barley malt husks. Based on the active promotion of circular economy practices aimed at recycling food industry by-products, this study assessed for the first time the production of particleboards based on BSG as the sole source of lignocellulosic material and natural adhesive without the use of additives or other substrates. In order to achieve particleboards from entirely sustainable sources, BSG particles have to self-bind by thermo-compression with water. In this context, the aim of this study is to assess the effects of pressing temperatures and particle size on properties such as modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, internal bond, thickness swelling, and water absorption. The performance of binderless boards was compared with that of a control panel (control) using BSG combined with phenolic resin. Processing conditions were selected to produce boards with a target density of 1000 kg/m³ and a thickness of 5 mm. To confirm the efficiency of the self-adhesion process, scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the boards. The processes of self-adhesion and particle-to-particle contact were facilitated at a pressing temperature of 170 °C and a particle size range of 200-2380 µm (ground BSG), resulting in improved flexural properties and enhanced water resistance. The properties of BSG-based binderless boards were comparable to those reported for other biomass residues, suggesting that they might be used in non-structural applications, such as interior decoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina; (L.R.); (L.W.); (E.M.C.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Lucia Wechsler
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina; (L.R.); (L.W.); (E.M.C.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Mercedes A. Peltzer
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina;
| | - Emiliano M. Ciannamea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina; (L.R.); (L.W.); (E.M.C.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Roxana A. Ruseckaite
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina; (L.R.); (L.W.); (E.M.C.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Pablo M. Stefani
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina; (L.R.); (L.W.); (E.M.C.); (R.A.R.)
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14
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Shu Q, Ma H, Wang T, Wang P, Xu H. Formaldehyde promotes tumor-associated macrophage polarizations and functions through induction of HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis. Toxicol Lett 2023; 390:5-14. [PMID: 37944650 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) exposure has been positively correlated with many diseases including various types of cancers. However, the mechanisms of FA-related carcinogenesis are still unclear. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in tumor microenvironment, which is a heterogeneous population consist of both pro-inflammatory (M1) and immunosuppressive (M2) cells. TAMs are deeply involved in tumor development and progression. Our previous studies demonstrated that FA enhanced M1 polarization of macrophages through induction of HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis. To examine if TAM polarizations are also potentiated by FA, BALB/c nude mice were inoculated with A549 cells to develop subcutaneous tumors and exposed to 2.0 mg/m3 FA for 14 days. Significant increases of both M1 and M2 polarizations of TAMs were observed in tumor tissues of FA-exposed mice. After confirmation of the potentiation effects in RAW264.7 and THP-1-derived in vitro TAM models, FA at 25 and 50 μM was found to enhance TAM immunosuppressive functions and glycolytic metabolism. In addition, FA-induced glycolysis in TAMs was reversed by a specific HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 at 5 μM, and suppression of glycolytic metabolism with a glucose analog 2-DG at 1 mM also alleviated FA-potentiated TAM functions, which indicated that FA induced TAM polarizations through the upregulation of HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis. These results illustrated a potential carcinogenic mechanism of FA through metabolic disturbance of tumor immunity, which could be utilized to develop preventative or therapeutic agents for FA-induced carcinogenesis and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tingqian Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Peiyao Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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15
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Emms VL, Lewis LA, Beja L, Bulman NFA, Pires E, Muskett FW, McCullagh JSO, Swift LP, McHugh PJ, Hopkinson RJ. N-Acyloxymethyl-phthalimides deliver genotoxic formaldehyde to human cells. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12498-12505. [PMID: 38020377 PMCID: PMC10646869 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02867d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a pollutant and human metabolite that is toxic at high concentrations. Biological studies on formaldehyde are hindered by its high reactivity and volatility, which make it challenging to deliver quantitatively to cells. Here, we describe the development and validation of a set of N-acyloxymethyl-phthalimides as cell-relevant formaldehyde delivery agents. These esterase-sensitive compounds were similarly or less inhibitory to human cancer cell growth than free formaldehyde but the lead compound increased intracellular formaldehyde concentrations, increased cellular levels of thymidine derivatives (implying increased formaldehyde-mediated carbon metabolism), induced formation of cellular DNA-protein cross-links and induced cell death in pancreatic cancer cells. Overall, our N-acyloxymethyl-phthalimides and control compounds provide an accessible and broadly applicable chemical toolkit for formaldehyde biological research and have potential as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Emms
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Liam A Lewis
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Lilla Beja
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Natasha F A Bulman
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Frederick W Muskett
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - James S O McCullagh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Lonnie P Swift
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DS UK
| | - Peter J McHugh
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DS UK
| | - Richard J Hopkinson
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
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16
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Chothia SY, Carr M, Monks PS, Cordell RL, Hopkinson RJ. Quantitative detection of formaldehyde using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled to cysteamine scavenging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14642. [PMID: 37670131 PMCID: PMC10480157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a toxic and carcinogenic pollutant and human metabolite that reacts with biomolecules under physiological conditions. Quantifying HCHO is essential for ongoing biological and biomedical research on HCHO; however, its reactivity, small size and volatility make this challenging. Here, we report a novel HCHO detection/quantification method that couples cysteamine-mediated HCHO scavenging with SPME GC-MS analysis. Our NMR studies confirm cysteamine as an efficient and selective HCHO scavenger that out-competes O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine, the most commonly used scavenger, and forms a stable thiazolidine amenable to GC-MS quantification. Validation of our GC-MS method using FDA and EMA guidelines revealed detection and quantification limits in the nanomolar and micromolar ranges respectively, while analysis of bacterial cell lysate confirmed its applicability in biological samples. Overall, our studies confirm that cysteamine scavenging coupled to SPME GC-MS analysis provides a sensitive and chemically robust method to quantify HCHO in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Y Chothia
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Matthew Carr
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Paul S Monks
- Space Park Leicester, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Leicester, LE4 5SP, UK
| | - Rebecca L Cordell
- Space Park Leicester, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Leicester, LE4 5SP, UK
| | - Richard J Hopkinson
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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17
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Liu R, Liang M, Xu J, Sun Y, Long L, Zhu L, Lv B, Yang B, Ni Y. Preparation of a Novel Formaldehyde-Free Impregnated Decorative Paper Containing MnO 2 Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient Formaldehyde Removal. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:34941-34955. [PMID: 37462122 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The loading of catalytic manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles onto an impregnated decorative paper has been an effective method for the removal of indoor formaldehyde (HCHO) pollutants. However, its preparation can present numerous challenges, including instability in dipping emulsions and leaching. In this investigation, a novel and stable formaldehyde-free polyacrylate dipping emulsion containing MnO2 particles was prepared and then back-coated on a decorative paper. To improve the dispersion and fixation, the MnO2 was modified with silane. HCHO can undergo physical adsorption on the cellulosic fibers present in the paper, while it can also undergo chemical degradation into CO2 within the MnO2 groups. The silane not only enhanced the interfacial adhesion to a polyacrylate resin but also increased the interlayer distance, thereby creating a larger space for HCHO absorption. The impregnated decorative paper back-coated with 10 wt % of silane-modified MnO2 exhibited a removal efficiency of approximately 90% for HCHO at 20 °C. The removal rate further improved to approximately 100% when the temperature was increased to 60 °C. Moreover, it is worth noting that the release of volatile organic compounds was exceptionally minimal. Additionally, the particleboard bonded with this impregnated decorative paper exhibited an extremely low emission of HCHO, with a value that approached 0 mg·L-1. Furthermore, the bonding strength of the surface remained unaffected. Therefore, this study provides a simple and eco-friendly method for effectively removing HCHO, which can enhance indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Liu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Haidian, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Min Liang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Haidian, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Haidian, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Haidian, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Ling Long
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Haidian, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Liming Zhu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Haidian, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Bin Lv
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Haidian, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Bohan Yang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Haidian, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton NBE3B5A3, Canada
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18
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Du H, Zhang H, Fan Y, Zheng Y, Yuan S, Jia TT, Li M, Hou J, Li Z, Li Y, Ma Z, Wang Y, Niu H, Ye Y. A novel fluorescent probe for the detection of formaldehyde in real food samples, animal serum samples and gaseous formaldehyde. Food Chem 2023; 411:135483. [PMID: 36708641 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is widely used as an adhesion promoter and dyeing aid in industrial production. Ingestion of a certain amount of formaldehyde may cause corrosive burns in the mouth, throat, and digestive tract. Therefore, it is very necessary to use simple and effective detection methods to ensure human health and food safety. Herein, a novel fluorescent probe NFD based on naphthalimide for the detection of formaldehyde in food was designed and synthesized. The probe had a remarkable fluorescence response to formaldehyde at 554 nm. And it exhibited fascinating advantages of good selectivity, high sensitivity, and low detection limit. In addition, the solid sensor prepared by loading the probe on the filter paper was successfully realized the visual detection of liquid and gaseous formaldehyde. More importantly, the probe possessed excellent stability in the detection of formaldehyde in real food samples and animal serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetuan Du
- College of Food and Bioengineering, and Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, and Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Yibo Fan
- College of Food and Bioengineering, and Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Yekun Zheng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, and Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Shuang Yuan
- College of Food and Bioengineering, and Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Tong-Tong Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, and Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Jixiang Hou
- College of Food and Bioengineering, and Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Zhaozhou Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, and Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China.
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, and Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Zhanqiang Ma
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, and Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Huawei Niu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, and Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China.
| | - Yong Ye
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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19
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Ruiz-Jimenez J, Raskala S, Tanskanen V, Aattela E, Salkinoja-Salonen M, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML. Evaluation of VOCs from fungal strains, building insulation materials and indoor air by solid phase microextraction arrow, thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and machine learning approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115494. [PMID: 36804318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction Arrow and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed the collection and evaluation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by fungal cultures from building insulation materials and in indoor air. Principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis and supported vector machine were used for visualization and statistical assessment of differences between samples. In addition, a screening tool based on the soft independent modelling of class analogies (SIMCA) was developed for identification of fungal contamination of indoor air. Ten different fungal strains, incubated under ambient and microaerophilic conditions, were analyzed for time period ranging from 5 to 29 days after inoculation resulting in a total of 140 samples. In addition, the effect of additives on the fungal growing media was studied. The total number of compounds and concentration values were used for the evaluation of the results. Clear differences were observed for VOC profiles emitted by different fungal strains by exploiting long chain alcohols (3-octanol, 1-hexanol and 2-octen-1-ol) and sesquiterpenes (farnesene, cuprene). The analysis of glass-wool and cellulose based building insulation materials (3 samples) gave clear differences, mainly for oxygenated compounds (ethyl acetate and hexanal) and benzenoids (benzaldehyde). Moreover, the comparison of indoor air and insulation materials collected from a house with fungal indoor air problems indicated that 42% of the VOCs were found in both samples. The analysis of 52 indoor air samples demonstrated clear differences in their VOC profiles, especially for hydrocarbons, and between control (44 samples) and indoor air problem houses (8 samples). Finally, the SIMCA model enabled to recognize differences between control and fungi contaminated houses with a prediction capacity over 84%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ruiz-Jimenez
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sanni Raskala
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ville Tanskanen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland
| | | | - Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland; Aalto University, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Kari Hartonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Riekkola
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Choi YH, Kim HJ, Sohn JR, Seo JH. Occupational exposure to VOCs and carbonyl compounds in beauty salons and health risks associated with it in South Korea. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114873. [PMID: 37043945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds in beauty products may adversely impact the health of beauty salon technicians. Previous studies have focused on assessing indoor air concentrations of chemicals, such as benzene and toluene, and not on personal exposure concentrations. This study measured the indoor and personal exposure concentrations of VOCs and carbonyl compounds in fifty-three beauty salons in Korea. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks and sensitivity were analyzed using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The indoor and personal exposure concentrations of acetone were 82.24 µg/m3 and 104.97 µg/m3, respectively, the highest among all measured chemicals. Beauty salon technicians who experienced adverse health effects had significantly higher concentrations of acetone, benzaldehyde, and toluene than those who did not experience adverse health effects (p-value < 0.05). The average hazard quotients of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were higher than the acceptable risk level (1), and the average cancer risks of formaldehyde exceeded the acceptable risk level (10-6). Wearing personal protective equipment was the most efficient risk reduction strategy for reducing the non-cancer risks of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde and the carcinogenic risks of formaldehyde. The results of this study can be used as a basis for reducing exposure to VOCs and carbonyl compounds among salon technicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Choi
- Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health System, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Air Quality Management, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ryeul Sohn
- Institute of Health Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Air Quality Management, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Seo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Air Quality Management, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea.
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21
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Ma H, Shu Q, Wang P, Qin R, Li S, Xu H. Formaldehyde exacerbates asthma in mice through the potentiation of HIF-1α-mediated pro-inflammatory responses in pulmonary macrophages. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 379:110514. [PMID: 37105513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to formaldehyde (FA) has been indicated to be positively correlated with increased incidence of allergic asthma in many epidemiological and experimental studies. However, few studies have ever addressed the molecular basis of the correlation. In the present study, it was found that inhaling 2.0 mg/m3 FA for 2 weeks could exacerbate the pulmonary inflammation and mucus over-accumulation in OVA-induced murine asthmatic model. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, were increased in lung and serum of FA-exposed asthmatic mice. The contribution of HIF-1α signaling in FA-exacerbated allergic asthma was confirmed by bioinformatic analysis. HIF-1α and its downstream proteins, which are known as mediators of glycolysis, were found to be upregulated by 50 μM FA, and the FA-enhanced of glycolysis was reversed by inhibition of HIF-1α with PX-478 in vitro and YC-1 in vivo. Furthermore, it was confirmed that inhibition of HIF-1α signaling could restrain the macrophagic inflammatory responses and asthma exacerbation induced by FA. Collectively, these results revealed that FA could exacerbate asthma through the potentiation of HIF-1α-mediated inflammatory responses in macrophages, which also indicated the universal roles of FA-triggered macrophage metabolic and functional alterations in inflammatory or allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Ma
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qi Shu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Peiyao Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ruilin Qin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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22
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Liu J, Liang K, Yao D, Chilivery R, Fan D, Chen W, Chen G, Li S, Li Z, Ji M, Song Y. Modulating the Coordination of Single Co Atoms to Trigger the Catalytic Oxidation of Formaldehyde at Room Temperature. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4003-4010. [PMID: 36800283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Designing efficient and stable non-precious metal catalysts remains a significant challenge for formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation, which is an expected way to replace the employment of noble-metal catalysts. Herein, a series of atomically dispersed Co catalysts are optimized by evaporating nitrogen atoms and exploring their HCHO oxidation catalytic performance. The results show that the prepared temperature can effectively control the coordination regulation of the Co atomic site, which in turn affects the catalytic oxidation activity. Our best catalyst, the Co-N/C prepared at 1000 °C, exhibits superior activity with 92.8% of conversion at room temperature at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 72,000 mL·g-1·h-1. Extensive characterizations combined with theoretical calculations reveal that the high catalytic activity is attributed to the low-coordinated center, which can be tailored by pyrolysis temperature. This work provides an innovative strategy for catalyst design in the catalytic oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Kaijun Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, P. R. China
| | - Defu Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Rakesh Chilivery
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Dajun Fan
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Guanli Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Sha Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Muwei Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Yibing Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
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23
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Robert B, Nallathambi G. Molecular entrapment of formaldehyde and filtering particulate matter using electrospun polyacrylonitrile/polyethylenimine nanofibers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Phillips RV, Wei L, Cardenas A, Hubbard AE, McHale CM, Vermeulen R, Wei H, Smith MT, Zhang L, Lan Q, Rothman N. Epigenome-wide association studies of occupational exposure to benzene and formaldehyde. Epigenetics 2022; 17:2259-2277. [PMID: 36017556 PMCID: PMC9665125 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2115604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sufficient evidence supports a relationship between certain myeloid neoplasms and exposure to benzene or formaldehyde. DNA methylation could underlie benzene- and formaldehyde-induced health outcomes, but data in exposed human populations are limited. We conducted two cross-sectional epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS), one in workers exposed to benzene and another in workers exposed to formaldehyde. Using HumanMethylation450 BeadChips, we investigated differences in blood cell DNA methylation among 50 benzene-exposed subjects and 48 controls, and among 31 formaldehyde-exposed subjects and 40 controls. We performed CpG-level and regional-level analyses. In the benzene EWAS, we found genome-wide significant alterations, i.e., FWER-controlled P-values <0.05, in the mean and variance of methylation at 22 and 318 CpG sites, respectively, and in mean methylation of a large genomic region. Pathway analysis of genes corresponding to benzene-associated differential methylation sites revealed an impact on the AMPK signalling pathway. In formaldehyde-exposed subjects compared to controls, 9 CpGs in the DUSP22 gene promoter had genome-wide significant decreased methylation variability and a large region of the HOXA5 promoter with 44 CpGs was hypomethylated. Our findings suggest that DNA methylation may contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases related to benzene and formaldehyde exposure. Aberrant expression and methylation of HOXA5 previously has been shown to be clinically significant in myeloid leukaemias. The tumour suppressor gene DUSP22 is a potential biomarker of exposure to formaldehyde, and irregularities have been associated with multiple exposures and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael V. Phillips
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Linqing Wei
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andres Cardenas
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alan E. Hubbard
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cliona M. McHale
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteit Utrecht (UU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hu Wei
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Li YS, Tseng WL, Lu CY. Determination of formaldehyde in the daily living environment using membrane-enhanced water plug coupled extraction following peptide-based greener reaction derivatization. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Han I, Seo JY, Barr DB, Panuwet P, Yakimavets V, D’Souza PE, An-Han H, Afshar M, Chao YY. Evaluating Indoor Air Phthalates and Volatile Organic Compounds in Nail Salons in the Greater New York City Area: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12411. [PMID: 36231706 PMCID: PMC9566193 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Greater New York City area ranks highest in the United States in the number of nail salon technicians, primarily Asian immigrant women. Nail salon technicians are exposed to toxic phthalates and volatile organic compounds daily in nail salons. The purpose of this pilot study was to measure a mixture of phthalates and volatile organic compounds in nail salons in the Greater New York City area, and to characterize work-related determinants of indoor air quality in these nail salons. Working with four Asian nail salon organizations in the Greater New York City area, we measured indoor air phthalates and volatile organic compounds at 20 nail salons from February to May 2021 using silicone wristbands and passive samplers, respectively. Nail salon characteristics were also examined. We measured six phthalates and 31 volatile organic compounds. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and Diethyl phthalate had the highest concentrations among the six phthalates measured. Concentrations of toluene, d-limonene, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate were higher than that of the rest. Manicure/pedicure tables, the number of customers per day, and application of artificial nail (acrylic) services were positively associated with the levels of phthalates and volatile organic compounds. Given the large number of people employed in the nail industry and the even larger number of customers visiting such establishments, exposures to these toxic chemicals are likely to be widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyu Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jin Young Seo
- Hunter College School of Nursing, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Volha Yakimavets
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Priya Esilda D’Souza
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Heyreoun An-Han
- Gulf Coast Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Masoud Afshar
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying-Yu Chao
- School of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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27
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Soonklang N, Saowakon N. Evaluation of formaldehyde exposure among gross dissection after modified embalming solution and health assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65642-65654. [PMID: 35488160 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mainly embalming fixative contains formaldehyde which is classified as a carcinogen. People who work with cadavers have been at higher risk of cancer after formaldehyde exposure. We have formulated a less-formalin fixative (contained 3.6% formaldehyde,23.8% ethanol, 15% glycerin, and 0.2% phenol in the water) for preserving cadavers. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the level of atmospheric formaldehyde indoors and the breathing exposure of medical students during dissection classes. We also analyzed the pulmonary parameters and effects of formaldehyde. The levels of atmospheric formaldehyde indoors and personal breathing exposure were sampled during anatomy dissection classes (musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, and abdominopelvic organ system) using sorbent tubes with air sampling pumps. Samples were then analyzed using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The mean level of formaldehyde indoor air among the three classes was 0.518 ± 0.156 ppm whereas the formaldehyde level in the personal breathing zone was 0.956±0.408 ppm, which exceeded the recommended exposure standards of international agencies, including NIOSH agency and PEL of Thailand legislation. The laboratory had high humidity, high room temperature, and poor air ventilation. There was a significant difference in FVC, FEV1, and PEF (p < 0.05) between the sexes of students. Comparison pulmonary parameters between students and instructors showed that all parameters of the pulmonary function test had no significant differences. General fatigue and burnings of eyes and nose associated with strong odor were the most common symptoms reported during the dissection classes. The modified embalming fixative was used less formalin with ethanol-glycerin mixture, and it was suitable for the study of medical students, with few side effects of respiratory problems. However, the modified exhaust ventilation with local table-exhaust ventilation and heating-ventilation-air conditioning system performance were urgent issues for reducing levels of formaldehyde indoor air in the dissection room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantawan Soonklang
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Naruwan Saowakon
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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28
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Analysis of Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients in Cosmetics. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The general public uses cosmetics daily. Cosmetic products contain substances (ingredients) with various functions, from skincare to enhancing appearance, as well as ingredients that preserve the cosmetic products. Some cosmetic ingredients are prohibited or restricted in certain geographical regions, such as the European Union and the United States of America, due to their potential to cause adverse effects such as cancer, birth defects, and/or developmental and reproductive disorders. However, the ingredients may be used in other regions, and, hence, the monitoring of the cosmetic ingredients actually used is important to ensure the safety of cosmetic products. This review provides an overview of recent analytical methods that have been developed for detecting certain ingredients that are restricted or prohibited by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and/or EU legislation on cosmetic products.
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29
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Mansour A, Bentley R, Baker E, Li A, Martino E, Clair A, Daniel L, Mishra SR, Howard NJ, Phibbs P, Jacobs DE, Beer A, Blakely T, Howden-Chapman P. Housing and health: an updated glossary. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:833-838. [PMID: 35760516 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent crises have underscored the importance that housing has in sustaining good health and, equally, its potential to harm health. Considering this and building on Howden-Chapman's early glossary of housing and health and the WHO Housing and Health Guidelines, this paper introduces a range of housing and health-related terms, reflecting almost 20 years of development in the field. It defines key concepts currently used in research, policy and practice to describe housing in relation to health and health inequalities. Definitions are organised by three overarching aspects of housing: affordability (including housing affordability stress (HAS) and fuel poverty), suitability (including condition, accessibility and sustainable housing) and security (including precarious housing and homelessness). Each of these inter-related aspects of housing can be either protective of, or detrimental to, health. This glossary broadens our understanding of the relationship between housing and health to further promote interdisciplinarity and strengthen the nexus between these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelle Mansour
- Healthy Housing, Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Bentley
- Healthy Housing, Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Baker
- Australian Centre for Housing Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ang Li
- Healthy Housing, Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erika Martino
- Healthy Housing, Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Clair
- Australian Centre for Housing Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lyrian Daniel
- Australian Centre for Housing Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shiva Raj Mishra
- Population Interventions, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natasha J Howard
- Wardliparingga Aboriginal Health Equity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Phibbs
- Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David E Jacobs
- National Center for Healthy Housing, Columbia, Maryland, USA.,University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Beer
- UniSA Business, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tony Blakely
- Population Interventions, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philippa Howden-Chapman
- He Kāinga Oranga/Housing and Health Research Programme, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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30
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Atmospheric Formaldehyde Monitored by TROPOMI Satellite Instrument throughout 2020 over São Paulo State, Brazil. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14133032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study the daily formaldehyde (HCHO) columns over urban and forested areas in São Paulo State, Brazil, from rhe TROPOMI spectrometer onboard the Sentinel-5P satellite during 2020. Nineteen specific areas were defined in four regions: 3 areas in each of two preserved Atlantic Forests (PEMD and PETAR), 3 in a sugarcane growing region (NERG) and 10 in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), among which 2 areas are in the Morro Grande reserve, which is a significant remnant of Atlantic Forest outside the densely urbanized area of MASP. An analysis of variance and Tukey’s test showed that the mean annual columns over the Morro Grande reserve (1.69±1.05×10−4 mol/m² and 1.73±1.07×10−4 mol/m²) presented greater statistical similarity with the forest and rural areas of the state (<1.70×10−4 mol/m²) than with MASP (>2.00×10−4 mol/m²), indicating few effects from megacity anthropogenic emissions. Case studies addressing selected days in 2020 showed that fires in and around the state were related to episodes of maximum density of HCHO columns. The results showed significant seasonality, with lower concentrations during summer (wet season) and higher concentrations during winter and spring (dry and transition dry–wet seasons).
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31
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Jinadasa B, Elliott C, Jayasinghe G. A review of the presence of formaldehyde in fish and seafood. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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32
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Park J, Kang GH, Kim Y, Lee JY, Song JA, Hwang JH. Formaldehyde exposure induces differentiation of regulatory T cells via the NFAT-mediated T cell receptor signalling pathway in Yucatan minipigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8149. [PMID: 35581361 PMCID: PMC9114421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of minipigs (Sus scrofa) as a platform for toxicological and pharmacological research is well established. In the present study, we investigated the effect of formaldehyde (FA) exposure on helper T cell-mediated splenic immune responses in Yucatan minipigs. The minipigs were exposed to different inhaled concentrations of FA (0, 2.16, 4.62, or 10.48 mg/m3) for a period of 2 weeks. Immune responses elicited by exposure to FA were determined by assessing physiological parameters, mRNA expression, and cytokine production. Additionally, the distribution of helper T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells and expression of NFAT families, which are well-known T cell receptor signalling proteins associated with regulatory T cell development, were evaluated. Exposure to FA suppressed the expression of genes associated with Th1 and Th2 cells in minipigs in a concentration-dependent manner. The subsequent production of cytokines also declined post-FA exposure. Furthermore, exposure to FA induced the differentiation of CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells with divergent expression levels of NFAT1 and NFAT2. These results indicated that exposure to FA increased the Treg cell population via the NFAT-mediated T cell receptor signalling pathway, leading to suppression of effector T cell activity with a decline in T cell-related cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Park
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo-Hwa Kang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyu Kim
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul-si, 27447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Lee
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Song
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Liu J, Chen W, He T, Fang Y, Zhong Z, Wang X, Li Z, Song Y. Lewis base sites of non-oxide supports boost oxygen absorption and activation over supported Pt catalysts. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12537-12543. [PMID: 35480376 PMCID: PMC9040154 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00538g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation to improve indoor air quality has attracted extensive attention. Designing efficient catalysts for HCHO removal at room temperature still remains challenging. Herein, we report a novel strategy to boost HCHO oxidation by the synergistic effect of Pt nanoparticles and C3N4. The pyridine nitrogen of C3N4 can create Lewis base sites, which function in adsorbing and activating O2 molecules. As the preparation temperature increased, the pyridine nitrogen content increased on the C3N4 surface, leading to a more significant synergistic effect. The mechanism study by in situ DRIFTS indicated that the adsorbed O2 molecules were activated by Pt/C3N4. As a result, the Pt/C3N4-650 has the most outstanding performance for HCHO oxidation at room temperature. HCHO can be completely eliminated with a concentration of 80 ppm at room temperature at a GHSV of 50 000 ml g−1 h−1. This study will provide a new perspective to design efficient HCHO oxidation catalysts. Efficient purification of HCHO by C3N4 supported Pt nanoparticles at room temperature.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Guangdong 515063 China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Guangdong 515063 China
| | - Taihe He
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Guangdong 515063 China
| | - Yiwen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Guangdong 515063 China
| | - ZiYi Zhong
- Department of Chemistry Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT) Guangdong 515063 China.,Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT) Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Guangdong 515063 China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Guangdong 515063 China
| | - Yibing Song
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Guangdong 515063 China
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34
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Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Coating Sorbent for Preconcentration of Formaldehyde by Thin-Film Solid-Phase Microextraction Technique. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A thin-film solid-phase microextraction method with a sorbent composed of a deep eutectic solvent was developed for the preconcentration of formaldehyde from river and lake water samples. Four new deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized, each in molar ratios 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. Among prepared compounds, the greatest efficiency in the proposed method of preconcentration of formaldehyde derivatized with Nash reagent was demonstrated by DES-3 consisting of benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride and lauric acid, in a molar ratio of 1:3. For the proposed method, the parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of formaldehyde were optimized (including the choice of DES-based sorbent and desorption solvent as well as the sample volume and pH, the salting-out effect, the extraction time, and the desorption time). Under optimal conditions, the proposed method achieved good precision between 3.3% (for single sorbent) and 4.8% (for sorbent-to-sorbent) as well as good recovery ranging from 78.0 to 99.1%. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.15 ng mL−1 and 0.50 ng mL−1, respectively. The enrichment factor was equal to 178. The developed method was successfully applied to determine formaldehyde in environmental water samples.
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Watanabe-Takano H, Fukumoto M, Fukuhara S, Mochizuki N. Protocol for whole-mount X-gal staining combined with tissue clearing in embryo and adult mouse using CUBIC. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101127. [PMID: 35118431 PMCID: PMC8792446 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe an optimized protocol for X-gal staining of tissue clearing embryo and adult mouse using CUBIC. The activity of LacZ knock-in reflecting endogenous expression of genes of interest in the whole body can be visualized by X-gal staining. This protocol is suitable for examining the developmental stage-specific expression of genes of interest spatially and temporally. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Watanabe-Takano et al. (2021). Breeding of LacZ knock-in mouse Protocol for the fixation and perfusion for embryo and adult mouse Protocol for the visualization of LacZ activity in embryo and adult mouse Clearing method for the embryo and mice after color developing
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Dong J, Li Q, Xia W, Lv B, Jing G, Shen H, Yuan CS. Improvement of water resistance by Fe 2O 3/TiO 2 photoelectrocatalysts for formaldehyde removal: experimental and theoretical investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:13805-13821. [PMID: 34599445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
TiO2-based photocatalysts are a potential technology for removing indoor formaldehyde (CHOH) owing to their strong photooxidation ability. However, their photooxidation performance is generally weakened when suffering from the competitive adsorption of H2O. In a method inspired by the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to generate intermediates with hydroxyl radicals on the anode electrode catalysts, an electric field was employed in this research and applied to the photooxidation of CHOH to prevent the competitive adsorption of H2O. Additionally, 0.5-5% Fe2O3 decorated TiO2 was employed to improve the photoelectrocatalytic activity. The influence of an electric field on hydroxyl-radical production was investigated by both density functional theory (DFT) with direct-imposed dipole momentum and photoelectrocatalytic experimental tests. The surface characterization of the photocatalysts, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), was conducted. DFT results show that a positive electric field with a strength of 0.05 Å/V was more favorable to produce hydroxyl on Fe2O3/TiO2(010) than was a negative electric field. Fe2O3 decoration can significantly boost hydroxyl formation, resulting from a decrease in the binding energy between the Fe of Fe2O3 and the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of H2O. The dissociated hydrogen atom of the H2O preferentially remained on the catalysts' surface rather than being released into the gas flow. The experimental results demonstrated that applying 150 V could not directly enhance the photooxidation of CHOH by either TiO2 or Fe2O3/TiO2 but that it could relieve the H2O inhibitory effect by more than 10% on the Fe2O3/TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Bihong Lv
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Jing
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Huazhen Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
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A Simple Preparation Method of Graphene and TiO2 Loaded Activated Carbon Fiber and Its Application for Indoor Formaldehyde Degradation. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde has a significant impact on human health. This study used a simple dipping method to load graphene-titanium dioxide (GR-TiO2) on activated carbon fibers (ACFs). The microstructure of GR-TiO2/ACF hybrid material was observed by SEM, combined with XRD and BET analysis. The result showed that the GR-TiO2/ACF hybrid material had a specific surface area of 893.08 m2/g and average pore size of 2.35 nm. The formaldehyde degradation efficiency of the prepared material was tested under different conditions, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, air supply volume, relative humidity, initial mass concentration. The results showed that the UV radiation intensity, airflow and the initial mass concentration were positively correlated with the formaldehyde removal rate, and the relative humidity was negatively correlated with the formaldehyde removal rate. The GR-TiO2/ACF hybrid material had a maximum formaldehyde removal rate of 85.54% within 120 min.
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38
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Ding C, Li N, Chen Z, Zhang Y. Preparation of highly water-resistant wood adhesives using ECH as a crosslinking agent. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, kraft lignin and epichlorohydrin (ECH) were used to prepare no-formaldehyde wood adhesives. The lignin was first treated by ball milling, then reacted with glyoxal to produce glyoxalated lignin under alkaline conditions, and then blended with ECH to prepare lignin-based formaldehyde-free adhesive. The influence of the content of ECH on the physicochemical properties of the adhesives was explored, and the possible synthesis mechanism of the ECH-modified glyoxalated lignin adhesives (glyoxalated kraft lignin-epoxy [GKLE]) was investigated. The results show that ECH was beneficial to improving the plywood shear strength and water resistance; the plywood prepared with GKLE-50 adhesive displays comparable water resistance as phenol–formaldehyde resins and its wet shear strength (type I) was 1.05 MPa, exceeding the Chinese National Standards GB/T 9846-2015. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the increase of ECH content promoted the adhesive to penetrate the wood to form glue nails, improving the wet shear strength of the plywood. Chemical analysis indicated that glyoxalation was used to introduce hydroxyethyl groups into the ortho positions of the aromatic rings of lignin, and then the ring-opening reaction between glyoxalated lignin and ECH occurred forming ether bonds. Overall, lignin has displayed great potential in replacing formaldehyde-based adhesives for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ding
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University , Nanning 530000 , China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University , Nanning 530000 , China
| | - Zhikang Chen
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University , Nanning 530000 , China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University , Nanning 530000 , China
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Gong X, Meng Y, Lu J, Tao Y, Cheng Y, Wang H. A Review on Lignin‐Based Phenolic Resin Adhesive. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Gong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning 116034 China
| | - Yi Meng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning 116034 China
| | - Jie Lu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning 116034 China
| | - Yehan Tao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning 116034 China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning 116034 China
| | - Haisong Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning 116034 China
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Gong M, Hui YN, Du HJ. A rare case of severe toxic optic neuropathy induced by formaldehyde vapor under working in mushroom cultivation room. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1993-1996. [PMID: 34926220 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.12.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan-Nian Hui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Jun Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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Carbonyl Composition and Electrophilicity in Vaping Emissions of Flavored and Unflavored E-Liquids. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9120345. [PMID: 34941780 PMCID: PMC8705255 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), and flavoring chemicals can thermally degrade to form carbonyls during vaping, but less is known about carbonyl emissions produced by transformation of flavoring chemicals and the interactive effects among e-liquid constituents. This study characterized carbonyl composition and levels in vaping emissions of PG-VG (e-liquid base solvents) and four e-liquid formulations flavored with trans-2-hexenol, benzyl alcohol, l-(-)-menthol, or linalool. Utilizing gas chromatography (GC)- and liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) methods, 14 carbonyls were identified and quantified. PG-VG emitted highest levels of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. However, flavored e-liquids contributed to the production of a wider variety of carbonyls, with some carbonyls directly corresponding to the oxidation of alcohol moieties in flavoring compounds (e.g., trans-2-hexenol and benzyl alcohol transformed into trans-2-hexenal and benzaldehyde, respectively). Detections of formaldehyde-GSH and trans-2-hexenal-GSH adducts signify interactions of carbonyls with biological nucleophiles. The global reactivity descriptors (I, A, μ, η, and ω) and condensed Fukui parameters (fk0, fk-, fk+, and dual-descriptor) were computed to elucidate site reactivities of selected simple and α,β-unsaturated carbonyls found in vaping emissions. Overall, this study highlights carbonyl emissions and reactivities and their potential health risk effects associated with vaping.
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Oliveira GDS, dos Santos VM, McManus C. Propolis: effects on the sanitisation of hatching eggs. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2003173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. D. S. Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - V. M. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - C. McManus
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Skopnik-Chicago M, Poblete-Cordero K, Zamora N, Bastías R, Lizana PA. Comparison of Haptic and Biometric Properties, Bacterial Load, and Student Perception of Fixative Solutions: Formaldehyde Versus Chilean Conservative Fixative Solution with and without Formaldehyde in Pig Kidneys. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2021; 14:836-846. [PMID: 33340444 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the most widely used solutions to fix and preserve organic tissues is formaldehyde, despite reservations regarding its toxicity and the fact that formaldehyde-embalmed bodies lose their original characteristics. Anatomy laboratories have been replacing formaldehyde with solutions that retain the characteristics of fresh tissue. For this purpose, alternative solutions with a very low concentration of formaldehyde or without any formaldehyde have been analyzed. The objective of this study was to compare biometry, coloration, haptic properties, and bacterial load on animal specimens (pig kidneys) embalmed with formaldehyde, and with Chilean Conservative Fixative Solution with and without formaldehyde (formaldehyde chCFS and formaldehyde-free chCFS). Also, the perception of health and biological science students toward specimens treated with different solutions was assessed. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in specimens' retraction, or bacterial load. Students showed a preference for organs embalmed in formaldehyde chCFS and formaldehyde-free chCFS; indicating that with these treatments they could better visualize structures and that the prosections had greater flexibility and the colors were more similar to those of fresh tissue. Additionally, students recommended the material embalmed in formaldehyde chCFS and formaldehyde-free chCFS for anatomy learning. In contrast, students indicated that formaldehyde-fixation negatively affected their practical experience. In conclusion, embalming with formaldehyde chCFS or formaldehyde-free chCFS provides an advantageous practical experience over the use of formaldehyde and may be an alternative to replace the use of formaldehyde in anatomy laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Skopnik-Chicago
- Laboratory of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Katherine Poblete-Cordero
- Laboratory of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Natali Zamora
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Roberto Bastías
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Pablo A Lizana
- Laboratory of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Luminescence turn-on response of naphthalene diimide based chemosensor with Formaldehyde: A novel stratagem for estimation of formaldehyde in storage fish samples. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 49:128287. [PMID: 34311088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy has been developed for selective estimation of toxic Formaldehyde (FA) in storage fish samples by a simple chemosensor (BNDI) based on naphthalene diimide core in aqueous medium at neutral pH. The rapid "lightning-up" fluorescence feature of BNDI has been implied to detect and estimate aqueous FA selectively at very low concentration. The chemosensing properties of BNDI with aqueous FA have been established through a unique interaction pattern which is proven by different spectroscopic and theoretical analysis.
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45
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Gao S, Qi J, Jiang S, Wu T, Wang W, Cai Y, Ma C, Zhang B, Huang J, Yan Y. Green Wood Adhesives from One-Pot Coacervation of Folic Acid and Branched Poly(ethylene imine). ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7314-7321. [PMID: 35006960 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adhesives are extensively used in furniture manufacture, and most currently utilized furniture glues are formaldehyde-based chemicals, which emit formaldehyde throughout the entire life of the furniture. With increasing concerns about formaldehyde emission effects on human health, formaldehyde-free and environmentally friendly wood adhesives from bio-based resources are highly desired. In this study, we developed an eco-friendly, high-strength, and water-based wood adhesive from one-pot coacervation of the hierarchical self-assembly of folic acid (FA, a biomolecule, vitamin B9) with a commercially available biocompatible polymer-branched poly(ethylene imine) (b-PEI). The coacervation is caused by multiple hydrogen bonds between b-PEI and the stacks of FA quartets, which demonstrates a continuous robust 3D network, thus realizing adhesion and cohesion behaviors. This coacervate has the strongest adhesion toward wood compared with other substrates. The long-lasting shear bonding strength is up to 3.68 MPa, which is much higher than that of commercial super glue, but without releasing any toxic components. Since all the fabrication and application processes are under ambient conditions without any heating and high-pressure procedures, this work provides a facile yet powerful strategy to develop formaldehyde-free, eco-friendly, and high-performance bio-based waterborne adhesives for wood bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuitao Gao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinwan Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shasha Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tongyue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenkai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiteng Cai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yun Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Valadares J, Majik MS, Tilve SG. Comparison of the Formaldehyde Content in Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) Fish Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2021.1961961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahesh S. Majik
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Khandola, India
- State Higher Education Council, Directorate of Higher Education, Porvorim Goa, India
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Tesfaye S, Hamba N, Gerbi A, Negeri Z. Occupational formaldehyde exposure linked to increased systemic health impairments and counteracting beneficial effects of selected antioxidants. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20905068.2021.1926172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tesfaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Medical Anatomy), Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Niguse Hamba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Medical Anatomy), Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Asfaw Gerbi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Medical Anatomy), Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zenebe Negeri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Medical Physiology), Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Wongsakoonkan W, Pengpumkiat S, Boonyayothin V, Tangtong C, Laohaudomchok W, Phanprasit W. Colorimetric pad for low-concentration formaldehyde monitoring in indoor air. JOURNAL OF HEALTH RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jhr-09-2020-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to develop an accurate, selective, low-cost and user-friendly colorimetric pad to detect formaldehyde at low concentration.
Design/methodology/approach
1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione, a reactive chemical, was selected to develop the colorimetric pad for indoor air formaldehyde measurement. Silica nanoparticle impregnated with the reactive chemical was coated on the cellulose filter surface to increase the reactive site. A certified formaldehyde permeation tube was used to generate six varied concentrations between 0.01 and 0.10 ppm in a test chamber. The color intensity on the pads was measured using an image processing program to produce a formaldehyde concentration reading chart. The colorimetric pad was tested for optimum reaction time, accuracy, precision, stability, selectivity and shelf life.
Findings
The color of the pads changed from white to yellow and the color intensity varied with the concentrations and appeared to be stable after exposure to formaldehyde for 8 hours. At room temperature, the stability of the pad was 7 days, and shelf life was 120 days. The accuracy, precision and bias of the pad were 12.38%, 0.032 and 6.0%, respectively. Carbonyl compounds, benzene and toluene did not interfere with the reading of this developed colorimetric pad.
Originality/value
The developed colorimetric pad meets NIOSH's criteria for an overall accuracy of ±25%, bias = 10%. They were accurate at low concentrations, user-friendly and had low cost compared to an electronic direct reading instrument (cost of chemicals and materials was 21.50 Bath or 0.69 USD per piece) so that favorable for the use of general people for health protection.
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Kang DS, Kim HS, Jung JH, Lee CM, Ahn YS, Seo YR. Formaldehyde exposure and leukemia risk: a comprehensive review and network-based toxicogenomic approach. Genes Environ 2021; 43:13. [PMID: 33845901 PMCID: PMC8042688 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a widely used but highly reactive and toxic chemical. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies formaldehyde as a Group 1 carcinogen, based on nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia studies. However, the correlation between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia incidence is a controversial issue. To understand the association between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia, we explored biological networks based on formaldehyde-related genes retrieved from public and commercial databases. Through the literature-based network approach, we summarized qualitative associations between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia. Our results indicate that oxidative stress-mediated genetic changes induced by formaldehyde could disturb the hematopoietic system, possibly leading to leukemia. Furthermore, we suggested major genes that are thought to be affected by formaldehyde exposure and associated with leukemia development. Our suggestions can be used to complement experimental data for understanding and identifying the leukemogenic mechanism of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Seok Kang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Jung
- Faculty of Health Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Natural Science and Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02173, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Soon Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Li R, Huang Y, Zhu D, Ho W, Cao J, Lee S. Improved Oxygen Activation over a Carbon/Co 3O 4 Nanocomposite for Efficient Catalytic Oxidation of Formaldehyde at Room Temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4054-4063. [PMID: 33657800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen activation is a key step in the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO) at room temperature. In this study, we synthesized a carbon/Co3O4 nanocomposite (C-Co3O4) as a solution to the insufficient capability of pristine Co3O4 (P-Co3O4) to activate oxygen for the first time. Oxygen activation was improved via carbon preventing the agglomeration of Co3O4 nanoparticles, resulting in small particles (approximately 7.7 nm) and more exposed active sites (oxygen vacancies and Co3+). The removal efficiency of C-Co3O4 for 1 ppm of HCHO remained above 90%, whereas P-Co3O4 was rapidly deactivated. In static tests, the CO2 selectivity of C-Co3O4 was close to 100%, far exceeding that of P-Co3O4 (42%). Various microscopic analyses indicated the formation and interaction of a composite structure between the C and Co3O4 interface. The carbon composite caused a disorder on the surface lattice of Co3O4, constructing more oxygen vacancies than P-Co3O4. Consequently, the surface reducibility of C-Co3O4 was improved, as was its ability to continuously activate oxygen and H2O into reactive oxygen species (ROS). We speculate that accelerated production of ROS helped rapidly degrade intermediates such as dioxymethylene, formate, and carbonate into CO2. In contrast, carbonate accumulation on P-Co3O4 surfaces containing less ROS may have caused P-Co3O4 inactivation. Compared with noble nanoparticles, this study provides a transition metal-based nanocomposite for HCHO oxidation with high efficiency, high selectivity, and low cost, which is meaningful for indoor air purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Wingkei Ho
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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