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Sutton CA, Grandfield E, Yi R, Fazzino TL. Engagement in types of activities and frequency of alcohol use in a national sample of United States adolescents. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291257. [PMID: 37682954 PMCID: PMC10490845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescents with fewer sources of environmental reinforcement may be at risk for alcohol use. Behavioral economic theories posit that engagement in some activities may facilitate alcohol use, whereas other activities may be incompatible with use and reduce likelihood of alcohol use. It is unclear which types of activities may facilitate or may be incompatible with alcohol use in adolescence. Using a national sample of adolescents, the current study examined differences in engagement with types of activities that may be incompatible with alcohol use, compared among adolescents who endorsed alcohol use, and adolescents who did not. METHOD Data from the 2019 Monitoring the Future (MTF) study (N = 4626) were analyzed. Potentially incompatible and facilitating activities, and alcohol-involved activities were identified from pre-existing survey measures. Confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance, and structural equation modeling were used to examine patterns in activity engagement among those who endorsed alcohol use and those who did not. RESULTS Participants who did not endorse alcohol use reported higher engagement in activities that may be incompatible with alcohol use, including enjoyment from school and going to the mall (p < .001). Participants who endorsed alcohol use reported higher engagement in activities that may facilitate alcohol use (p < .001), such as spending time with friends and attending parties. Facilitating activities (β = 0.15, p < .001) and alcohol-involved activities (β = 0.70, p < .001) were positively associated with alcohol use frequency. Observed effect sizes were small in magnitude for all findings. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the premise of behavioral economic theory, suggesting some activities may serve as protective factors against alcohol use frequency while other activities may facilitate alcohol use among adolescents. National surveys may consider adding specific measure of activity engagement to identify activities that may be incompatible with alcohol use among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra A. Sutton
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Grandfield
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Richard Yi
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Tera L. Fazzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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Smit K, Voogt C, Otten R, Kleinjan M, Kuntsche E. Alcohol expectancies change in early to middle adolescence as a function of the exposure to parental alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 211:107938. [PMID: 32222262 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The subjective effects of alcohol, i.e., alcohol expectancies (AE), are important predictors of alcohol use. This three-year longitudinal study examined: 1) the development of enhancement, social, coping, and conformity AE from age 10-16; 2) the association between parental alcohol use exposure and positive AE among adolescents and between exposure and changes in AE over the six month period and 3) the moderating effect of gender on the association between exposure and change in AE. METHODS A longitudinal study followed adolescents between 10-13-years old at baseline (N = 755; 45.6 % boys) in six months intervals for three years, resulting in seven measurements. RESULTS Adolescents most strongly endorsed enhancement AE. Social and coping AE dimensions positively increased over time. The estimated Multilevel Model of Change revealed that exposure to either fathers 'or mothers' alcohol use predicted an increase in social AE six months later (B = .129, SE = .032). Exposure to fathers' drinking predicted an increase in enhancement AE for boys (B = .075, SE = .031) but not for girls (B=-0.045, SE = .030). No associations between parental exposure and other AE dimensions were found. CONCLUSION The results add to previous studies in showing that the association between parental drinking behavior and offspring AE develops within short periods. Prevention should, therefore, include explicit guidelines for parents with respect to how their drinking behavior affect their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Smit
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, NR1 building, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Carmen Voogt
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Pluryn, Research & Development, P.O. Box 53, 6500 AB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA
| | - Marloes Kleinjan
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Youth Studies, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, NR1 building, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Smit K, Voogt C, Otten R, Kleinjan M, Kuntsche E. Exposure to Parental Alcohol Use Rather Than Parental Drinking Shapes Offspring's Alcohol Expectancies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1967-1977. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Smit
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University, Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Trimbos Institute Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Voogt
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University, Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Trimbos Institute Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University, Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Research & Development Pluryn Nijmegen The Netherlands
- REACH Institute Arizona State University Phoenix Arizona
| | - Marloes Kleinjan
- Trimbos Institute Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of General Social Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University, Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research La Trobe University Melbourne VIC Australia
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Smit K, Voogt C, Hiemstra M, Kleinjan M, Otten R, Kuntsche E. Development of alcohol expectancies and early alcohol use in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 60:136-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lee JO, Cho J, Yoon Y, Bello MS, Khoddam R, Leventhal AM. Developmental Pathways from Parental Socioeconomic Status to Adolescent Substance Use: Alternative and Complementary Reinforcement. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 47:334-348. [PMID: 29188410 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although lower socioeconomic status has been linked to increased youth substance use, much less research has determined potential mechanisms explaining the association. The current longitudinal study tested whether alternative (i.e., pleasure gained from activities without any concurrent use of substances) and complementary (i.e., pleasure gained from activities in tandem with substance use) reinforcement mediate the link between lower socioeconomic status and youth substance use. Further, we tested whether alternative and complementary reinforcement and youth substance use gradually unfold over time and then intersect with one another in a cascading manner. Potential sex differences are also examined. Data were drawn from a longitudinal survey of substance use and mental health among high school students in Los Angeles. Data collection involved four semiannual assessment waves beginning in fall 2013 (N = 3395; M baseline age = 14.1; 47% Hispanic, 16.2% Asian, 16.1% multiethnic, 15.7% White, and 5% Black; 53.4% female). The results from a negative binomial path model suggested that lower parental socioeconomic status (i.e., lower parental education) was significantly related to an increased number of substances used by youth. The final path model revealed that the inverse association was statistically mediated by adolescents' diminished engagement in pleasurable substance-free activities (i.e., alternative reinforcers) and elevated engagement in pleasurable activities paired with substance use (i.e., complementary reinforcers). The direct effect of lower parental education on adolescent substance use was not statistically significant after accounting for the hypothesized mediating mechanisms. No sex differences were detected. Increasing access to and engagement in pleasant activities of high quality that do not need a reinforcement enhancer, such as substances, may be useful in interrupting the link between lower parental socioeconomic status and youth substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Olivia Lee
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
| | - Junhan Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Yoewon Yoon
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Mariel S Bello
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Rubin Khoddam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Barnett NP, Rogers ML, Hayes KL, Sargent J. Exposure to Alcohol Content in Movies and Initiation of Early Drinking Milestones. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 42:184-194. [PMID: 29193150 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to alcohol content in movies has been shown to be associated with adolescent use of alcohol, including earlier onset. This study examined the influence of movie alcohol exposure on subsequent alcohol onset, considering the social context (whether the movie was viewed with a friend or parent). We examined whether media's influence holds across a spectrum of early drinking milestones: sipping (but not consuming a full drink of) alcohol, consuming a full drink of alcohol, and engaging in heavy episodic drinking (HED). METHODS Data were taken from a sample of 882 middle school youth (52% female; 24% non-White) enrolled in an ongoing study on alcohol initiation and progression. Exposure to alcohol content in films was measured using a method that combines content analysis and random assignment of movie titles to youth surveys. The hazard of initiating alcohol use (sip, full drink, HED) as a function of exposure was estimated using survival analysis. Associations were adjusted for demographic, personality, and social influence factors known to be associated with both movie exposure and alcohol use. RESULTS Exposure to alcohol content was common. Hours of exposure prospectively predicted earlier onset of alcohol involvement across all outcomes. Viewing movies with friends appeared to augment the media exposure effect, in contrast to viewing movies with parents, which was not a significant predictor of initiation. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to alcohol in films is involved in the entry into early stages of alcohol involvement. Findings support further investigation into the role of the media in underage drinking, especially in the context of consuming media with friends and peers. Limiting media exposure and/or stronger Federal Trade Commission oversight of movie ratings should be a priority for preventing underage drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Nancy P Barnett
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michelle L Rogers
- Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kerri L Hayes
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - James Sargent
- C. Everett Koop Institute, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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