Epidemiology of non-traumatic spinal cord injury in Ireland - a prospective population-based study

Assessing readability of explanations and reliability of answers by GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 in non-traumatic spinal cord injury education

PURPOSE

Our study aimed to: i) Assess the readability of textbook explanations using established indexes; ii) Compare these with GPT-4's default explanations, ensuring similar word counts for direct comparisons; iii) Evaluate GPT-4's adaptability by simplifying high-complexity explanations; iv) Determine the reliability of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 in providing accurate answers.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We utilized a textbook designed for ABPMR certification. Our analysis covered 50 multiple-choice questions, each with a detailed explanation, focusing on non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI).

RESULTS

Our analysis revealed statistically significant differences in readability scores, with the textbook achieving 14.5 (SD = 2.5) compared to GPT-4's 17.3 (SD = 1.9), indicating that GPT-4's explanations are generally more complex (p < 0.001). Using the Flesch Reading Ease Score, 86% of GPT-4's explanations fell into the 'Very difficult' category, significantly higher than the textbook's 58% (p = 0.006). GPT-4 successfully demonstrated adaptability by reducing the mean readability score of the top-nine most complex explanations, maintaining the word count. Regarding reliability, GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 scored 84% and 96% respectively, with GPT-4 outperforming GPT-3.5 (p = 0.046).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results confirmed GPT-4's potential in medical education by providing highly accurate yet often complex explanations for NTSCI, which were successfully simplified without losing accuracy.

Unveiling the mosaic: comparing demographics and outcomes in traumatic vs. non-traumatic spinal cord injuries

BACKGROUND

This study analyzed the percentage of patients with nontraumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) which is increasing with the increase of population age. However, little is known about the effect of the etiology of SCI on the outcome of these subjects.

AIM

The aim of this study was to investigate functional and neurological outcomes in patients with traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord lesions, with a focus on factors influencing rehabilitation outcomes.

DESIGN

The design of this study was that of a retrospective analysis of prospectively recorded data.

SETTING

The setting of this analysis was a single Spinal Unit in Italy.

POPULATION

The population included 1080 subjects, of which 599 (55%) had injuries of traumatic origin and 481 (45%) had nontraumatic injuries.

METHODS

International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) and the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI) were utilized as measurement tools. Multivariate (backwards selection, P=0.20) logistic regression was used to assess the associations of "complication during hospitalization," "bowel management autonomy," "spontaneous micturition," "home destination" and "neurological improvement" with the following variables: etiology, age, sex, lesion level and severity and length of stay. Multivariate (backwards selection, P=0.20) negative binomial regression was used to assess the relative risks of higher SCIM and WISCI Scores at discharge after adjusting for the abovementioned variables.

RESULTS

Our work highlighted several significant differences between the traumatic and nontraumatic groups (including age, sex, lesion severity, and time from lesion onset to admission). Both groups exhibited comparable improvements in neurological and functional status, although some data were in favor of subjects with traumatic lesions. However, the regression analyses demonstrated that the main factors impacting the neurological and functional status at discharge were age, lesion level and severity, rather than the etiology of the lesion.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study provides valuable insights into the rehabilitation trajectories of traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injuries and demonstrates that the cause of SCI has no impact on rehabilitation outcomes.

CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT

An understanding of neurological and functional recovery after spinal cord lesions is essential for answering patients' questions about their potential functional capabilities. It also assists in determining the necessary resources for inpatient rehabilitation and post discharge care. Moreover, the possession of a thorough grasp of the course and factors influencing the natural recovery of a spinal cord lesion is now a scientific necessity and is crucial for assessing the efficacy of new pharmacological and rehabilitative methods.

Development of a chronic compression spinal cord injury model in neonatal and adult rats

BACKGROUND

Spinal cord injury presents a significant burden globally, with traumatic spinal cord injury being the predominant cause historically. However, nontraumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) is emerging as a significant contributor, particularly in developed nations, yet it remains poorly understood due to underreporting and misclassification. NTSCI, spanning various etiologies such as bony growths, vascular conditions, infections, neoplastic conditions, and immune disorders, poses unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment, often resulting in lifelong morbidity. This study addresses the lack of suitable animal models for NTSCI research, especially in neonatal animals.

METHODS

Utilizing a solid spacer approach, we developed a compression NTSCI model applicable to both neonatal and adult Sprague-Dawley rats.

RESULTS

Through anatomical measurements and in vivo experiments, we confirmed the feasibility and safety of the spacer insertion procedure and observed no acute off-target effects.

CONCLUSION

The versatility of this model lies in its adaptability to different ages of rats, offering a cost-effective and reproducible means to induce graded injuries. Moreover, behavioral assessments demonstrated observable hindlimb function, validating the model's utility for studying functional outcomes. Although challenges persist, particularly in accounting for spinal column growth in neonatal animals, this model fills a crucial gap in pediatric NTSCI research. By providing a platform to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms and test potential treatments, it offers promising avenues for advancing our understanding and management of pediatric NTSCI.

Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Ireland, 2017-2022

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective population based study on traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in Ireland.

OBJECTIVES

To gather the most recent epidemiological data prior to the implementation of a new national trauma strategy. Also, to consider if the COVID-19 pandemic impacted on SCI epidemiology in Ireland.

SETTING

Republic of Ireland.

METHODS

All patients with TSCI discharged from the National Rehabilitation Hospital (NRH), the national acute SCI unit and two neurosciences centres were included. The International Spinal Cord Injury Core Data Set was collected on all patients at discharge from rehabilitation between 2017 and 2022.

RESULTS

Overall crude incidence of TSCI was 14 per million per year, ranging between 11.3 and 18.4. 12.7% of patients did not survive to discharge from hospital. In those completing rehabilitation, the mean age of injury onset was 50.1 years (SD 19.9). Males accounted for 75.7%. The most common impairment was incomplete tetraplegia, 45.3% of all TSCI. Leading aetiology was falls, 53.9% of injuries. Patients with incomplete tetraplegia and those whose cause of injury were falls were older than those with all other impairments and injury aetiologies (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall incidence of TSCI is similar to our previous studies. Also similar is the predominant pattern of older people sustaining falls resulting in incomplete tetraplegia.

Non-traumatic spinal cord injury - etiological profile and associated factors: single rheumatological center experience

Introduction

Non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) represents a medical-surgical emergency. In Burkina Faso, limited data exist on the etiological profiles of this syndrome in rheumatology. This study aimed to describe the etiological profile of NTSCI in the Rheumatology Department of the University Hospital Center of Bogodogo (CHU-B).

Material and methods

This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study with descriptive and analytical aims, conducted from March 1, 2017, to December 31, 2023, in the Rheumatology Department of CHU-B. Patients diagnosed with non-traumatic spinal cord compression syndrome during hospitalization were included.

Results

The frequency in the Rheumatology Department of NTSCI was 2.94%, accounting for 104 patients. There were 68 men (65.38%), with a sex ratio of 1.88. The average age of the population was 57.91 years. All patients experienced back pain, with a lumbar location in 77 patients (74.04%). The average duration of the motor deficit was 2.97 months. A total of 3,532 patients were admitted to the conventional hospitalization unit of the Rheumatology Department at the CHU-B from March 1, 2017, to December 31, 2023. Among these, 104 patients had NTSCI, yielding a frequency of 2.94%. Spinal MRI was performed in 58 patients (55.77%), and the compression was extradural in 76.92% of cases (n = 80). The etiologies identified were Pott's disease in 32 patients (30.77%), followed by spinal metastases in 22 patients (21.15%). Twenty-nine patients (27.89%) experienced complications related to prolonged bed rest. No factor was significantly associated with the recovery of the motor deficit.

Conclusions

Non-traumatic spinal cord injury is relatively rare in rheumatological practice in Ouagadougou. The etiology is predominantly Pott's disease, which confirms the geographical distribution of NTSCI causes.

Trends in the characteristics and outcomes of older patients with non-traumatic spinal cord injury treated in inpatient rehabilitation facilities: 2013-2018

OBJECTIVE

To describe the characteristics and outcomes of older (≥ 65 years of age) patients with a non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) treated in inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) between 2013 and 2018.

DESIGN

Observational study.

SETTING

IRFs in the United States.

PARTICIPANTS

93,631 IRF Medicare stays for patients with NTSCI.

INTERVENTIONS

Not Applicable.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Length of stay, self-care and mobility function, discharge destination.

RESULTS

Between 2013 and 2018, the number of older (≥ 65 years of age) Medicare patients with a NTSCI treated in IRFs increased about 22.1 percent, from 14,149 to 17,275. In addition to the increase, patients' sociodemographic characteristics shifted to have a slightly higher percentage of patients aged 65-74 years, a slightly higher percentage of males, and slightly fewer patients who identified as Hispanic. There was also a trend of more patients in the higher acuity case-mix groups and comorbidities tiers, but the median length of stay remained 12 days across all years. The percent of patients discharged home or to a community-based setting varied from 73.7 to 75.2 without a trend, although discharge self-care and mobility function increased slightly across the years.

CONCLUSIONS

Between 2013 and 2018, the number of Medicare patients with NTSCI treated in IRFs increased by more than 22 percent. While patient complexity increased, the median length of stay remained 12 days across the years. Discharge self-care and mobility function increased slightly, and the percent of patients discharged home ranged from 73.7 to 75.2 across the years.

Wnt-3a improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury by regulating the inflammatory and apoptotic response in rats via wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

The specific molecular mechanism of neuroprotective effects of wnt-3a on spinal cord injury (SCI) has not been elucidated. In our study, we evaluated the recovery of motor function after SCI by BBB, observed neuronal apoptosis by western blot and TUNEL, observed the changes of neuronal inflammation by western blot and immunofluorescence staining, and observed the changes of motoneurons and spinal cord area in the anterior horn of the spinal cord via Nissl and HE staining. We found that wnt-3a could significantly promote the recovery of motor function, reduce the loss of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, promote the recovery of injured spinal cord tissue, inhibit neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory response, and ultimately promote neuronal function after SCI. However, when XAV939 inhibits the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, the neuroprotective effects of wnt-3a are also significantly inhibited. The above results together indicated that wnt-3a exerts its neuroprotective effect on after SCI via activating the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Epidemiology of Traumatic and Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Korea: A Narrative Review

This review describes the incidence rates and trends of traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) and non-traumatic spinal cord injuries (NTSCI) in South Korea. The incidence of NTSCI has increased more rapidly than that of TSCI in recent years. In 2007, TSCI was more common, but by 2020, NTSCI had surpassed TSCI, particularly in older individuals. While men have a higher incidence of both TSCI and NTSCI, the incidence difference by sex is greater in TSCI. The incidence rates of both TSCI and NTSCI are higher in older individuals, particularly those in their 70s and 80s. For TSCI, falls and traffic accidents are the most common causes, with falls being more prevalent in older adults. Cervical SCIs are the most common TSCI, especially in high-income countries like South Korea. Patients with NTSCI predominantly display paraplegia, which is usually associated with non-traumatic causes such as degenerative disorders and tumors. Higher rates of tetraplegia and paraplegia are observed with TSCI and NTSCI, respectively. The neurological levels of injury also differ between TSCI and NTSCI. Overall, SCIs are a growing concern in South Korea and there is a need for targeted interventions for their management and prevention, especially in older age groups.

Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy induces sex-specific dysbiosis in mice

Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in elderly populations. It describes a spectrum of disorders that cause progressive spinal cord compression, neurological impairment, loss of bladder and bowel functions, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. The gut microbiota has been recognized as an environmental factor that can modulate both the function of the central nervous system and the immune response through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Changes in gut microbiota composition or microbiota-producing factors have been linked to the progression and development of several pathologies. However, little is known about the potential role of the gut microbiota in the pathobiology of DCM. Here, DCM was induced in C57BL/6 mice by implanting an aromatic polyether material underneath the C5-6 laminae. The extent of DCM-induced changes in microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing of the fecal samples. The immune cell composition was assessed using flow cytometry. To date, several bacterial members have been identified using BLAST against the largest collection of metagenome-derived genomes from the mouse gut. In both, female and males DCM caused gut dysbiosis compared to the sham group. However, dysbiosis was more pronounced in males than in females, and several bacterial members of the families Lachnospiraceae and Muribaculaceae were significantly altered in the DCM group. These changes were also associated with altered microbe-derived metabolic changes in propionate-, butyrate-, and lactate-producing bacterial members. Our results demonstrate that DCM causes dynamic changes over time in the gut microbiota, reducing the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, and lactate-producing bacteria to a lesser extent. Genome-scale metabolic modeling using gapseq successfully identified pyruvate-to-butanoate and pyruvate-to-propionate reactions involving genes such as Buk and ACH1, respectively. These results provide a better understanding of the sex-specific molecular effects of changes in the gut microbiota on DCM pathobiology.

Trends in the Incidence and Etiology of Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Study From 2007 to 2020

BACKGROUND

Although patients with non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) have distinct epidemiological characteristics compared to those with traumatic spinal cord injury, no previous study has reported the incidence of NTSCI on a national scale in Korea. In this study, we examined the trend in incidence of NTSCI in Korea and described the epidemiological characteristics of patients with NTSCI using nationwide insurance data.

METHODS

National Health Insurance Service data were reviewed for the period from 2007 to 2020. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, was used to identify patients with NTSCI. Inpatients with newly diagnosed NTSCI on their first admission during the study period were included. Crude incidence was calculated using the annual number of NTSCI cases divided by the mid-year population estimates. Age-specific incidence was calculated by dividing the number of cases in 10-year age groups by the total number of individuals in that age group. Age-adjusted incidence was calculated using direct standardization. Annual percentage changes were calculated using Joinpoint regression analysis. The Cochrane-Armitage trend test was conducted to examine the trends of NTSCI incidence according to the types or etiologies of NTSCI.

RESULTS

The age-adjusted incidence of NTSCI increased continuously from 24.11 per million in 2007 to 39.83 per million in 2020, with a significant annual percentage change (4.93%, P < 0.05). The age-specific incidence for those in their 70s and 80s or older was the highest and rapidly increased from 2007 to 2020. According to the types of paralysis in NTSCI, the proportion of tetraplegia decreased, whereas those of paraplegia and cauda equina increased significantly from 2007 to 2020. The proportion of degenerative diseases was the largest among all etiologies and increased significantly during the study period.

CONCLUSION

The annual incidence of NTSCI in Korea is increasing significantly, particularly among older adults. As Korea is one of the countries with most rapidly aging population in the world, these results have significant implications, indicating that preventive strategies and sufficient rehabilitation medical services are warranted for the population of older adults.

Overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews for Rehabilitation Interventions in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury: A Mapping Synthesis

OBJECTIVE

This article aims to describe the evidence on rehabilitation interventions for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) identified in Cochrane Systematic Reviews (CSRs) selected for inclusion in the World Health Organization Rehabilitation Programme-Package of Interventions for Rehabilitation.

DATA SOURCES

The CSRs search was led by the Cochrane Rehabilitation team, using the tagging process, using the terms "spinal cord injury" and "rehabilitation" in the Cochrane Library.

STUDY SELECTION

We performed an overview of all the CSRs according to the inclusion criteria defined with the World Health Organization: rehabilitation interventions in persons with SCI.

DATA EXTRACTION

The CSRs identified after the screening process were summarized using an evidence map, grouping outcomes, and comparisons of included CSRs indicating the effect and the quality of evidence to provide a comprehensive view of what is known.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Out of 248 CSRs from the past 10 years tagged in the Cochrane Rehabilitation database, 3 were related to SCI. They provide data on 13 outcomes analyzed within 11 comparisons for a total of 64 primary studies, including 2024 participants with SCI. Of these, 7 outcomes and 1 comparison focused on people with cervical SCI. Rehabilitation interventions might improve respiratory outcomes and pain relief in people with SCI. There is uncertainty whether bodyweight-supported treadmill training, robotic-assisted training, and functional electrostimulation affect walking speed and capacity.

CONCLUSIONS

The current evidence needs to be confirmed by better quality research. Therefore, future priorities are the improvement of methodological quality of the studies in people with SCI, particularly considering the complexity of this health condition. Further, there is a need for more CSRs in the field.

Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Application of Multipotent Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a common neurological disorder with devastating psychical and psychosocial sequelae. The majority of patients after SCI suffer from permanent disability caused by motor dysfunction, impaired sensation, neuropathic pain, spasticity as well as urinary complications, and a small number of patients experience a complete recovery. Current standard treatment modalities of the SCI aim to prevent secondary injury and provide limited recovery of lost neurological functions. Stem Cell Therapy (SCT) represents an emerging treatment approach using the differentiation, paracrine, and self-renewal capabilities of stem cells to regenerate the injured spinal cord. To date, multipotent stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represent the most investigated types of stem cells for the treatment of SCI in preclinical and clinical studies. The microenvironment of SCI has a significant impact on the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of transplanted stem cells. Therefore, a deep understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI and molecular mechanisms through which stem cells act may help improve the treatment efficacy of SCT and find new therapeutic approaches such as stem-cell-derived exosomes, gene-modified stem cells, scaffolds, and nanomaterials. In this literature review, the pathogenesis of SCI and molecular mechanisms of action of multipotent stem cells including MSCs, NSCs, and HSCs are comprehensively described. Moreover, the clinical efficacy of multipotent stem cells in SCI treatment, an optimal protocol of stem cell administration, and recent therapeutic approaches based on or combined with SCT are also discussed.

Animal models of compression spinal cord injury

Compression spinal cord injuries are a common cause of morbidity in people who experience a spinal cord injury (SCI). Either as a by-product of a traumatic injury or due to nontraumatic conditions such as cervical myelitis, compression injuries are growing in prevalence clinically and many attempts of animal replication have been described within the literature. These models, however, often focus on the traumatic side of injury or mimic short-term injuries that are not representative of the majority of compression SCI. Of this, nontraumatic spinal cord injuries are severely understudied and have an increased prevalence in elderly populations, adults, and children. Therefore, there is a need to critically evaluate the current animal models of compression SCI and their suitability as a method for clinically relevant data that can help reduce morbidity and mortality of SCI. In this review, we reviewed the established and emerging methods of animal models of compression SCI. These models are the clip, balloon, solid spacer, expanding polymer, remote, weight drop, calibrated forceps, screw, and strap methods. These methods showed that there is a large reliance on the use of laminectomy to induce injury. Furthermore, the age range of many studies does not reflect the elderly and young populations that commonly suffer from compression injuries. It is therefore important to have techniques and methods that are able to minimize secondary effects of the surgeries, and are representative of the clinical cases seen so that treatments and interventions can be developed that are specific.

Neurological Impairment Recovery in Surgically Treated Patients With Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injury

The incidence of nontraumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) is reported to be higher than that of traumatic spinal cord injury in many countries, making it an area of growing significance.

Clinical Presentation and Causes of Non-traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Observational Study in Emergency Patients

Introduction: Diagnosing non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) is often challenging. However, clear discrimination from non-spinal pathologies, e.g., "myelopathy-mimics" (MMs), is critical in preventing long-term disability and death. In this retrospective study we (1) investigated causes of NTSCI, (2) identified clinical markers associated with NTSCI and (3) discuss implications for NTSCI management. Methods: Our sample consisted of 5.913 consecutive neurological and neurosurgical patients who were treated in our emergency department during a one-year period. Patients with a new or worsened bilateral sensorimotor deficit were defined as possible NTSCI. We then compared clinical and imaging findings and allocated patients into NTSCIs and MMs. Results: Of ninety-three included cases, thirty-six (38.7%) were diagnosed with NTSCI. Fifty-two patients (55.9%) were classified as MMs. In five patients (5.4%) the underlying pathology remained unclear. Predominant causes of NTSCI were spinal metastases (33.3%), inflammatory disorders (22.2%) and degenerative pathologies (19.4%). 58.6% of NTSCI patients required emergency treatment. Presence of a sensory level (p = <0.001) and sphincter dysfunction (p = 0.02) were the only significant discriminators between NTSCI and MMs. Conclusion: In our study, one-third of patients presenting with a new bilateral sensorimotor deficit had NTSCI. Of these, the majority required emergency treatment. Since there is a significant clinical overlap with non-spinal disorders, a standardized diagnostic work-up including routine spinal MRI is recommended for NTSCI management, rather than an approach that is mainly based on clinical findings.