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Claro Gomes WP, Gonçalves Bortoleto G, Melchert WR. Spectrophotometry and chromatography analyses combined with chemometrics tools to differentiate green coffee beans into special or traditional. J Food Sci 2023; 88:5012-5025. [PMID: 37889097 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Green coffee is the hulled coffee bean, rich in chemical compounds indicative of quality before roasting, making the classification special or traditional. This work aimed to determine compounds in green coffee beans and find the differentiation of green coffee beans into special or traditional ones through chemometrics. For that, the levels of phenolic compounds, reducing, nonreducing, and total sugars were quantified by spectrophotometry: caffeine, trigonelline, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 3-hydroxybenzoic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, caffeic, and nicotinic acids (NAs) by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV-Vis; acetaldehyde, acetone, methanol, ethanol, and isoamyl by HS-GC-FID. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to differentiate green coffee beans through the levels obtained in spectrophotometric and chromatographic analyses. Statistically, the contents of total phenolic compounds, caffeine, nonreducing sugars, total sugars, NA, 5-HMF, acetaldehyde, ethanol, and ethanol/methanol showed significant differences. The PCA made it possible to classify green coffee beans into special and traditional, in addition to understanding the attributes that influenced the differentiation between coffees. In addition, it was possible to classify green coffee beans into special and traditional, either using all parameters evaluated or only using spectrophotometric analyses. In this way, some advantages allow classification without using a trained and experienced evaluator as their previous experience can influence the results due to their expertise in a certain type of coffee, in addition to being faster and cheaper, especially regarding spectrophotometric analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Gonçalves Bortoleto
- State Center of Technological Education "Paula Souza", Technology College of Piracicaba "Dep. Roque Trevisan", Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wanessa R Melchert
- College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Atlabachew M, Abebe A, Alemneh Wubieneh T, Tefera Habtemariam Y. Rapid and simultaneous determination of trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid in green coffee bean extract. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5028-5035. [PMID: 34532014 PMCID: PMC8441463 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, inexpensive, and rapid method for simultaneous determination of trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract was proposed based on salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction, using QuEChERS salt and acetonitrile followed by UV-Vis analysis. The proposed method represents acceptable linearity for trigonelline (0.9978), caffeine (0.9995), and chlorogenic acid (0.9996) with excellent correlation (0.93 and 0.83) for trigonelline and caffeine, respectively, when compared to RP-HPLC-DAD. The proposed method could be used in coffee industries for quality control and geographical origin traceability studies of green coffee samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atakilt Abebe
- Chemistry DepartmentScience CollegeBahir Dar UniversityBahir DarEthiopia
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3
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Zhang D, Vega FE, Infante F, Solano W, Johnson ES, Meinhardt LW. Accurate Differentiation of Green Beans of Arabica and Robusta Coffee Using Nanofluidic Array of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers. J AOAC Int 2021; 103:315-324. [PMID: 33241281 DOI: 10.1093/jaocint/qsz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Green (unroasted) coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. The Arabica (Coffea arabica L.) and Robusta (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) species are the two main types of coffees for commercial production. In general, Arabica coffee is known to have better quality in terms of sensory characteristics; thus, it has a higher market value than Robusta coffee. Accurate differentiation of green beans of the two species is, therefore, of commercial interest in the coffee industry. Using the newly developed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, we analyzed a total of 80 single green bean samples, representing 20 Arabica cultivars and four Robusta accessions. Reliable SNP fingerprints were generated for all tested samples. Unambiguous differentiation between Robusta and Arabica coffees was achieved using multivariate analysis and assignment test. The SNP marker panel and the genotyping protocol are sufficiently robust to detect admixture of green coffee in a high-throughput fashion. Moreover, the multilocus SNP approach can differentiate every single bean within Robusta and 55% of Arabica samples. This advantage, together with the single-bean sensitivity, suggests a significant potential for practical application of this technology in the coffee industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhang
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Fernando E Vega
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Francisco Infante
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, Tapachula, 30700 Chiapas, Mexico
| | - William Solano
- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Elizabeth S Johnson
- The Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), Hope Gardens, Kingston 6, Jamaica
| | - Lyndel W Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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4
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Aetesam-Ur-Rahman M, Giblett JP, Khialani B, Kyranis S, Clarke SJ, Zhao TX, Braganza DM, Clarke SC, West NEJ, Bennett MR, Hoole SP. GLP-1 vasodilatation in humans with coronary artery disease is not adenosine mediated. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:223. [PMID: 33932990 PMCID: PMC8088691 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incretin therapies appear to provide cardioprotection and improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes, but the mechanism of this effect remains elusive. We have previously shown that glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is a coronary vasodilator and we sought to investigate if this is an adenosine-mediated effect. METHODS We recruited 41 patients having percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for stable angina and allocated them into four groups administering a specific study-related infusion following successful PCI: GLP-1 infusion (Group G) (n = 10); Placebo, normal saline infusion (Group P) (n = 11); GLP-1 + Theophylline infusion (Group GT) (n = 10); and Theophylline infusion (Group T) (n = 10). A pressure wire assessment of coronary distal pressure and flow velocity (thermodilution transit time-Tmn) at rest and hyperaemia was performed after PCI and repeated following the study infusion to derive basal and index of microvascular resistance (BMR and IMR). RESULTS There were no significant differences in the demographics of patients recruited to our study. Most of the patients were not diabetic. GLP-1 caused significant reduction of resting Tmn that was not attenuated by theophylline: mean delta Tmn (SD) group G - 0.23 s (0.27) versus group GT - 0.18 s (0.37), p = 0.65. Theophylline alone (group T) did not significantly alter resting flow velocity compared to group GT: delta Tmn in group T 0.04 s (0.15), p = 0.30. The resulting decrease in BMR observed in group G persisted in group GT: - 20.83 mmHg s (24.54 vs. - 21.20 mmHg s (30.41), p = 0.97. GLP-1 did not increase circulating adenosine levels in group GT more than group T: delta median adenosine - 2.0 ng/ml (- 117.1, 14.8) versus - 0.5 ng/ml (- 19.6, 9.4); p = 0.60. CONCLUSION The vasodilatory effect of GLP-1 is not abolished by theophylline and GLP-1 does not increase adenosine levels, indicating an adenosine-independent mechanism of GLP-1 coronary vasodilatation. TRIAL REGISTRATION The local research ethics committee approved the study (National Research Ethics Service-NRES Committee, East of England): REC reference 14/EE/0018. The study was performed according to institutional guidelines, was registered on http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (unique identifier: NCT03502083) and the study conformed to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aetesam-Ur-Rahman
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AY, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joel P Giblett
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AY, UK
| | - Bharat Khialani
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AY, UK
| | - Stephen Kyranis
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AY, UK
| | - Sophie J Clarke
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AY, UK
| | - Tian X Zhao
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AY, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Denise M Braganza
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AY, UK
| | - Sarah C Clarke
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AY, UK
| | - Nick E J West
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AY, UK
| | - Martin R Bennett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen P Hoole
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AY, UK.
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Constantino LV, Zeffa DM, Koltun A, Urbano MR, Santos Sanzovo AW, Nixdorf SL. Extraction of soluble sugars from green coffee beans using hot water and quantification by a chromatographic method without an organic solvent. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2020.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An optimal condition for extraction of soluble sugars from green coffee using water and a validated chromatographic method for its separation and quantification were proposed in this research. An orbital incubator shaker (OIS) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were the 2 techniques used to extract soluble sugars. In such experiments, the variables: sample amount (300, 400, and 500 mg), time (30, 60, and 90 min), and temperature (30, 45, and 60 °C) were tested. The separation of sugars was performed in a chromatographic system (high-performance liquid chromatography refractive index detector [HPLC-RID]), which presented the selectivity for the analytes, a limit of detection of 0.020 g/L, a limit of quantification of 0.0625 g/L, and recovery rates greater than 95%. The repeatability and inter-day precision had low dispersion, RSD < 2.0% and < 3.0%, respectively. Sucrose content ranged from 0.65 to 2.39 g/L using an OIS and from 1.19 to 2.72 g/L by MAE, while glucose and fructose concentration varied from 0.08 to 0.12 g/L using both methods. The OIS technique is preferably indicated for extraction of soluble sugars at the following conditions: 500 mg of grounded green coffee, 90 min, and 60 °C. The proposed method for soluble sugar extraction and quantification may be applied in research laboratories and food industries since it is a low-cost and environment-friendly technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Mariani Zeffa
- 2 Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Koltun
- 2 Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ragassi Urbano
- 1 Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Suzana Lucy Nixdorf
- 1 Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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6
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Salting-out Assisted Liquid–Liquid Extraction for Analysis of Caffeine and Nicotinic Acid in Coffee by HPLC–UV/Vis Detector. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Influence of Altitude on Caffeine, 5-Caffeoylquinic Acid, and Nicotinic Acid Contents of Arabica Coffee Varieties. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/3904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of altitude on caffeine, 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), and nicotinic acid contents of Arabica coffee varieties grown in Southwest Ethiopia was investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was used for the determination of the target analytes. Coffee samples were collected from four coffee varieties, named as 74112, 7454, 7440, and 74110, which are cultivated in high, mid, and low altitudes in the study area. The findings of the study showed that the contents of caffeine and 5-CQA in both raw and roasted coffee beans decrease as the growing altitude increases and, thus, for all varieties, their highest concentrations were recorded in lowland coffee beans. Nevertheless, the contents of nicotinic acid increase as the altitude rises and, thus, the highest nicotinic acid content was recorded in highland coffee samples. Besides, after roasting, the contents of caffeine were increased, whereas the contents of 5-CQA were lowered, indicating the possibility of its degradation during the roasting process. Both green and roasted coffee beans also contained relatively higher concentrations of nicotinic acids. Other than the growing altitudes, the contents of caffeine, 5-CQA, and nicotinic acid in coffee beans also vary with coffee varieties. Therefore, coffee varieties that are cultivated at various altitudes may have different biochemical compositions such as caffeine, CGAs, and nicotinic acid that could greatly influence the flavor, aroma, and stimulating attributes of coffee cup quality as well as dietary benefits.
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8
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Cheng B, Smyth HE, Furtado A, Henry RJ. Slower development of lower canopy beans produces better coffee. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4201-4214. [PMID: 32206798 PMCID: PMC7337091 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The production of high-quality coffee is being challenged by changing climates in coffee-growing regions. The coffee beans from the upper and lower canopy at different development stages of the same plants were analyzed to investigate the impact of the microenvironment on gene expression and coffee quality. Compared with coffee beans from the upper canopy, lower canopy beans displayed more intense aroma with higher caffeine, trigonelline, and sucrose contents, associated with greater gene expression in the representative metabolic pathways. Global gene expression indicated a longer ripening in the lower canopy, resulting from higher expression of genes relating to growth inhibition and suppression of chlorophyll degradation during early bean ripening. Selection of genotypes or environments that enhance expression of the genes slowing bean development may produce higher quality coffee beans, allowing coffee production in a broader range of available future environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cheng
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Heather E Smyth
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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9
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Caffeine Consumption through Coffee: Content in the Beverage, Metabolism, Health Benefits and Risks. BEVERAGES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages5020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is the most consumed psychoactive substance in the world, acting by means of antagonism to adenosine receptors, mainly A1 and A2A. Coffee is the main natural source of the alkaloid which is quite soluble and well extracted during the brew’s preparation. After consumption, caffeine is almost completely absorbed and extensively metabolized in the liver by phase I (cytochrome P450) enzymes, mainly CYP1A2, which appears to be polymorphically distributed in human populations. Paraxanthine is the major caffeine metabolite in plasma, while methylated xanthines and methyluric acids are the main metabolites excreted in urine. In addition to stimulating the central nervous system, caffeine exerts positive effects in the body, often in association with other substances, contributing to prevention of several chronic diseases. The potential adverse effects of caffeine have also been extensively studied in animal species and in humans. These aspects will be approached in the present review.
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10
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De Luca S, Ciotoli E, Biancolillo A, Bucci R, Magrì AD, Marini F. Simultaneous quantification of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in coffee green beans and varietal classification of the samples by HPLC-DAD coupled with chemometrics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28748-28759. [PMID: 29430598 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A chromatographic procedure (HPLC-DAD) using a relatively rapid gradient has been combined with a chemometric curve deconvolution method, multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), in order to quantify caffeine and chlorogenic acid in green coffee beans. Despite that the HPLC analysis (at these specific operating conditions) presents some coeluting peaks, MCR-ALS allowed their resolution and, consequently, the creation of a calibration curve to be used for the quantification of the analytes of interest; this procedure led to a high accuracy in the quantification of caffeine and chlorogenic acid present in the samples. In a second part of this study, the possibility of classifying the green coffee beans on the basis of their cultivar (Arabica or Robusta), by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA), has been explored. SIMCA resulted in 100% of sensitivity and specificity for the Arabica class, while for the Robusta, it reached 66.7% of sensitivity and 100% of specificity, or 100% of sensitivity and 100% of specificity, depending on the extraction procedure followed prior to the chromatographic analysis; PLS-DA achieved 100% of correct classification independently of the procedure used for the extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Luca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ciotoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biancolillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Remo Bucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea D Magrì
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Food Science, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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11
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Non-destructive analysis of sucrose, caffeine and trigonelline on single green coffee beans by hyperspectral imaging. Food Res Int 2017; 106:193-203. [PMID: 29579918 PMCID: PMC5886291 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a novel technology for the food sector that enables rapid non-contact analysis of food materials. HSI was applied for the first time to whole green coffee beans, at a single seed level, for quantitative prediction of sucrose, caffeine and trigonelline content. In addition, the intra-bean distribution of coffee constituents was analysed in Arabica and Robusta coffees on a large sample set from 12 countries, using a total of 260 samples. Individual green coffee beans were scanned by reflectance HSI (980–2500 nm) and then the concentration of sucrose, caffeine and trigonelline analysed with a reference method (HPLC-MS). Quantitative prediction models were subsequently built using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression. Large variations in sucrose, caffeine and trigonelline were found between different species and origin, but also within beans from the same batch. It was shown that estimation of sucrose content is possible for screening purposes (R2 = 0.65; prediction error of ~ 0.7% w/w coffee, with observed range of ~ 6.5%), while the performance of the PLS model was better for caffeine and trigonelline prediction (R2 = 0.85 and R2 = 0.82, respectively; prediction errors of 0.2 and 0.1%, on a range of 2.3 and 1.1% w/w coffee, respectively). The prediction error is acceptable mainly for laboratory applications, with the potential application to breeding programmes and for screening purposes for the food industry. The spatial distribution of coffee constituents was also successfully visualised for single beans and this enabled mapping of the analytes across the bean structure at single pixel level. NIR hyperspectral imaging was applied to green coffee beans on a single seed basis. Sucrose, caffeine and trigonelline were analysed from single beans using HPLC-MS. PLS regression models were built to quantify for the coffee constituents. Prediction models were applied to single pixels to visualise the compound distribution. HSI was shown to be useful for rapid non-destructive screening of single coffee beans.
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12
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Santos JR, Rangel AO. Development of a chromatographic low pressure flow injection system using amperometric detection: Application to the analysis of niacin in coffee. Food Chem 2015; 187:152-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Magalhães LM, Machado S, Segundo MA, Lopes JA, Páscoa RNMJ. Rapid assessment of bioactive phenolics and methylxanthines in spent coffee grounds by FT-NIR spectroscopy. Talanta 2015; 147:460-7. [PMID: 26592633 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are a great source of bioactive compounds with interest to pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Phenolics and methylxanthines are the main health related compounds present in SCG samples. Content estimation of these compounds in SCGs is of upmost importance in what concerns their profitable use by waste recovery industries. In the present work, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was proposed as a rapid and non-destructive technique to assess the content of three main phenolics (caffeic acid, (+)-catechin and chlorogenic acid) and three methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine and theophylline) in SCG samples obtained from different coffee brands and diverse coffee machines. The content of these compounds was determined for 61 SCG samples by HPLC coupled with diode-array detection. Partial least squares (PLS) regression based models were calibrated to correlate diffuse reflectance NIR spectra against the reference data for the six parameters obtained by HPLC. Spectral wavelength selection and number of latent variables were optimized by minimizing the cross-validation error. PLS models showed good linearity with a coefficient of determination for the prediction set (Rp(2)) of 0.95, 0.92, 0.88, 071 and 0.84 for caffeine, caffeic acid, (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid and theophylline, respectively. The range error ratio (RER) was higher for caffeine (17.8) when compared to other compounds (12.0, 10.1, 7.6 and 9.2, respectively for caffeic acid, (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid and theophylline). Moreover, the content of caffeine could be used to predict the antioxidant properties of SCG samples (R=0.808, n=61), despite not presenting this property itself. The results obtained confirmed that NIRS is a suitable technique to screen SCG samples unveiling those with high content of bioactive compounds, which are interesting for subsequent extraction procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís M Magalhães
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Sandia Machado
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - João A Lopes
- iMed, Departamento de Farmácia Galénica e Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Ricardo N M J Páscoa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
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14
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Discrimination between Arabica and Robusta Coffees Using Hydrosoluble Compounds: Is the Efficiency of the Parameters Dependent on the Roast Degree? BEVERAGES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages1030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Caprioli G, Cortese M, Maggi F, Minnetti C, Odello L, Sagratini G, Vittori S. Quantification of caffeine, trigonelline and nicotinic acid in espresso coffee: the influence of espresso machines and coffee cultivars. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:465-9. [PMID: 24467514 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.873890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine, trigonelline and nicotinic acid are important bioactive constituents of coffee. In this work, the combination of different water temperatures and pressures in the settings of the espresso coffee (EC) machine was evaluated, to assess how these factors influence how effectively caffeine, trigonelline and nicotinic acid are extracted from both Arabica and Robusta samples. The proposed analytical method, based on a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system coupled to a variable wavelength detector (VWD), showed good linearity (R²> 0.9985) and good recoveries (71-92%); after validation for three monitored compounds, the method was used to analyze 20 commercial samples. The combination of a temperature of 92 °C and pressure at 7 or 9 bar seems to be the ideal setting for the most efficient extraction of these compounds and consequently for their intake; the compound extracted in the greatest quantity was caffeine, which was in the range of 116.87-199.68 mg in a 25 ml cup of coffee.
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Shailajan S, Menon S, Singh A, Mhatre M, Sayed N. A validated RP-HPLC method for quantitation of trigonelline from herbal formulations containing Trigonella foenum-graecum (L.) seeds. Pharm Methods 2013; 2:157-60. [PMID: 23781448 PMCID: PMC3658058 DOI: 10.4103/2229-4708.90354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Trigonella foenum-graecum (L.) (Fabaceae, Fenugreek) is an important ingredient of Ayurvedic and other marketed herbal formulations. Fenugreek seeds are employed in many traditional systems as an antibacterial and antidiabetic agent, gastric stimulant and galactogogue. Trigonelline, a major phytoconstituent found in fenugreek seeds, shows estrogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-invasive activity. Therefore, it is a suitable bioactive marker to establish the quality of crude drug and its formulations. Objective: To develop an efficient and effective RP-HPLC method for estimation of trigonelline from Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds and its marketed herbal formulations. Materials and Methods: Separation and detection of trigonelline was carried out on a Cosmosil CN-MS column eluted with methanol:distilled water [95:5, v/v; pH 3.5 using hydrochloric acid]. Detection was carried out at 267 nm using a Photo Diode Array detector. Fenugreek seeds and two marketed herbal formulations were subjected for HPLC analysis of Trigonelline. Results: The RP-HPLC method was validated as per ICH guidelines and the content of trigonelline in marketed polyherbal formulations such as Dibet powder and Amyron syrup was determined. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 5.00 ng/mL and 50.00 ng/mL, respectively. Detector response was linear from 100.00 to 8000.00 ng/mL. The method was found to be simple, sensitive, accurate, reproducible and rugged. Conclusion: This work can be recommended for quality assurance and marker-based standardization of formulations containing fenugreek seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Shailajan
- Herbal Research Lab, Ramnarain Ruia College, Matunga (E), Mumbai, India
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Perrone D, Donangelo CM, Farah A. Fast simultaneous analysis of caffeine, trigonelline, nicotinic acid and sucrose in coffee by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2008; 110:1030-5. [PMID: 26047298 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tzanavaras PD, Themelis DG. Development and validation of a high-throughput high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of caffeine in food samples using a monolithic column. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 581:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Chen Z, Pavelic P, Dillon P, Naidu R. Determination of caffeine as a tracer of sewage effluent in natural waters by on-line solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. WATER RESEARCH 2002; 36:4830-4838. [PMID: 12448526 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new liquid chromatographic (LC) method with automated on-line solid phase extraction was developed to determine caffeine at sub-microgram per litre concentrations in waters. The filtered sample was pre-concentrated in a pre-column, which was backwashed with acidic water at pH of 2.70. The concentrated caffeine was separated using a C18 column with a gradient of water-acetonitrile and detected by diode array detection (DAD) at 210 nm. Four different pre-columns: C18, PRP-1, PLRP-s and Env were evaluated for the on-line solid phase extraction of caffeine. The PLRP-s pre-column allowed the enrichment of up to 100 mL of environmental water sample with highest recovery. The procedure was validated by recovery experiments in water spiked at 0.5 1.0 and 4.0 microg/L. Average recoveries were between 92.1 +/- 5.2% and 97.8 +/- 2.6%. Detection limits as low as 0.1 microg/L from 50 ml of sample were achieved. The proposed method has the advantages of higher reliability and sensitivity, simpler sample preparation and shorter analysis time in comparison with off-line solid-phase extraction. The utility of the method was demonstrated at two field sites: Bolivar and Halls Head (Australia). At Bolivar, the treatment process included 6-week lagoon storage which is believed to have attenuated caffeine, and thus limited its use as an environmental tracer of reclaimed water. At the Halls Head site, where the storage period is shorter, caffeine was detected in both the treated sewage effluent and in groundwater near ponds where the reclaimed water is at similar concentrations. These results suggest that the environmental conditions under which caffeine is conservative require better definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuliang Chen
- CSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide Laboratory, Australia.
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Iwaki M, Murakami E, Kakehi K. Chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic methods for the analysis of nicotinic acid and its metabolites. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 747:229-40. [PMID: 11103908 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methods for the assay of nicotinic acid (NiAc) and its metabolites in biological fluids using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are reviewed. Most of the references cited in this review concern HPLC methods. A few CE methods that have been recently reported are also included. As these compounds are relatively polar and have a wide range of physico-chemical properties, the sample pre-treatment or clean-up process prior to analysis is included. Most HPLC methods using an isocratic elution system allow determination of a single or few metabolites, but gradient HPLC methods enable simultaneous determination of five to eight compounds. Simultaneous determination of NiAc including many metabolites in a single run can be achieved by CE. We also discuss the pharmacokinetics of NiAc and some of its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
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Casal S, Beatriz Oliveira M, Ferreira MA. HPLC/diode-array applied to the thermal degradation of trigonelline, nicotinic acid and caffeine in coffee. Food Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(99)00228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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