In silicoapproaches towards the exploration of rice bran proteins-derived angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides

Cereal bran proteins: recent advances in extraction, properties, and applications

The projected global population is expected to reach around 9.7 billion by 2050, indicating a greater demand for proteins in the human diet. Cereal bran proteins (CBPs) have been identified as high-quality proteins, with potential applications in both the food and pharmaceutical industries. In 2020, global cereal grain production was 2.1 billion metric tonnes, including wheat, rice, corn, millet, barley, and oats. Cereal bran, obtained through milling, made up 10-20% of total cereal grain production, varying by grain type and milling degree. In this article, the molecular composition and nutritional value of CBPs are summarized, and recent advances in their extraction and purification are discussed. The functional properties of CBPs are then reviewed, including their solubility, binding, emulsifying, foaming, gelling, and thermal properties. Finally, current challenges to the application of CBPs in foods are highlighted, such as the presence of antinutritional factors, low digestibility, and allergenicity, as well as potential strategies to improve the nutritional and functional properties by overcoming these challenges. CBPs exhibit nutritional and functional attributes that are similar to those of other widely used plant-based protein sources. Thus, CBPs have considerable potential for use as ingredients in food, pharmaceutical, and other products.

Plant-derived proteins as a sustainable source of bioactive peptides: recent research updates on emerging production methods, bioactivities, and potential application

The development of novel protein sources to compensate for the expected future shortage of traditional animal proteins due to their high carbon footprint is a major contemporary challenge in the agri-food industry currently. Therefore, both industry and consumers are placing a greater emphasis on plant proteins as a sustainable source of protein to meet the growing nutritional demand of ever increasing population. In addition to being key alternatives, many plant-based foods have biological properties that make them potentially functional or health-promoting foods, particularly physiologically active peptides and proteins accounting for most of these properties. This review discusses the importance of plant-based protein as a viable and sustainable alternative to animal proteins. The current advances in plant protein isolation and production and characterization of bioactive hydrolysates and peptides from plant proteins are described comprehensively. Furthermore, the recent research on bioactivities and bioavailability of plant protein-derived bioactive peptides is reviewed briefly. The limitations of using bioactive peptides, regulatory criteria, and the possible future applications of plant protein-derived bioactive peptides are highlighted. This review may help understand plant proteins and their bioactive peptides and provide valuable suggestions for future research and applications in the food industry.

Recent advancement in functional properties and toxicity assessment of plant-derived bioactive peptides using bioinformatic approaches

Nowadays, biopeptides have gained considerable interest by the food industries, given their potent biological effect on health. BPs, when released from the sequence of their precursors by proteolytic enzymes, improved the various physiological functions of the body. Diabetic and hypertension are the two most common life-threatening diseases linked to dietary patterns. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (hypertension-responsible glycoprotein) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) (proline-specific dimeric aminopeptidase) have been widely used as molecular target sites of action of bioactive compounds possessing antihypertensive and antidiabetic effects. Although, BPs possess considerable biological properties (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulating, antiproliferative, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive effects), most of them possess inherent lacunae such as toxicity, allergenicity, bitterness, and lack of detailed mechanistic investigation, limiting their commercial application. The present review provides an overview on various sources of bioactive peptides, conventional and modern methods of extraction, and challenges that need to be addressed before its commercial application. In addition, bioinformatics' role in exploring the functional properties of biopeptides (ACE and DPP-IV inhibitory effects) toxicity, the target site of action with special reference to plant-based peptides, and recent burgeoning proficiencies in biopeptide research have been discussed.

An overview on antioxidant peptides from rice bran proteins: extraction, identification, and applications

Rice by-products, generated through the milling processes, have recently been recognized as a potential source of bioactive compounds, such as proteins, essential amino acids, and phenolics. Owing to their antioxidant capacity (which improve the storage stability of foods), these compounds have gained much attention because of their beneficial impacts on human health. It has to be noted that large quantities of rice by-products are not efficiently utilized, which may result in industrial wastes and environmental consequences. Thence, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive insight on the antioxidant capabilities, extraction, identification, functional attributes, and applications of bioactive hydrolysates and peptides derived from rice bran protein. This overview would provide an insight on rice bran proteins, which are abundant in bioactive peptides, and could be used as value-added products in food and pharmaceutical applications. Inclusion of bioactive peptides to prevent food spoilage while maintaining food safety has also been highlighted.

Identification of an ACE-Inhibitory Peptide from Walnut Protein and Its Evaluation of the Inhibitory Mechanism

In the present study, a novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE inhibitory) peptide, EPNGLLLPQY, derived from walnut seed storage protein, fragment residues 80–89, was identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) from walnut protein hydrolysate. The IC₅₀ value of the peptide was 233.178 μM, which was determined by the high performance liquid chromatography method by measuring the amount of hippuric acid (HA) generated from the ACE decomposition substrate (hippuryl-l-histidyl-l-leucine (HHL) to assess the ACE activity. Enzyme inhibitory kinetics of the peptide against ACE were also conducted, by which the inhibitory mechanism of ACE-inhibitory peptide was confirmed. Moreover, molecular docking was simulated by Discovery Studio 2017 R2 software to provide the potential mechanisms underlying the ACE-inhibitory activity of EPNGLLLPQY.