Diabetes area patent participation analysis – part II: years 2011-2016

Simultaneous determination of free DL-amino acids in human hair with a novel DBD-M-Pro derivatization by UHPLC-HRMS: An application in diabetes patients

Human hair is a non-invasive biological sample that is easy to collect and store and can reflect long-term body health. However, the correlation between DL-amino acids and metabolic diseases in hair samples has not been studied. Therefore, we propose a novel UHPLC-HRMS method for analyzing seven free chiral amino acids (DL-Thr, DL-Glu, DL-Ala, DL-Val, DL-Pro, DL-Leu, and DL-Phe) simultaneously in hair samples by derivatization of chiral probe 4-(N,N-dmethylaminosulfonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-trans-2-methyl-L-proline (DBD-M-Pro) labeled with targeted amino functional groups. Gradient elution was carried out using an ACQUITYTM BEH C18 (100×2.1 mm,1.7 μm) column with a mobile phase of 0.15 % formic acid (FA) in 10 mM ammonium acetate (CH3-COONH4) and 0.2 % FA in acetonitrile. The labelled DL-amino acid diastereoisomers could be completely separated, with a resolution (Rs) of 1.59-11.44. These amino acids show a strong linear correlation within the range of 3.1-99.2 pmol (R2 ≥ 0.9990). Intraday and interday precision was 1.87 %-14.87 %. The average recovery was 96.12 %-105.33 %. The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.29 to 2.11 pmol. We then employed the method to determine the concentration of free chiral amino acids in hair samples from 30 healthy volunteers (HVs) and 30 diabetes patients (DPs). Male diabetes patients had significantly higher levels of L-Thr, L-Val, L-Leu (p < 0.05), and D-Ala (p < 0.01) in their hair samples than male healthy volunteers and female diabetes patients had significantly higher levels of D-Ala (p < 0.05) in their hair samples than female healthy volunteers. This is the first study to confirm the feasibility of using free DL-amino acids in human hair as potential biomarkers for diabetes.

Huangqi decoction ameliorates kidney injury in db/db mice by regulating the BMP/Smad signaling pathway

PURPOSE

This study aims to investigate the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of Huangqi decoction (HQD) on Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in diabetic db/db mice.

METHODS

Eight-week-old male diabetic db/db mice were randomly divided into four groups: Model (1% CMC), HQD-L (0.12 g/kg), HQD-M (0.36 g/kg), and HQD-H (1.08 g/kg) groups. Non-diabetic db/m mice were served as the control group. These mice received HQD treatment for 8 weeks. After treatment, the kidney function, histopathology, micro-assay, and protein expression levels were assessed.

RESULTS

HQD treatment improved the albumin/creatine ratio (ACR) and 24 h urinary albumin excretion, prevented the pathological phenotypes of increased glomerular volume, widened mesangial areas, the of mesangial matrix proliferation, foot process effacement, decreased nephrin expression and reduced number of podocytes. Expression profiling analysis revealed global transcriptional changes that predicted related functions, diseases and pathways. HQD treatment activated protein expressions of BMP2, BMP7, BMPR2, and active-Rap1, while inhibiting Smad1 and phospho-ERK. In addition, HQD was associated with improvements in lipid deposition in the kidneys of db/db mice.

CONCLUSION

HQD ameliorated the progression of DKD in db/db mice by regulating BMP transcription and downstream targets, inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK and the expression of Smad1, promoting Rap1 binding to GTP, and regulating the lipid metabolism. These findings provide a potential therapeutic approach for treating DKD.

GPR119 agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: an updated patent review (2014-present)

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a rapid-growing complex chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to lessened insulin secretion, insulin resistance and hepatic glucose overproduction. GPR119 is a class A of G protein-coupled receptor, expressed on certain enteroendocrine L and K cells in the small intestine and by β-cells within the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Activation of GPR119 stimulates the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the intestinal tract and glucose-dependent release of insulin in pancreatic β-cells.Area covered: This review summarized the reported patents on GPR119 agonists from 2014 to present. The authors described the structural features of these novel synthetic molecules and compared their biological activities (including in vitro and in vivo) as potent GPR119 agonists for the treatment of diabetes.Expert opinion: GPR119 agonists remain the advantage of stimulating both insulin and incretin release in a glucose-dependent manner over other hypoglycemic agents, although some GPR119 agonist clinical candidates have been discontinued in Phase І or Phase II. GPR119 agonists will succeed to be developed as anti-diabetic drugs after accumulated scaffolds of agonists are discovered and the crystallographic structure of GPR119 is elucidated. The synergic effect of GPR119 agonist and DPP-4 inhibitor will also elicit a benefit for the new therapeutic of diabetes.

Dose Predictions for Drug Design

The efficacious dose of a drug is perhaps the most holistic metric reflecting its therapeutic potential. Dose is predicted at many stages in drug discovery and development. Prior to the 1990s, dose prediction was limited to the drug "working" at a reasonable dose and dose regimen in an animal model. Through the early 2000s, dose predictions were generated at candidate nomination and then refined during clinical development. Currently, dose predictions can be made early in drug discovery to enable drug design. Dose predictions at this stage can identify critical drug properties for a viable dose regimen and provide clinically relevant context to lead optimization. In this paper, we give an overview of the opportunities and challenges associated with dose prediction for drug design. A number of general considerations, approaches, and case examples are discussed.

Design and synthesis of tetrahydropyridopyrimidine derivatives as dual GPR119 and DPP-4 modulators

Based on the approach of merged pharmacophores of GPR119 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, a series of tetrahydropyridopyrimidine compounds were designed as dual GPR119 and DPP-4 modulators with hypoglycemic activity. Seven fragments extracted from DPP-4 inhibitors were hybridized with the scaffold of tetrahydropyridopyrimidine. Among them, compound 51 displayed most potent GPR119 agonistic activity (EC₅₀ = 8.7 nM) and good inhibition rate of 74.5% against DPP-4 at 10 μM. Furthermore, the blood glucose AUC_0-2h of 51 was reduced to 19.5% in the oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) at the dose of 30 mg/kg in C57BL/6N mice, which was more potent than that of vildagliptin (16.4%) at the same dose. The docking study of compound 51 with DPP-4 indicated GPR119 agonists could inhibit DPP-4 to serve as dual GPR119 and DPP-4 modulators.

Modified UCN2 Peptide Acts as an Insulin Sensitizer in Skeletal Muscle of Obese Mice

The neuropeptide urocortin 2 (UCN2) and its receptor corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) are highly expressed in skeletal muscle and play a role in regulating energy balance and glucose metabolism. We investigated a modified UCN2 peptide as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance, with a specific focus on skeletal muscle. High-fat-fed mice (C57BL/6J) were injected daily with a PEGylated UCN2 peptide (compound A) at 0.3 mg/kg subcutaneously for 14 days. Compound A reduced body weight, food intake, whole-body fat mass, and intramuscular triglycerides compared with vehicle-treated controls. Furthermore, whole-body glucose tolerance was improved by compound A treatment, with increased insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation at Ser⁴⁷³ and Thr³⁰⁸ in skeletal muscle, concomitant with increased glucose transport into extensor digitorum longus and gastrocnemius muscle. Mechanistically, this is linked to a direct effect on skeletal muscle because ex vivo exposure of soleus muscle from chow-fed lean mice to compound A increased glucose transport and insulin signaling. Moreover, exposure of GLUT4-Myc-labeled L6 myoblasts to compound A increased GLUT4 trafficking. Our results demonstrate that modified UCN2 peptides may be efficacious in the treatment of type 2 diabetes by acting as an insulin sensitizer in skeletal muscle.

Technological Innovations in Disease Management: Text Mining US Patent Data From 1995 to 2017

BACKGROUND

Patents are important intellectual property protecting technological innovations that inspire efficient research and development in biomedicine. The number of awarded patents serves as an important indicator of economic growth and technological innovation. Researchers have mined patents to characterize the focuses and trends of technological innovations in many fields.

OBJECTIVE

To expand patent mining to biomedicine and facilitate future resource allocation in biomedical research for the United States, we analyzed US patent documents to determine the focuses and trends of protected technological innovations across the entire disease landscape.

METHODS

We analyzed more than 5 million US patent documents between 1995 and 2017, using summary statistics and dynamic topic modeling. More specifically, we investigated the disease coverage and latent topics in patent documents over time. We also incorporated the patent data into the calculation of our recently developed Research Opportunity Index (ROI) and Public Health Index (PHI), to recalibrate the resource allocation in biomedical research.

RESULTS

Our analysis showed that protected technological innovations have been primarily focused on socioeconomically critical diseases such as "other cancers" (malignant neoplasm of head, face, neck, abdomen, pelvis, or limb; disseminated malignant neoplasm; Merkel cell carcinoma; and malignant neoplasm, malignant carcinoid tumors, neuroendocrine tumor, and carcinoma in situ of an unspecified site), diabetes mellitus, and obesity. The United States has significantly improved resource allocation to biomedical research and development over the past 17 years, as illustrated by the decreasing PHI. Diseases with positive ROI, such as ankle and foot fracture, indicate potential research opportunities for the future. Development of novel chemical or biological drugs and electrical devices for diagnosis and disease management is the dominating topic in patented inventions.

CONCLUSIONS

This multifaceted analysis of patent documents provides a deep understanding of the focuses and trends of technological innovations in disease management in patents. Our findings offer insights into future research and innovation opportunities and provide actionable information to facilitate policy makers, payers, and investors to make better evidence-based decisions regarding resource allocation in biomedicine.