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Cui S, Li H, Wang S, Jiang X, Zhang S, Zhang R, Sun X. Ultrasensitive UPLC-MS-MS method for the quantitation of etheno-DNA adducts in human urine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:10902-14. [PMID: 25337939 PMCID: PMC4211013 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111010902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Etheno-DNA adducts are generated from the metabolism of exogenous carcinogens and endogenous lipid peroxidation. We and others have previously reported that 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine (εdA) and 3,N4-ethenodeoxycytidine (εdC) are present in human urine and can be utilized as biomarkers of oxidative stress. In this study, we report a new ultrasensitive UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the analysis of εdA and εdC in human urine, capable of detecting 0.5 fmol εdA and 0.3 fmol εdC in 1.0 mL of human urine, respectively. For validation of the method, 20 human urine samples were analyzed, and the results revealed that the mean levels of εdA and εdC (SD) fmol/µmol creatinine are 5.82 ± 2.11 (range 3.0–9.5) for εdA and 791.4 ± 328.8 (range 116.7–1264.9) for εdC in occupational benzene-exposed workers and 2.10 ± 1.32 (range 0.6–4.7) for εdA and 161.8 ± 200.9 (range 1.8–557.5) for εdC in non-benzene-exposed workers, respectively. The ultrasensitive detection method is thus suitable for applications in human biomonitoring and molecular epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Haibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Shaojia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan province, China.
| | - Rongjie Zhang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan province, China.
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
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Brenner DR, Scherer D, Muir K, Schildkraut J, Boffetta P, Spitz MR, Le Marchand L, Chan AT, Goode EL, Ulrich CM, Hung RJ. A review of the application of inflammatory biomarkers in epidemiologic cancer research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1729-51. [PMID: 24962838 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a facilitating process for multiple cancer types. It is believed to affect cancer development and progression through several etiologic pathways, including increased levels of DNA adduct formation, increased angiogenesis, and altered antiapoptotic signaling. This review highlights the application of inflammatory biomarkers in epidemiologic studies and discusses the various cellular mediators of inflammation characterizing the innate immune system response to infection and chronic insult from environmental factors. Included is a review of six classes of inflammation-related biomarkers: cytokines/chemokines, immune-related effectors, acute-phase proteins, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, prostaglandins and cyclooxygenase-related factors, and mediators such as transcription factors and growth factors. For each of these biomarkers, we provide a brief overview of the etiologic role in the inflammation response and how they have been related to cancer etiology and progression within the literature. We provide a discussion of the common techniques available for quantification of each marker, including strengths, weaknesses, and potential pitfalls. Subsequently, we highlight a few under-studied measures to characterize the inflammatory response and their potential utility in epidemiologic studies of cancer. Finally, we suggest integrative methods for future studies to apply multifaceted approaches to examine the relationship between inflammatory markers and their roles in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Brenner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dominique Scherer
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Andrew T Chan
- Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Weimann A, Broedbaek K, Henriksen T, Stovgaard ES, Poulsen HE. Assays for urinary biomarkers of oxidatively damaged nucleic acids. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:531-40. [PMID: 22352957 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.647693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of oxidized nucleic acid metabolites can be performed by a variety of methodologies: liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical or mass-spectrometry detection, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis and ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The major analytical challenge is specificity. The best combination of selectivity and speed of analysis can be obtained by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric detection. This, however, is also the most demanding technique with regard to price, complexity and skills requirement. The available ELISA methods present considerable specificity problems and cannot be recommended at present. The oxidized nucleic acid metabolites in urine are assumed to originate from the DNA and RNA. However, direct evidence is not available. A possible contribution from the nucleotide pools is most probably minimal, if existing. Recent investigation on RNA oxidation has shown conditions where RNA oxidation but not DNA oxidation is prominent, and while investigation on DNA is of huge interest, RNA oxidation may be overlooked. The methods for analyzing oxidized deoxynucleosides can easily be expanded to analyze the oxidized ribonucleosides. The urinary measurement of oxidized nucleic acid metabolites provides a non-invasive measurement of oxidative stress to DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Weimann
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Quantifying etheno-DNA adducts in human tissues, white blood cells, and urine by ultrasensitive (32)P-postlabeling and immunohistochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2011. [PMID: 21057929 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-409-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Exocyclic etheno-DNA adducts are formed by the reaction of lipid peroxidation products, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) with DNA bases to yield 1,N (6)-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine (εdA), 3,-N (4)-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine (εdC), and etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine. These adducts act as a driving force for many human malignancies and are elevated in the organs of cancer-prone patients suffering from chronic inflammation and infections. Here, we describe the ultrasensitive and specific techniques for the detection of εdA and εdC in tissue and white blood cell (WBC) DNA. This approach is based on -combined immunopurification by monoclonal antibodies and (32)P-postlabeling analysis. The detection limit is about five adducts per 10(10) parent nucleotides, requiring 5-10 μg of DNA. In addition, we describe techniques for immunohistochemical detection of εdA and εdC in tissue biopsies, and the approaches for the -analysis of εdA and εdC excreted in urine. The utility of these detection methods for human studies is based on: (1) high sensitivity and specificity, (2) low amounts of DNA required, (3) capability to detect "background" levels of etheno-DNA adducts in biopsies, WBC, and urine samples of healthy subjects, and (4) reliable monitoring of the disease-related increase of these substances in patients.The described methods are useful in diagnosis and monitoring of chronic degenerative diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Analytical methods in DNA and protein adduct analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2563-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cooke MS, Henderson PT, Evans MD. Sources of extracellular, oxidatively-modified DNA lesions: implications for their measurement in urine. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 45:255-70. [PMID: 19902015 PMCID: PMC2771246 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.sr09-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a robust mechanistic basis for the role of oxidation damage to DNA in the aetiology of various major diseases (cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, cancer). Robust, validated biomarkers are needed to measure oxidative damage in the context of molecular epidemiology, to clarify risks associated with oxidative stress, to improve our understanding of its role in health and disease and to test intervention strategies to ameliorate it. Of the urinary biomarkers for DNA oxidation, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is the most studied. However, there are a number of factors which hamper our complete understanding of what meausrement of this lesion in urine actually represents. DNA repair is thought to be a major contributor to urinary 8-oxodG levels, although the precise pathway(s) has not been proven, plus possible contribution from cell turnover and diet are possible confounders. Most recently, evidence has arisen which suggests that nucleotide salvage of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGua can contribute substantially to 8-oxoG levels in DNA and RNA, at least in rapidly dividing cells. This new observation may add an further confounder to the conclusion that 8-oxoGua or 8-oxodG, and its nucleobase equivalent 8-oxoguanine, concentrations in urine are simply a consequence of DNA repair. Further studies are required to define the relative contributions of metabolism, disease and diet to oxidised nucleic acids and their metabolites in urine in order to develop urinalyis as a better tool for understanding human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus S Cooke
- Radiation and Oxidative Stress Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Bilding, University of Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
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Dechakhamphu S, Yongvanit P, Nair J, Pinlaor S, Sitthithaworn P, Bartsch H. High Excretion of Etheno Adducts in Liver Fluke–Infected Patients: Protection by Praziquantel against DNA Damage. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1658-64. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Meerang M, Nair J, Sirankapracha P, Thephinlap C, Srichairatanakool S, Fucharoen S, Bartsch H. Increased urinary 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine and 3,N4-ethenodeoxycytidine excretion in thalassemia patients: markers for lipid peroxidation-induced DNA damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1863-8. [PMID: 18342016 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thalassemic diseases including homozygous beta-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia/Hb E (beta-Thal/Hb E) are prevalent in Southeast Asia. Iron overload is a common complication in beta-thalassemia patients which induces intracellular oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO). LPO end products generate miscoding etheno adducts in DNA which after their repair are excreted in urine. We investigated whether urinary levels of 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine (epsilondA) and 3,N4-ethenodeoxycytidine (epsilondC) can serve as putative cancer risk markers in beta-Thal/Hb E patients. epsilondA and epsilondC levels were assayed in collected urine samples by immunoprecipitation-HPLC-fluorescence and 32P-postlabeling TLC, respectively. Mean epsilondA (fmol/micromol creatinine) levels in urine of beta-Thal/Hb E patients ranged from 4.8 to 120.4 (33.8+/-3.9; n=37) and were 8.7 times higher compared to asymptomatic controls (1.4-13.8; 3.9+/-0.8; n=20). The respective epsilondC levels ranged from 0.15 to 32.5 (5.2+/-1.3; n=37) and were increased some 13 times over controls (0.04-1.2; 0.4+/-0.7; n=20). epsilondC levels were correlated positively with NTBI (r=0.517; P=0.002), whereas epsilondA showed only a trend (r=0.257; P=0.124). We conclude that the strongly increased urinary excretion of etheno adducts indicates elevated LPO-induced DNA damage in internal organs such as the liver. These highly promutagenic lesions may contribute to the increased risk of thalassemia patients to develop hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayura Meerang
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Bartsch H. Dr Jagadeesan Nair, Senior Scientist at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) 1953–2007. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:887-8. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Cooke MS, Olinski R, Loft S. Measurement and Meaning of Oxidatively Modified DNA Lesions in Urine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:3-14. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Nair U, Bartsch H, Nair J. Lipid peroxidation-induced DNA damage in cancer-prone inflammatory diseases: a review of published adduct types and levels in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1109-20. [PMID: 17854706 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent oxidative stress and excess lipid peroxidation (LPO), induced by inflammatory processes, impaired metal storage, and/or dietary imbalance, cause accumulations and massive DNA damage. This massive DNA damage, along with deregulation of cell homeostasis, leads to malignant diseases. Reactive aldehydes produced by LPO, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, malondialdehyde, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde, react directly with DNA bases or generate bifunctional intermediates which form exocyclic DNA adducts. Modification of DNA bases by these electrophiles, yielding promutagenic exocyclic adducts, is thought to contribute to the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects associated with oxidative stress-induced LPO. Ultrasensitive detection methods have facilitated studies of the concentrations of promutagenic DNA adducts in human tissues, white blood cells, and urine, where they are excreted as modified nucleosides and bases. Thus, immunoaffinity-(32)P-postlabeling, high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, immunoslotblot assay, and immunohistochemistry have made it possible to detect background concentrations of adducts arising from endogenous LPO products in vivo and studies of their role in carcinogenesis. These background adduct levels in asymptomatic human tissues occur in the order of 1 adduct/10(8) and in organs affected by cancer-prone inflammatory diseases these can be 1 or 2 orders of magnitude higher. In this review, we critically discuss the accuracy of the available methods and their validation and summarize studies in which measurement of exocyclic adducts suggested new mechanisms of cancer causation, providing potential biomarkers for cancer risk assessment in humans with cancer-prone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Nair
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Bartsch H, Nair J. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the genesis and perpetuation of cancer: role of lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and repair. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2006; 391:499-510. [PMID: 16909291 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-006-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic inflammation, induced by biological, chemical, and physical factors, was associated with increased risk of human cancer at various sites. Chronic inflammatory processes induce oxidative/nitrosative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO), thereby generating excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and DNA-reactive aldehydes. Miscoding etheno- and propano-modified DNA bases are generated inter alia by reaction of DNA with these major LPO products. Steady-state levels of LPO-derived (etheno-) DNA adducts in organs affected by persistent inflammatory processes were investigated as potential lead markers for assessing progression of inflammatory cancer-prone diseases. RESULTS Using ultrasensitive and specific detection methods for the analysis of human tissues, cells, and urine, etheno-DNA adduct levels were found to be significantly elevated in the affected organs of subjects with chronic pancreatitis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. Patients with alcohol-related liver diseases showed excess hepatic DNA damage progressively increasing from hepatitis, fatty liver, to liver cirrhosis. Ethenodeoxyadenosine excreted after DNA repair in urine of hepatitis B virus-related chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis patients was increased up to 90-fold. Putative mechanisms that may control DNA damage in inflamed tissues including impaired or imbalanced DNA repair pathways are reviewed. CONCLUSION Persistent oxidative/nitrosative stress and excess LPO are induced by inflammatory processes in a self-perpetuating process and cause progressive accumulation of DNA damage in target organs. Together with deregulation of cell homeostasis, the resulting genetic changes act as driving force in chronic inflammation-associated human disease pathogenesis. Thus steady-state levels of DNA damage caused by ROS, RNS, and LPO end products provide promising molecular signatures for risk prediction and potential targets and biomarkers for preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Bartsch
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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