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From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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2
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Guglielmetti C, Brusadore S, Pezzolato M, Baioni E, Ingravalle F, Acutis PL, Mazza M, Bozzetta E. Validation of serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1) as a protein marker of illicit dexamethasone treatment in veal calves. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1065-1073. [PMID: 35412417 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2062057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The illicit use of dexamethasone and other glucocorticoids for cattle fattening in livestock production has been widely described; evidence for illegal treatments can be obtained by direct or indirect detection. In our previous study, we applied two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) to identify plasma protein markers of dexamethasone administration in veal calves. Comparison of 2DE maps obtained from blood samples before and after treatment showed the disappearance of two protein spots identified as serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 precursor (PON1). In the present study, we validated PON1 as a marker by analysing a larger number of samples treated with dexamethasone for illicit use. Analysis of samples from experimental treatment with other glucocorticoids, androgens and oestrogens confirmed that their influence on PON1 could be excluded. The specificity of the PON1 protein marker was verified on expected negative field samples to exclude interfering factors. However, there is poor statistical evidence to support a significant association between the outcome of PON1 and the considered variables. The results on field samples were compared with histological examination of the thymus as a biomarker of corticosteroid treatment monitored in the Italian histological plan for the control of growth promoters in animals. Two suspect cases were identified from two Piedmont farms where other animals had tested positive at histological examination. In conclusion, the absence of PON1 in the plasma of veal calves can indirectly reveal illicit dexamethasone treatment in individual animals and so identify suspect farms for further investigation. It is effective in a period ranging from 3 to about 10 days from illicit treatment, covering a time span that goes beyond the limits of official chemical controls and preceding histological controls on the thymus of slaughtered animals. PON1 detection in plasma can be coupled with other tests to identify illegal dexamethasone use on veal calf farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Guglielmetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Sonia Brusadore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Baioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Ingravalle
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Mazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
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Kinkead RA, Elliott CT, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Gadaj A, Mooney MH. Plasma metabolomic profiling based detection of drug specific responses to different bovine growth promoting regimes. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Stella R, Barrucci F, Angeletti R, James P, Montesissa C, Biancotto G. Targeted proteomics for the indirect detection of dexamethasone treatment in bovines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8343-8353. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9951-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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5
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Stella R, Biancotto G, Arrigoni G, Barrucci F, Angeletti R, James P. Proteomics for the detection of indirect markers of steroids treatment in bovine muscle. Proteomics 2015; 15:2332-41. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Stella
- Department of Chemistry; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Legnaro (PD) Italy
| | - Giancarlo Biancotto
- Department of Chemistry; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Legnaro (PD) Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Padova University; Padova Italy
- Proteomics Center of Padova University; Padova Italy
| | - Federica Barrucci
- Department of Public Health and Risk Analysis; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Legnaro (PD) Italy
| | - Roberto Angeletti
- Department of Chemistry; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Legnaro (PD) Italy
| | - Peter James
- Department of Immunotechnology; Medicon Village, Lund University; Lund Sweden
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6
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Proteomic identification of plasma proteins as markers of growth promoter abuse in cattle. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4495-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Pirro V, Girolami F, Spalenza V, Gardini G, Badino P, Nebbia C. Set-up of a multivariate approach based on serum biomarkers as an alternative strategy for the screening evaluation of the potential abuse of growth promoters in veal calves. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:702-11. [PMID: 25730172 PMCID: PMC4396443 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1011713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A chemometric class modelling strategy (unequal dispersed classes - UNEQ) was applied for the first time as a possible screening method to monitor the abuse of growth promoters in veal calves. Five serum biomarkers, known to reflect the exposure to classes of compounds illegally used as growth promoters, were determined from 50 untreated animals in order to design a model of controls, representing veal calves reared under good, safe and highly standardised breeding conditions. The class modelling was applied to 421 commercially bred veal calves to separate them into 'compliant' and 'non-compliant' with respect to the modelled controls. Part of the non-compliant animals underwent further histological and chemical examinations to confirm the presence of either alterations in target tissues or traces of illegal substances commonly administered for growth-promoting purposes. Overall, the congruence between the histological or chemical methods and the UNEQ non-compliant outcomes was approximately 58%, likely underestimated due to the blindness nature of this examination. Further research is needed to confirm the validity of the UNEQ model in terms of sensitivity in recognising untreated animals as compliant to the controls, and specificity in revealing deviations from ideal breeding conditions, for example due to the abuse of growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Veronica Spalenza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giulia Gardini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Paola Badino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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8
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Regal P, Blokland MH, Fente CA, Sterk SS, Cepeda A, van Ginkel LA. Evaluation of the discriminative potential of a novel biomarker for estradiol treatments in bovine animals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:370-378. [PMID: 25485694 DOI: 10.1021/jf503773u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous occurrence of natural hormones obstructs the application of classical targeted methods as confirmatory options. In the case of estradiol, the ultimate confirmation of its exogenous administration relies on gas chromatography coupled to combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C/IRMS). A serum dipeptide composed of pyroglutamic acid and phenylalanine was identified as a potential biomarker of estradiol treatments in adult cows. To evaluate its potential to pinpoint suspicious samples, samples from prepubertal females under different estrogenic treatments have been analyzed. The results confirmed the up-regulation of the dipeptide in adult bovines. The 2-week-old females exhibited short-lasting responses only in a few animals. The 6-month-old female showed a delayed but clear increase on the biomarker level. The composition of the anabolic preparations, the dose, and/or the administration route are possible additional reasons for the reduced response in young animals. A comparison to previous results reported by various researchers is included.
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9
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Guglielmetti C, Mazza M, Pagano M, Carrella S, Sciuto S, Nodari S, Pezzolato M, Richelmi G, Baioni E, Caramelli M, Acutis P, Bozzetta E. Identification by a proteomic approach of a plasma protein as a possible biomarker of illicit dexamethasone treatment in veal calves. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:833-8. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Smits NGE, Ludwig SKJ, Van der Veer G, Bremer MGEG, Nielen MWF. Multiplex flow cytometric immunoassay for serum biomarker profiling of recombinant bovine somatotropin. Analyst 2014; 138:111-7. [PMID: 22805655 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) is licensed for enhancing milk production in dairy cows in some countries, for instance the United States, but is banned in Europe. Serum biomarker profiling can be an adequate approach to discriminate between treated and untreated groups. In this study a multiplex screening tool of a small set of biomarkers for pinpointing recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) (ab)use was developed and evaluated: insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) and rbST-induced antibodies were selected as rbST dependent markers and combined in one parallel assay format. For this, the color-encoded microspheres were used in a suspension array, with a dedicated flow cytometer. Serum samples obtained from an animal experiment with rbST-treated and untreated dairy cows were measured with the developed triplex immunoassay and biomarker responses on rbST treatment were evaluated. This resulted in characteristic treatment-dependent responses for all three individual biomarkers. Combining these results with the statistical prediction model k-nearest neighbours (kNN), resulted in good discrimination of treated and untreated animals: an overall sensitivity (true positive rate) of 89.1% and an overall specificity (true negative rate) of 97.7% were reached. Therefore, this is the first multiplex method which can be applied with high confidence for screening of unknown herds of cattle pinpointing at rbST (ab)use.
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11
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Regal P, Seijas JA, Cepeda A, Fente C. Structure elucidation and HPLC-MS/MS determination of a potential biomarker for estradiol administration in cattle. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9537-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Ludwig SKJ, Smits NGE, Cannizzo FT, Nielen MWF. Potential of treatment-specific protein biomarker profiles for detection of hormone abuse in cattle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4514-4519. [PMID: 23582010 DOI: 10.1021/jf4004972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein biomarker profiling is suggested as a fast screening approach for detection of illegal hormone treatment in meat production. The advantage of using biomarkers is that they mark the biological response and, thus, are responsive to a panel of substances with similar effects. In a preliminary feasibility study, a 4-plex protein biomarker flow cytometric immunoassay (FCIA) previously developed for the detection of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) was applied to cattle treated with steroids, such as estradiol, dexamethasone, and prednisolone. Each treatment resulted in a specific plasma biomarker profile for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein 2, osteocalcin, and anti-rbST antibodies, which could be distinguished from the profile of untreated animals. In summary, the 4-plex biomarker FCIA is, apart from rbST, also capable of detecting treatment with other growth-promoting agents and therefore clearly shows the potential of biomarker profiling as a screening method in veterinary control. It is proposed to perform additional validation studies covering high numbers of treated and untreated animals to support inclusion or adaptation of protein biomarker approaches in future monitoring regulations.
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13
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Biancotto G, Stella R, Pozza G, Stefani A, Lega F, Angeletti R. Sub-therapeutic treatments of bulls with dexamethasone: direct and indirect markers of treatment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:430-42. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.749540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Ludwig SKJ, Smits NGE, van der Veer G, Bremer MGEG, Nielen MWF. Multiple protein biomarker assessment for recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) abuse in cattle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52917. [PMID: 23300820 PMCID: PMC3531382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarker profiling, as a rapid screening approach for detection of hormone abuse, requires well selected candidate biomarkers and a thorough in vivo biomarker evaluation as previously done for detection of growth hormone doping in athletes. The bovine equivalent of growth hormone, called recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) is (il)legally administered to enhance milk production in dairy cows. In this study, first a generic sample pre-treatment and 4-plex flow cytometric immunoassay (FCIA) were developed for simultaneous measurement of four candidate biomarkers selected from literature: insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), its binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), osteocalcin and endogenously produced antibodies against rbST. Next, bovine serum samples from two extensive controlled rbST animal treatment studies were used for in vivo validation and biomarker evaluation. Finally, advanced statistic tools were tested for the assessment of biomarker combination quality aiming to correctly identify rbST-treated animals. The statistical prediction tool k-nearest neighbours using a combination of the biomarkers osteocalcin and endogenously produced antibodies against rbST proved to be very reliable and correctly predicted 95% of the treated samples starting from the second rbST injection until the end of the treatment period and even thereafter. With the same biomarker combination, only 12% of untreated animals appeared false-positive. This reliability meets the requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC for screening methods in veterinary control. From the results of this multidisciplinary study, it is concluded that the osteocalcin - anti-rbST-antibodies combination represent fit-for-purpose biomarkers for screening of rbST abuse in dairy cattle and can be reliably measured in both the developed 4-plex FCIA as well as in a cost-effective 2-plex microsphere-based binding assay. This screening method can be incorporated in routine veterinary monitoring programmes: in the European Union for detection of rbST abuse and in the control of rbST-free dairy farms in the United States of America and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann K J Ludwig
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Effect-based proteomic detection of growth promoter abuse. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1171-9. [PMID: 23151655 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Unregulated growth promoter use in food-producing animals is an issue of concern both from food safety and animal welfare perspectives. However, the monitoring of such practices is analytically challenging due to the concerted actions of users to evade detection. Techniques based on the monitoring of biological responses to exogenous administrations have been proposed as more sensitive methods to identify treated animals. This study has, for the first time, profiled plasma proteome responses in bovine animals to treatment with nortestosterone decanoate and 17β-oestradiol benzoate, followed by dexamethasone administration. Two-dimensional fluorescence differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis revealed a series of hepatic and acute-phase proteins within plasma whose levels were up- or down-regulated within phases of the treatment regime. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immuno-assays were developed to quantify responses of identified protein markers during the experimental treatment study with a view to developing methods which can be used as screening tools for growth promoter abuse detection. SPR analysis demonstrated the potential for plasma proteins to be used as indicative measures of growth promoter administrations and concludes that the sensitivity and robustness of any detection approach based on plasma proteome analysis would benefit from examination of a range of proteins representative of diverse biological processes rather being reliant on specific individual markers.
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16
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Uslenghi F, Divari S, Cannizzo FT, De Maria R, Spada F, Mulasso C, Pezzolato M, Bozzetta E, Attucci A, Giorgi P, Biolatti B. Application of absolute qPCR as a screening method to detect illicit 17β-oestradiol administration in male cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 30:253-63. [PMID: 23131142 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.740777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated that the progesterone receptor gene is up-regulated in the sex accessory glands of pre-pubertal and adult male bovines after 17β-oestradiol treatment. In the present study, a qualitative screening method was optimised to detect 17β-oestradiol treatment using absolute quantification by qPCR of the progesterone receptor gene to determine the amount of gene expression in bulbo-urethral glands. An external standard curve was generated and developed with TaqMan® technology. Based on two in vivo experiments, the decision limit CCα, sensitivity and specificity of this screening method were established. Trial 1 consisted of 32 Friesian veal calves divided into two groups: group A (n = 12), consisting of animals treated with four doses of 17β-oestradiol (5 mg week(-1) per animal); and group B (n = 20), consisting of control animals. Trial 2 was performed on 26 Charolaise beef cattle that either received five doses of 17β-oestradiol (group C; 20 mg week(-1) per animal; n = 6) or remained untreated (group D; n = 20). Further, progesterone receptor gene expression was evaluated in beef and veal calves for human consumption. A specific CCα on 20 Piedmontese control beef cattle was calculated to include these animals in a field investigation. Five out of 190 beef cattle and 26 out of 177 calves tested expressed the progesterone receptor gene above their respective CCα and they were classified as being suspected of 17β-oestradiol treatment. Additionally, 58% of veal calves that tested suspect via qPCR exhibited histological lesions of the bulbo-urethral gland tissue, which are typical of oestrogen administration and are consistent with hyperplasia and metaplasia of the glandular epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Uslenghi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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17
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Regal P, Cepeda A, Fente C. Development of an LC-MS/MS method to quantify sex hormones in bovine milk and influence of pregnancy in their levels. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:770-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.653989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Blokland MH, Van Tricht EF, Van Rossum HJ, Sterk SS, Nielen MWF. Endogenous steroid profiling by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and multivariate statistics for the detection of natural hormone abuse in cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1030-45. [PMID: 22651818 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.675593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
For years it has been suspected that natural hormones are illegally used as growth promoters in cattle in the European Union. Unfortunately there is a lack of methods and criteria that can be used to detect the abuse of natural hormones and distinguish treated from non-treated animals. Pattern recognition of steroid profiles is a promising approach for tracing/detecting the abuse of natural hormones administered to cattle. Traditionally steroids are analysed in urine as free steroid after deconjugation of the glucuronide (and sulphate) conjugates. The disadvantage of this deconjugation is that valuable information about the steroid profile in the sample is lost. In this study we develop a method to analyse steroids at very low concentration levels (ng l(-1)) for the free steroid, glucuronide and sulphate conjugates in urine samples. This method was used to determine concentrations of natural (pro)hormones in a large population (n = 620) of samples from male and female bovine animals and from bovine animals treated with testosterone-cypionate, estradiol-benzoate, dihydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone. The data acquired were used to build a statistical model applying the multivariate technique 'Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy' (SIMCA). It is demonstrated that by using this model the results of the urine analysis can indicate which animal may have had illegal treatment with natural (pro)hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Blokland
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Residues, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands.
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19
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Use of NMR metabolomic plasma profiling methodologies to identify illicit growth-promoting administrations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:573-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Smits NGE, Bremer MGEG, Ludwig SKJ, Nielen MWF. Development of a flow cytometric immunoassay for recombinant bovine somatotropin-induced antibodies in serum of dairy cows. Drug Test Anal 2011; 4:362-7. [PMID: 21964757 DOI: 10.1002/dta.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) to enhance milk production in dairy cows is banned within the European Union. Therefore, methods for pinpointing rbST abuse are required. Due to the problematic detection of rbST itself in serum, methods are also focused on detecting changes in rbST-related biomarkers. In this study, a fast and easy-to-perform microsphere-based flow cytometric immunoassay (FCIA) for detection of rbST-induced antibodies in serum was developed. Until now, detection of rbST-induced antibodies was also problematic due to non-specific binding of serum proteins resulting in a high rate of false positive results. Therefore, five different sample preparation methods, i.e. dilution, octanoic acid precipitation, filtration, protein G purification, and a previously described generic FCIA sample preparation were critically compared to overcome non-specific binding to the microspheres. Only the generic FCIA sample pretreatment was effective in reducing non-specific binding. As a result, an absolute decision level for detecting rbST antibodies in serum of dairy cows was determined and its applicability was demonstrated. In accordance with biological expectations from literature, rbST antibodies were induced in three out of four rbST-treated dairy cows. These rbST-induced antibodies were successfully detected for up to 4 weeks after the last rbST treatment, whereas no false positive results were obtained for 27 untreated dairy cows. This is the first method, able to overcome the interference of serum proteins and therefore, can be applied with high confidence for screening unknown herds of cattle for rbST antibodies, an important biomarker for pinpointing at rbST abuse in cattle.
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21
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Lopparelli RM, Giantin M, Pozza G, Stefani AL, Ravarotto L, Montesissa C, Dacasto M. Target gene expression signatures in neutrophils and lymphocytes from cattle administered with dexamethasone at growth promoting purposes. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:226-33. [PMID: 21807391 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX), when used as a growth promoter, cause morphological and functional alterations in cattle lymphoid organs and cells. In the present experiment, the transcriptional effects of an illicit DEX protocol upon six target genes were investigated in cattle neutrophils (NEU) and lymphocytes (LFC). Blood samples were taken before (T(0)) and 2, 3, 10, 19, 31 and 43 days from the beginning of DEX administration (T(1)-T(6)). Leukocytes were counted and cells isolated by gradient centrifugation; then, glutathione peroxidase 1 and 3 (GPX1 and GPX3), glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα), l-selectin, nuclear factor κB, subunit p65 (NFκB) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) mRNA amounts were measured through a quantitative Real Time RT-PCR approach. A significant change vs controls in NEU/LFC ratio was noticed from T(3) forward. Compared to T(0), DEX significantly increased to a variable extent all candidate gene mRNAs abundances in NEU; in contrast, only l-selectin, GRα and GPX1 were significantly up-regulated in LFC. Present results suggest that illicit DEX affects transcription in cattle immune cells, that might be considered as a promising surrogate tissue for the screening of DEX abuse in cattle farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lopparelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Patologia comparata ed Igiene veterinaria, viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Agripolis Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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22
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Novel strategies for tracing the exposure of meat cattle to illegal growth-promoters. Vet J 2011; 189:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Stella R, Biancotto G, Krogh M, Angeletti R, Pozza G, Sorgato MC, James P, Andrighetto I. Protein expression changes in skeletal muscle in response to growth promoter abuse in beef cattle. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2744-57. [PMID: 21425879 DOI: 10.1021/pr101255c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fraudulent treatment of cattle with growth promoting agents (GPAs) is a matter of great concern for the European Union (EU) authorities and consumers. It has been estimated that 10% of animals are being illegally treated in the EU. In contrast, only a much lower percentage of animals (<0.5%) are actually found as being noncompliant by conventional analytical methods. Thus, it has been proposed that methods should be developed that can detect the use of the substances via the biological effects of these substances on target organs, such as the alteration of protein expression profiles. Here we present a study aimed at evaluating if a correlation exists between the treatment with GPAs and alterations in the two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) protein pattern obtained from the biceps brachii skeletal muscle from mixed-bred cattle. After image analysis and statistical evaluation, protein spots that differentiate between treated and control groups were selected for analysis by mass spectrometry. A set of proteins could be defined that accurately detect the use of glucocorticoids and β(2)-agonists as growth promoters through the changes caused in muscle differentiation. As a further validation, we repeated the analysis using an independent set of samples from a strain of pure-bred cattle and verified these proteins by Western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Stella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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24
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Regal P, Nebot C, Díaz-Bao M, Barreiro R, Cepeda A, Fente C. Disturbance in sex-steroid serum profiles of cattle in response to exogenous estradiol: a screening approach to detect forbidden treatments. Steroids 2011; 76:365-75. [PMID: 21172370 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol benzoate (EB) has been one of the most widely used estrogenic agents in animal husbandry, as a way of exogenously introducing the natural hormone estradiol-17β into the animal organism. Estradiol was previously employed to induce anabolic effects or reproductive improvements in cattle. However, the employment of EB in European countries has been permanently forbidden by Directive 2008/97/EC to guarantee consumers' health. Despite this prohibition, the control of estradiol-17β and its esters continues to be a difficult task for residue-monitoring plans in European Communities because official analyses of natural thresholds for hormones in cattle have not yet been established, leading to a lack of confirmation for any exogenous administration of natural hormones. Several researchers have worked on excretion profiles of metabolites, variation in specific hormonal ratios and metabolomic fingerprints after hormonal treatments. This research focuses on the possible existence of disturbances in the serum profile of animals treated with EB in terms of steroid sex hormones (androgens, oestrogens and progestogens), by investigating the serum levels of several of these hormones. The serum samples were collected from three groups of cows: one treated with an intramuscular injection of EB, one treated with a combination of intravaginal EB and progesterone and a control (non-treated) group. The samples have been analysed by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method, and 17 natural hormones were identified and quantified. Subsequently, data from the serum profiles were submitted for statistic and multivariate analysis, and it was possible to observe a manifest variation between animal groups. The obtained results can help in the development of a viable screening tool for monitoring purposes in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
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25
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Targeted and untargeted profiling of biological fluids to screen for anabolic practices in cattle. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Situ C, Mooney MH, Elliott CT, Buijs J. Advances in surface plasmon resonance biosensor technology towards high-throughput, food-safety analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Regal P, Nebot C, Vázquez BI, Cepeda A, Fente C. Determination of naturally occurring progestogens in bovine milk as their oxime derivatives using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1621-1627. [PMID: 20564454 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormones and hormone-like substances which are present in the environment have been repeatedly accused of being the cause of most endocrine disruption. However, the possible role of endogenous hormones in food of animal origin deserves to be discussed as well. The relation between steroid hormones and several human health problems has been previously reported, such as prostate and breast cancer, perturbation of human reproduction and endocrine disruption on humans and wildlife. This research is particularly concerned with cow's milk, which contains a considerable amount of sex hormones. RESULTS A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of four naturally occurring steroid hormones in commercial bovine milk (pregnenolone (P5), progesterone (P4), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-OHP5), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (P4)). Oxime derivatives of steroids were analyzed in positive ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mode. Methodology has been validated according to Decision 2002/657/EC criteria. CONCLUSION This method has been successfully used in real samples. It is fast and easy-handling and provides a useful tool for the assessment of progestogens in bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
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28
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The use of omic technologies for biomarker development to trace functions of anabolic agents. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8192-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Regal P, Vázquez B, Franco C, Cepeda A, Fente C. Quantitative LC–MS/MS method for the sensitive and simultaneous determination of natural hormones in bovine serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2457-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Mooney M, Elliott C, Le Bizec B. Combining biomarker screening and mass-spectrometric analysis to detect hormone abuse in cattle. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Mooney MH, Bergwerff AA, van Meeuwen JA, Luppa PB, Elliott CT. Biosensor-based detection of reduced sex hormone-binding globulin binding capacities in response to growth-promoter administrations. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 637:235-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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32
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Cacciatore G, Eisenberg SW, Situ C, Mooney MH, Delahaut P, Klarenbeek S, Huet AC, Bergwerff AA, Elliott CT. Effect of growth-promoting 17β-estradiol, 19-nortestosterone and dexamethasone on circulating levels of nine potential biomarker candidates in veal calves. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 637:351-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Cunningham RT, Mooney MH, Xia XL, Crooks S, Matthews D, O’Keeffe M, Li K, Elliott CT. Feasibility of a Clinical Chemical Analysis Approach To Predict Misuse of Growth Promoting Hormones in Cattle. Anal Chem 2009; 81:977-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801966g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodat T. Cunningham
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K., School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, U.K., Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, Biometrics and Information Systems, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), AFBI Headquarters, 18a NewForge Lane Belfast BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - Mark H. Mooney
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K., School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, U.K., Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, Biometrics and Information Systems, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), AFBI Headquarters, 18a NewForge Lane Belfast BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - Xiao-Lei Xia
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K., School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, U.K., Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, Biometrics and Information Systems, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), AFBI Headquarters, 18a NewForge Lane Belfast BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - Steven Crooks
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K., School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, U.K., Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, Biometrics and Information Systems, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), AFBI Headquarters, 18a NewForge Lane Belfast BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - David Matthews
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K., School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, U.K., Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, Biometrics and Information Systems, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), AFBI Headquarters, 18a NewForge Lane Belfast BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - Michael O’Keeffe
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K., School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, U.K., Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, Biometrics and Information Systems, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), AFBI Headquarters, 18a NewForge Lane Belfast BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - Kang Li
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K., School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, U.K., Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, Biometrics and Information Systems, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), AFBI Headquarters, 18a NewForge Lane Belfast BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - Christopher T. Elliott
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K., School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, U.K., Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, Biometrics and Information Systems, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), AFBI Headquarters, 18a NewForge Lane Belfast BT9 5PX, U.K
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