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Jansen SJ, Müller BJ, Cramer SJE, Te Pas AB, Lopriore E, Bekker V. Developing a design-based concept to improve hand hygiene in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Res 2023:10.1038/s41390-023-02482-9. [PMID: 36694024 PMCID: PMC10382316 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand hygiene (HH) is the most critical measure in the prevention of nosocomial infections in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Improving and sustaining adequate HH compliance rates, however, remains a significant challenge. Using a behavioral change framework and nudge theory, we developed a design-based concept aimed at facilitating and stimulating HH behavior. METHODS Concept development was initiated by selecting a theoretical framework after which contextual field studies aimed at discovering causes for poor compliance were conducted. Potential solutions were brainstormed upon during focus group sessions. Low-fidelity prototypes were tested regarding feasibility, usability, and acceptability. A final concept was crafted drawing from findings from each design phase. RESULTS Complying with recommended HH guidelines is unrealistic and infeasible due to frequent competing (clinical) priorities requiring HH. The concept "Island-based nursing," where a patient room is divided into two geographical areas, namely, the island and general zone, was created. HH must be performed upon entering and exiting the island zone, and after exposure to any surface within the general zone. Reminding of HH is prompted by illuminated demarcation of the island zone, serving as the concept's nudge. CONCLUSIONS Island zone demarcation facilitates and economizes HH indications in an innovative and intuitive manner. IMPACT Although hand hygiene (HH) is the single most important element in the prevention of nosocomial infections in neonates, improving and sustaining adequate HH compliance rates remains a significant challenge. Complying with recommended HH guidelines was found to be unrealistic and infeasible due to the significant amount of time required for HH in a setting with a high workload and many competing (clinical) priorities. The concept of "Island-based nursing," under which the primary HH indication is upon entering and exiting the island zone, facilitates and economizes HH indications in an innovative and user-friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Jansen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Britt J Müller
- Department of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie J E Cramer
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan B Te Pas
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Lopriore
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Bekker
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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Gillebaart M, Ybema JF, de Ridder DTD. Make it a habit: how habit strength, goal importance and self-control predict hand washing behaviour over time during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Health 2022; 37:1528-1546. [PMID: 35137657 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2022.2036740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hand washing has been at the core of recommendations and guidelines that aim to curb infectious diseases in general, and COVID-19 in particular. As hand washing comes down to an individual's behaviour, we aimed to study how individual psychological variables influence hand washing over time during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN Over the course of 20 weeks, participants answered questions about their hand washing behaviour, goal importance, habit strength and self-control. Participants from an experimental and a control condition completed a baseline and final measurement, and the experimental condition was invited to bi-weekly measurements through reminders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Hand washing behaviour over the past 14 days was assessed by self-report at baseline and final measurement, and additionally repeatedly over the course of 20 weeks in the experimental condition. RESULTS Hand washing behaviour decreased over time, but this decrease was buffered by habit strength and goal importance. The decrease was smaller in the experimental condition that received reminders every 2 weeks. CONCLUSION Sending personal reminders on hand washing behaviour contributes to hand washing behaviour. Moreover, taking habit strength and goal importance, and to a lesser extent self-control into account is important when designing interventions to promote hand washing behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Gillebaart
- Social, Health, and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Fekke Ybema
- Social, Health, and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Denise T D de Ridder
- Social, Health, and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Roberts KR, Paez P, Sauer K, Alcorn M, Johnson DE. Impact of Training on Employees' Handwashing Behaviors in School Nutrition Programs. J Acad Nutr Diet 2022; 123:770-782.e4. [PMID: 36427831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School nutrition employee behavior plays an important role in preventing foodborne outbreaks and protecting the almost 30 million children who partake in daily school lunch. OBJECTIVE The study aim was to compare the impact of using a food safety training program with or without using a realistic-event video on handwashing behavior modification for school nutrition employees. DESIGN A 2-group (control and experimental) pretest with 2 post-tests design was used. The control group received training without the video and the experimental group received the food safety training with a realistic-event video. Measurements used to address the purpose and objectives of this study included questionnaires and direct observations. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING The sample consisted of 443 school nutrition employees responsible for food preparation and service affiliated with 21 school districts in 18 states. Approximately half of the sample attended the original unmodified training and the other half attended the modified training. Data were collected in the United States during 2017. A total of 338 employees participated in the observations and 443 participants completed the questionnaires during the 3 phases; 935 questionnaires were used for the analysis. INTERVENTION The intervention involved a food safety training program embedded with a realistic-event video related to handwashing. The video used previous research to target antecedents to handwashing behavior among participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Actual behavior was observed across 3 phases-pretraining, post training, and final-for both the control and experimental groups. In addition, indirect and direct measures of behavioral intentions for handwashing were measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED For the observation data, a 2-way, fixed-effects, mixed-model procedure was used to analyze the data. Simple and multiple linear regression and contingency table analyses looking for differences among phases and treatments were used for questionnaire data analysis. RESULTS Most practices were reported as in compliance (51.3% to 80.6%) for both the control and experimental groups during all phases. The experimental group had a higher behavioral intention of properly washing their hands than participants in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that handwashing practices were in compliance most of the time for both the control and experimental groups during all 3 observation periods. Differences among the data collection periods on the theory of planned behavior constructs indicated no statistical effect of the treatment (exposure to the video) between the control and intervention groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Roberts
- Department of Hospitality Management, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; Center for Food Safety in Child Nutrition Programs, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
| | - Paola Paez
- Center for Food Safety in Child Nutrition Programs, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Kevin Sauer
- Center for Food Safety in Child Nutrition Programs, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; Department of Food Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Michelle Alcorn
- Hospitality and Retail Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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4
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Amuakwa-Mensah F, Klege RA, Adom PK, Köhlin G. COVID-19 and handwashing: Implications for water use in Sub-Saharan Africa. WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMICS 2021; 36:100189. [PMID: 34745865 PMCID: PMC8563594 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2021.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Because the main modes of transmission of the COVID-19 virus are respiration and contact, WHO recommends frequent washing of hands with soap under running water for at least 20 s. This article investigates how the level of concern about COVID-19 affects the likelihood of washing hands frequently in sub-Saharan Africa. We discuss the implication of the findings for water-scarce environment. The study makes use of a unique survey dataset from 12 sub-Saharan African countries collected in April 2020 (first round) and May 2020 (second round) and employs an extended ordered probit model with endogenous covariate. The results show that the level of concern about the spread of the virus increases the likelihood of washing hands with soap under running water for a minimum of 20 s at least five times a day. The increase in the probability of handwashing due to concern about COVID-19, ranges from 3% for Benin to 6.3% for South Africa. The results also show heterogeneous effects across gender- and age-groups, locality and various water sources. However, in Africa, the sustainability of the handwashing protocol could be threatened by the severe water scarcity that exists in the region. To sustain frequent handwashing, sub-Saharan Africa needs an effective strategy for water management and supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Amuakwa-Mensah
- Environment for Development, University of Gothenburg, Box 645, SE 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Afua Klege
- School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
- Henry J Austin Health Center, 321 N. Warren Street, Trenton, 08618, New Jersey, USA
| | - Philip Kofi Adom
- Department of Development Policy School of Public Service, Governance Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration GIMPA, Ghana
| | - Gunnar Köhlin
- Environment for Development, University of Gothenburg, Box 645, SE 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
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5
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Soon JM, Vanany I, Abdul Wahab IR, Hamdan RH, Jamaludin MH. Food safety and evaluation of intention to practice safe eating out measures during COVID-19: Cross sectional study in Indonesia and Malaysia. Food Control 2021; 125:107920. [PMID: 35668872 PMCID: PMC9159731 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has altered consumers' relationship with food, whether through shopping, increased home cooking, taking pre-cautionary measures during food shopping, food delivery and whilst dining out. This study aims to examine the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on consumers' food safety knowledge, attitude and practices and to identify the predictors of food safety practices during COVID-19. An online survey was conducted and received valid responses from 987 respondents. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests, Spearman's rho correlation and multiple regression. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model was used to investigate the intention to practice safe eating out measures during COVID-19. The mean food safety knowledge score was 6.37 ± 1.37 (9.00 = highest score) of which 91.3% of total respondents from Indonesia and Malaysia scored ≥5 points. Consumers also demonstrated positive food safety attitude (4.06 ± 0.99) and reported high frequencies in conducting food safety practices (4.03 ± 0.82) during COVID-19. The TPB has provided valuable framework for understanding consumers' intention to practice safe eating out measures during COVID-19. The multiple regression model explained 63% and 73% of the variance in adherence to safe eating out practices in Indonesia and Malaysia and (p < 0.05) respectively. All the TPB antecedents i.e. attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control were identified as significant predictors on consumers' eating out practices. This suggests that consumers with positive food safety attitude and strong family norms were more likely to adhere to safe eating out measures (e.g. selection of clean and less crowded restaurants, practicing hand hygiene, wearing masks and practising social distancing). The findings also suggest that to fully adhere to the safe practices, it is important to have sufficient support from restaurant staff to ensure social distancing and to provide adequate handwashing facilities. This is the first study to provide new empirical findings on consumers' intention to practice safe eating out measures during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mei Soon
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Iwan Vanany
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | | | - Ruhil Hayati Hamdan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 16100, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Jamaludin
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
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6
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Chung J, Buchanan B. A Self‐Report Survey: Australian Clinicians’ Attitudes Towards Progress Monitoring Measures. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Buchanan
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University
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7
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Dickens GL, Goko C, Ryan E. Nurses' Attitudes and Perceptions towards Hand Hygiene in Mental Health and Medical Inpatient Settings: Comparative, Cross-Sectional Study. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2020; 41:1011-1018. [PMID: 32687453 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2020.1757796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Poor hand hygiene is a major contributor to hospital acquired infection. In this study, a comparison of the related attitudes of psychiatric and non-psychiatric nurses was made using a cross-sectional survey design. N = 79 nurses who work in psychiatric or non-psychiatric hospital wards completed questionnaires regarding intended compliance with hand-washing protocols and potential cognitive predictors of compliance. Perceived ease of compliance and behavioural norms, and working in a non-psychiatric ward, predicted superlative intended compliance. Working in psychiatry did not in itself predict outgroup membership suggesting that psychiatric ward-related factors, rather than psychiatric nurse-related factors are most relevant in determining between-group differences. Consideration of factors unique to psychiatry wards during service design could improve compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Dickens
- Professor of Mental Health Nursing, Centre for Applied Nursing Research, Western Sydney University and South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Charlotte Goko
- Infection Prevention and Control Clinical Nurse Consultant, South Western Sydney Local Health District Mental Health Services, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Emina Ryan
- Infection Prevention and Control Infection Prevention and Control Clinical Nurse Consultant, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
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8
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Kim YJ, Cho JH, Kang SW. Study on the Relationship between Leisure Activity Participation and Wearing a Mask among Koreans during COVID-19 Crisis: Using TPB Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7674. [PMID: 33096689 PMCID: PMC7589600 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study utilizes the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables-including "attitude," "subjective norms," and "perceived behavioral control"-to understand the relationship between mask-wearing behavior and physical/non-physical leisure activity participation in Koreans as well as the tendencies behind mask-wearing intentions within leisure activities. The measurement tools used attitude, subjective norms, control, and mask use intention factors based on the TPB. Overall, 545 individuals participated, and the non-overlapping regions, sex, and age were considered through the stratified sampling method. The survey was conducted online owing to COVID-19, and collected data were derived through descriptive and multiple linear regression analyses. First, a difference in mask-wearing intention based on physical and non-physical leisure activities was identified; second, attitudes and perceived behaviors were considered in light of the dangers posed by COVID-19. It was found that control influences the tendency of intention to wear a mask depending on whether the group was engaged in physical or non-physical activity. Therefore, it can be stated that mask-wearing must be mandatory during physical and non-physical activities owing to respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. It is also important to simultaneously promote a positive attitude toward mask-wearing to enable people to believe that they can stay in full control of their own health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seung-Woo Kang
- Department of Physical Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (J.-h.C.)
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9
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Rodrigues KL, Eves A, das Neves CP, Souto BK, Dos Anjos SJG. The role of Optimistic Bias in safe food handling behaviours in the food service sector. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108732. [PMID: 32156339 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the influences on food handlers' intention to conduct safe handling behaviours in food service settings in Brazil and the United Kingdom, focusing on Optimistic bias (OB). Although OB has been identified in food handlers in other studies, this is the first study evaluating the role of OB in determining behavioural intention. Three hundred participants, from the United Kingdom (n = 150) and Brazil (n = 150), completed a Theory of Planned Behaviour - based questionnaire, including additional questions about OB. For Brazilian food handlers, Attitude had a significant influence on Behavioural Intention followed by Subjective Norm, while Perceived Behavioural Control and OB did not significantly influence Behavioural Intention. For the United Kingdom, Perceived Behavioural Control had the largest influence, followed by Attitude, and then OB. Results suggest that cultural differences may influence predictors of behavioural intention, and that OB can contribute to predicting engagement in safe handling behaviours. Results contribute to a better understanding of the influences on food safety related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Lameiro Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; School of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
| | - Anita Eves
- School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Pereira das Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Gon G, Virgo S, de Barra M, Ali SM, Campbell OM, Graham WJ, Nash S, Woodd SL, de Bruin M. Behavioural Determinants of Hand Washing and Glove Recontamination before Aseptic Procedures at Birth: A Time-and-Motion Study and Survey in Zanzibar Labour Wards. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041438. [PMID: 32102276 PMCID: PMC7068290 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent research calls for distinguishing whether the failure to comply with World Health Organisation hand hygiene guidelines is driven by omitting to rub/wash hands, or subsequently recontamination of clean hands or gloves prior to a procedure. This study examined the determinants of these two behaviours. Across the 10 highest-volume labour wards in Zanzibar, we observed 103 birth attendants across 779 hand hygiene opportunities before aseptic procedures (time-and-motion methods). They were then interviewed using a structured cross-sectional survey. We used mixed-effect multivariable logistic regressions to investigate the independent association of candidate determinants with hand rubbing/washing and avoiding glove recontamination. After controlling for confounders, we found that availability of single-use material to dry hands (OR:2.9; CI:1.58–5.14), a higher workload (OR:29.4; CI:12.9–67.0), more knowledge about hand hygiene (OR:1.89; CI:1.02–3.49), and an environment with more reminders from colleagues (OR:1.20; CI:0.98–1.46) were associated with more hand rubbing/washing. Only the length of time elapsed since donning gloves (OR:4.5; CI:2.5–8.0) was associated with avoiding glove recontamination. We identified multiple determinants of hand washing/rubbing. Only time elapsed since washing/rubbing was reliably associated with avoiding glove recontamination. In this setting, these two behaviours require different interventions. Future studies should measure them separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Gon
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (O.M.C.); (W.J.G.); (S.N.); (S.L.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandra Virgo
- University of Kent, Higher Education Access Tracker, Catenrbury CT2 7NZ, UK;
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK;
| | - Said M. Ali
- Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar 9820, Tanzania;
| | - Oona M. Campbell
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (O.M.C.); (W.J.G.); (S.N.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Wendy J. Graham
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (O.M.C.); (W.J.G.); (S.N.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Stephen Nash
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (O.M.C.); (W.J.G.); (S.N.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Susannah L. Woodd
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (O.M.C.); (W.J.G.); (S.N.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Marijn de Bruin
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Zhang CQ, Fang R, Zhang R, Hagger MS, Hamilton K. Predicting Hand Washing and Sleep Hygiene Behaviors among College Students: Test of an Integrated Social-Cognition Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041209. [PMID: 32069991 PMCID: PMC7068472 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Hand washing and sleep hygiene are two important health behaviors. The purpose of the current study was to identify the motivational and volitional antecedents of college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors based on an integrated model of behavior that combined social-cognition constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). Methods: Using a prospective design, college students (N = 1106) completed a survey assessing the motivational constructs of action self-efficacy, attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and behaviors of hand washing and sleep hygiene at Time 1. Demographic variables were also collected. One month later, at Time 2, college students (N = 524) self-reported on their volitional factors of maintenance self-efficacy, action planning, coping planning, and behaviors of hand washing and sleep hygiene. A further 2 months later, at Time 3, college students (N = 297) were asked to self-report on their hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors over the past month. Findings: Data were analyzed using variance-based structural equation modelling. Results showed significant direct effects of attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on intentions; significant direct effects of action self-efficacy on maintenance self-efficacy; and significant direct effects of maintenance self-efficacy on action planning and coping planning. Significant direct effects of intention on action planning (sleep hygiene only), and significant direct effects of intention, maintenance self-efficacy (hand washing only), action and coping planning on behavior were also observed. Action planning also moderated the intention–behavior relationship, but only for hand washing. There were also significant total indirect effects of action self-efficacy on behavior mediated by maintenance self-efficacy, action planning, and coping planning for both behaviors, and significant total indirect effects of subjective norm and perceived behavioral control on behavior mediated by intention for sleep hygiene. When past behavior was included in the integrated model predicting all the psychological variables and behavior, all of the structural relations were attenuated. Discussion: Current findings indicate that college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors are a function of both motivational and volitional factors. Findings also indicate that the TPB and HAPA pathways might differ for the two health behaviors. Implications of the current findings for future health interventions aimed at improving college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Sport and Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.-Q.Z.); (R.F.); Tel.: +852-3411-6404 (C.-Q.Z.); Fax: +852-3411-5757 (C.-Q.Z.)
| | - Rongyu Fang
- Department of Hygiene and Health Management, Qujing Medical College, Qujing 655011, China
- Correspondence: (C.-Q.Z.); (R.F.); Tel.: +852-3411-6404 (C.-Q.Z.); Fax: +852-3411-5757 (C.-Q.Z.)
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Sports Science & Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
| | - Martin S. Hagger
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA;
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4122, Australia;
| | - Kyra Hamilton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4122, Australia;
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Erasmus V, Otto S, De Roos E, van Eijsden R, Vos MC, Burdorf A, van Beeck E. Assessment of correlates of hand hygiene compliance among final year medical students: a cross-sectional study in the Netherlands. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e029484. [PMID: 32054622 PMCID: PMC7045092 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the factors that influence the hand hygiene compliance of final year medical students, using a theoretical behavioural framework. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey assessing self-reported compliance and its behavioural correlates. SETTING Internships of medical students in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS 322 medical students of the Erasmus Medical Center were recruited over a period of 12 months during the Public Health internship, which is the final compulsory internship after an 18-month rotation schedule in all major specialities. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Behavioural factors influencing compliance to hand hygiene guidelines were measured by means of a questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Social Ecological Models. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the effect of including attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy, knowledge, risk perception and habit on hand hygiene compliance. RESULTS We included 313 students in the analysis (response rate 97%). The behavioural model explained 40% of the variance in self-reported compliance (adjusted R2=0.40). Hand hygiene compliance was strongly influenced by attitudes (perceived outcomes of preventive actions), self-efficacy (perception of the ability to perform hand hygiene at the clinical ward) and habit, but was not associated with knowledge and risk perception. CONCLUSIONS Targeting medical students' behaviour should focus on the empowerment of these juniors and provide them with evidence on the health benefits of prevention, rather than increasing their factual knowledge of procedures. Clinical teaching environments could help them form good patient safety habits during this vital phase of their career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Erasmus
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzie Otto
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emmely De Roos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Margreet C Vos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Alex Burdorf
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ed van Beeck
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ng WK, Shaban RZ, van de Mortel T. Hand hygiene beliefs and behaviours about alcohol-based hand rub use: Questionnaire development, piloting and validation. Infect Dis Health 2019; 25:43-49. [PMID: 31727595 DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioural theories are crucial to the development and success of effective hand hygiene interventions. Research demonstrates that hand hygiene behaviours can also be influenced by religious and cultural beliefs. In this paper we detail the processes undertaken to develop a valid and reliable questionnaire to examine healthcare workers' beliefs and behaviours related to the use of alcoholbased hand rub (ABHR), with particular emphasis on associated religious and cultural factors. METHODS Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour, an existing questionnaire was modified and pilot-tested on 35 staff in the Quality Department. Cronbach's alpha values and mean inter-item correlations of the scale items were the main outcome measures. A Pearson correlation was conducted to assess for social desirability response bias. RESULTS The questionnaire demonstrated high content and face validity and satisfactory internal consistency in most scales, except for the religious beliefs, cultural beliefs and perceived behavioural control scales, where the inter-item correlations were 0.10, 0.13, and 0.14, respectively. There was a significant correlation between scores on the social desirability scale and the attitude scale. Partial correlation should be used to control the effect of social desirability responding when analysing data from the attitudes scale. CONCLUSIONS A validation process allowed the introduction and subsequent modification of religious and cultural belief scales to an existing questionnaire examining behavioural and attitudinal influences on hand hygiene using ABHR. Such processes should be considered for questionnaire development and modification when considering religious and cultural factors as drivers of behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Khuan Ng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery & Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ramon Z Shaban
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery & Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Nursing, Midwifery and Clinical Governance Directorate, Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | - Thea van de Mortel
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Clinical Sciences 2 Building (G16), Parklands Drive, Southport, Qld, 4215, Australia.
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Appleby BE. Implementing guideline-checklists: Evaluating health care providers intentional behaviour using an extended model of the theory of planned behaviour. J Eval Clin Pract 2019; 25:664-675. [PMID: 30485609 DOI: 10.1111/jep.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Internationally, clinical guidelines as checklists are increasingly used in acute ward practice to standardize the delivery and raise the quality of care on acute hospital wards. However, when guideline-checklists are implemented repeatedly, health providers' intentions to carry out this type of behaviour are not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate nurses' and health care assistants' (HCAs) intentions to implement a "care round checklist"; a guideline-intervention repeated hourly on hospital wards. Furthermore, an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model's usefulness in explaining this type of behaviour was also evaluated. METHODS A theory-informed questionnaire, guided by the TPB, habit, and clinical context variables, was developed to measure the guideline-checklist behaviour. Quantitative questionnaire data were analysed using descriptive and inferential tests to establish differences in nurses' and HCAs' intentions and the predictive value of the model. RESULTS A sample of 270 nurses and HCAs returned questionnaires from 24 wards in a major hospital in England. The extended TPB model explained 20% of nurses and 24% of HCAs reported intentions to implement a care round checklist, a modest proportion of intent. Attitude and perceived control best predicted nurses' intentions, and attitude and practice habit HCAs' intentions. TPB belief variables helped explain why nurses and HCAs intentions were different. CONCLUSIONS Statistically, the extended TPB model highlighted that nurses and HCAs intentions to implement this type of guideline are predicted by different variables. This implied professional "role" as an important variable in explaining differences in intentions, which should be evaluated and integrated into the future design of this type of checklist. Further variables could be added to explain and learn more about intentional thinking for this type of behaviour and should help to develop a theoretical understanding of intentions underpinning this type of behaviour and ultimately improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben E Appleby
- Birmingham City University, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, 017 Ravensbury, City South Campus, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B153TN
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Kelcikova S, Mazuchova L, Bielena L, Filova L. Flawed self-assessment in hand hygiene: A major contributor to infections in clinical practice? J Clin Nurs 2019; 28:2265-2275. [PMID: 30786083 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the quality of self-assessment and the attitude of healthcare workers (HCWs) to hand hygiene (HH) as possible factors of unsatisfactory HH compliance in clinical practice. BACKGROUND Noncompliance of HH causes healthcare-acquired infections (HAI) in patients. It is assumed that HH-related infections make up approximately 80% of all infections in clinical practice. Our observations suggest that self-assessment and attitude might be surprisingly important factors. DESIGN AND METHOD The cross-sectional approach using questionnaire and direct observation was applied. We followed STROBE guidelines. In total, questionnaires of 639 HCWs of surgical departments were included in the study, and 127 HCWs had been also directly observed. RESULTS High self-assessment regarding HH compliance and its knowledge was reported by 74% and 83% of HCWs, respectively. At the same time, only 51% of HCWs positively evaluated their colleagues with respect to HH. Similar to previous studies, we have found significant differences between physicians and nurses regarding the level of self-assessment, attitude and perception of HH. Physicians were more critical in self-assessment and considered HH less important compared to nurses. The observations revealed drawbacks in HH practices. The high level of self-overassessment might be a contributing factor to noncompliance with HH. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to establish systematic professional training and education of HCWs in relation to their HH, and to continuously monitor and evaluate the level of self-assessment in clinical practice, mainly in surgery. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE A reasonable objective level of self-assessment and attitude to HH are the most important conditions for preventing of HAI in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kelcikova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak
| | - Lucia Mazuchova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak
| | - Lubica Bielena
- Martin University Hospital, Department of Hospital Hygiene, Martin, Slovak
| | - Lenka Filova
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak
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Isaac R, Einion AB, Griffiths TH. Paediatric nurses' adoption of aseptic non-touch technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:S16-S22. [DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2019.28.2.s16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Isaac
- Researcher, Practice Development Nurse, Registered Nursing and Midwifery Council teacher, Registered Nurse (children), Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board
| | - Alys B Einion
- Associate Professor of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Swansea University
| | - T Howard Griffiths
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Interprofessional Health Studies, Swansea University
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to describe the associations of nurses' hand hygiene (HH) attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control with observed and self-reported HH behavior. BACKGROUND Hand hygiene is an essential strategy to prevent healthcare-associated infections. Despite tremendous efforts, nurses' HH adherence rates remain suboptimal. METHODS This quantitative descriptive study of ICU nurses in the southeastern United States was guided by the theory of planned behavior. The self-administered Patient Safety Opinion Survey and iScrub application, which facilitates observation, comprised the data set. RESULTS Nurses' observed HH median was 55%; tendency to self-report was a much higher 90%. Subjective norm and perceived control scores were associated with observed and self-reported HH (P < .05) but not attitude scores or reports of intention. CONCLUSIONS Nurses' subjective norm and perceived control are associated with observed and self-reported HH performance. Healthcare workers overestimate their HH performance. Findings suggest future research to explore manipulators of these variables to change nurses' HH behavior.
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Cresswell P, Monrouxe LV. 'And you'll suddenly realise 'I've not washed my hands': medical students', junior doctors' and medical educators' narratives of hygiene behaviours. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e018156. [PMID: 29572392 PMCID: PMC5875678 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compliance to hygiene behaviours has long been recognised as important in the prevention and control of healthcare associated infections, but medical doctors still display some of the lowest rates of compliance of all healthcare workers. We aim to understand compliance to hygiene behaviours by analysing medical students', junior doctors' and medical educators' narratives of these behaviours to identify their respective attitudes and beliefs around compliance and how these are learnt during training. Such an understanding can inform future interventions to improve compliance targeted to areas of greatest need. DESIGN A qualitative study, using narrative interviews (nine focus groups and one individual interview). Data were analysed thematically using inductive framework analysis. SETTING Teaching hospitals in the UK. PARTICIPANTS Convenience sample of 25 participants: third-year medical students in their first clinical year (n=13), junior doctors (n=6) and medical educators (n=6). RESULTS We identified four main themes: (1) knowledge, (2) constraints, (3) role models/culture and (4) hygiene as an added extra. Knowledge varied across participant groups and appeared to influence behaviours; medical students relied on what they have been told by seniors, while medical educators relied on their own knowledge and experience. There was a strong belief that evidence for the effectiveness of good hygiene behaviours is lacking. Furthermore, medical educators' behaviour appears to strongly influence others. Finally, hygiene was predominately viewed as an added extra rather than an integral part of the process. CONCLUSIONS Awareness of the evidence around good hygiene needs to be improved at all levels. Medical students and junior doctors should be encouraged to consider why they are asked to perform certain hygiene behaviours in order to improve ownership of those behaviours. Medical educators need to recognise their responsibilities as role models for their junior counterparts, thereby understanding their role in developing the culture of hygiene practices within their clinical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Cresswell
- NHS East and North Hertfordshire Clinical Commissioning Group, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - Lynn V Monrouxe
- Chang Gung Medical Education Research Centre (CG-MERC), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Hennessy M, Bleakley A, Ellithorpe M. Prototypes reflect normative perceptions: implications for the development of reasoned action theory. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2017; 23:245-258. [PMID: 28612624 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2017.1339896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The reasoned action approach is one of the most successful behavioral theories in the history of social psychology. This study outlines the theoretical principles of reasoned action and considers when it is appropriate to augment it with a new variable. To demonstrate, we use survey data collected from a 4 to 17 year old U.S. adolescents to test how the 'prototype' variables fit into reasoned action approach. Through confirmatory factor analysis, we find that the prototype measures are normative pressure measures and when treated as a separate theoretical construct, prototype identity is not completely mediated by the proximal predictors of behavioral intention. We discuss the assumptions of the two theories and finally consider the distinction between augmenting a specific theory versus combining measures derived from different theoretical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hennessy
- a Annenberg School for Communication , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Amy Bleakley
- a Annenberg School for Communication , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Morgan Ellithorpe
- b Department of Advertising and Public Relations , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
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Rigby R, Pegram A, Woodward S. Hand decontamination in clinical practice: a review of the evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 26:448-451. [DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2017.26.8.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rigby
- Adult nursing student, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London
| | - Anne Pegram
- Lecturer, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London
| | - Sue Woodward
- Lecturer, Head of Clinical Education, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London
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Piras SE, Lauderdale J, Minnick A. An elicitation study of critical care nurses' salient hand hygiene beliefs. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2017; 42:10-16. [PMID: 28433240 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe critical care nurses' hand hygiene attitudinal, normative referent, and control beliefs. BACKGROUND Hand hygiene is the primary strategy to prevent healthcare-associated infections. Social influence is an underdeveloped hand hygiene strategy. METHODS This qualitative descriptive study was conducted with 25 ICU nurses in the southeastern United States. Data were collected using the Nurses' Salient Belief Instrument. RESULTS Thematic analysis generated four themes: Hand Hygiene is Protective; Nurses look to Nurses; Time-related Concerns; and Convenience is Essential. CONCLUSION Nurses look to nurses as hand hygiene referents and believe hand hygiene is a protective behaviour that requires time and functional equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Piras
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, 461 21st Ave., South Nashville, TN 37240-1119, United States.
| | - Jana Lauderdale
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, 461 21st Ave., South Nashville, TN 37240-1119, United States.
| | - Ann Minnick
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, 461 21st Ave., South Nashville, TN 37240-1119, United States.
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Lennon A, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Matthews S. Pedestrian self-reported use of smart phones: Positive attitudes and high exposure influence intentions to cross the road while distracted. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 98:338-347. [PMID: 27825043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pedestrian crashes are an important issue globally as pedestrians are a highly vulnerable road user group, accounting for approximately 35% of road deaths worldwide each year. In highly motorised countries, pedestrian distraction by hand held technological devices appears to be an increasing factor in such crashes. An online survey (N=363) was conducted to 1) obtain prevalence information regarding the extent to which people cross the road while simultaneously using mobile phones for potentially distracting activities; 2) identify whether younger adult pedestrians are more exposed to/at risk of injury due to this cause than older adults; and 3) explore whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) might provide insight into the factors influencing the target behaviours. Self-reported frequency of using a smart phone for three levels of distraction (visual and cognitive-texting/internet; cognitive only- voice calls; audio only-listening to music) while crossing the road was collected. Results indicated that about 20% of the sample had high exposure to smart phone use while crossing, especially 18-30year olds who were significantly more likely than other age groups to report frequent exposure. TPB constructs of Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioural Control significantly predicted intentions to use a smart phone while crossing the road, accounting for 62% of variance in Intentions for the entire sample, and 54% of the variance for 18-30year olds. Additional variables of Mobile Phone Involvement and Group Norms provided an additional significant 6% of the variance explained for both groups. Attitude was by far the strongest predictor for both the whole sample and for 18-30year olds, accounting for 38% and 41% explained variance, respectively. This suggests that pedestrians with positive attitudes towards using their smart phones while crossing the road have stronger intentions to do so. Moreover, high exposure was associated with stronger intentions to use a smart phone while crossing, and the effect was large, suggesting high frequency mobile phone use may lead to riskier habits, such as failing to interrupt use while crossing the road. Interventions should target pedestrians under 30 years old and aim to strengthen negative attitudes towards using smart phones while crossing, or to challenge the perceived advantages or emphasise the disadvantages of using one's phone while crossing in order to reduce intentions to do so. Young people's perceptions that others in their social group approve of smart phone use while crossing could also be an important factor to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Lennon
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia.
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
| | - Sarah Matthews
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
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Abstract
he importance of high-quality research to address our knowledge deficits in relation to the causes of hospital-acquired infection has been acknowledged by the Department of Health. However, the contribution of nursing research may be restricted by confusion over the use of different paradigms and the discipline's lack of research pedigree. This paper discusses how nursing and infection control has historically favoured quantitative methods as they are associated with rigour, objectivity, generalisation and increased credibility. However, increasingly nurse researchers are turning to qualitative methods as they better explain the complex behavioural issues that affect practice. The paper describes a number of qualitative methods and infection control studies that have adopted these approaches. It concludes by suggesting that infection control nurses, because of their close relationship with practice are well placed to consider the merits of qualitative research as a way of contributing towards the discipline's research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cole
- University of Nottingham, School of Nursing, Grantham and District Hospital, 101 Manthorpe Road, Grantham, Lincolnshire NG31 8DG
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Abstract
Social cognition models (SCMs) have been described by Ingham as old clothes fit only for the jumble, yet their use in investigations of health behaviour performance in recent years has proliferated rather than declined. In a critique of the literature, this paper highlights a range of theoretical, methodological and performance-based limitations of the SCM approach and demonstrates that a ceiling has now been reached whereby more than half the variance in health behaviour performance is routinely unexplained, despite all efforts to improve the models. A major conceptual flaw within the SCM approach is identified and it is argued that `health behaviours', as generally defined, do not exist and that health-related activities only acquire meaning and significance on the basis of their relationship to the broader social prac- tices of which they form a part. A `new look' is proposed for research in this field which takes this alternative conceptualization into account.
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Appleby B, Roskell C, Daly W. What are health professionals' intentions toward using research and products of research in clinical practice? A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Nurs Open 2016; 3:125-139. [PMID: 27708823 PMCID: PMC5047343 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore health professionals' intentional behaviour and what determines their intention to use products of research in clinical practice. BACKGROUND Trying to get research and products of research into clinical practice is an enduring problem. A clearer picture is emerging as to how individual practitioners respond toward practical problems of changing clinical practice, but this does not include health professionals' intentions to use products of research and what influences their intentions. DESIGN Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. DATA SOURCES Five databases were searched systematically. This included BNI, HMIC, Psych INFO, CINHAL and MEDLINE; articles published in the English language only were included. REVIEW METHODS PRISMA guidelines were used as a framework for structuring the review and methods of narrative synthesis to analyse study outcomes. RESULTS Eighteen studies matched the final inclusion criteria. All studies used questionnaires to measure intention. Most studies involved Nurses or Physicians. Nurses' intentions were mostly influenced by their perceived ability to use guidelines in their practice. Physicians' intentions were often influenced by their perceptions of the usefulness and relevance of the guideline and peer pressure amongst the professional group. Practice habits, when added to intentional models were also predictive of intentional behaviour. In studies that compared intentions with behaviour, the level of intention often did not match self-report or actual behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Appleby
- Faculty of HealthEducation and Life SciencesSchool of NursingMidwifery and Social WorkBirmingham City UniversityEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Carolyn Roskell
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesSchool of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - William Daly
- College of Medical and Dental SciencesSchool of Health and Population SciencesNursing, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Supporting genetics in primary care: investigating how theory can inform professional education. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1541-1546. [PMID: 27329737 PMCID: PMC5110065 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that many barriers exist to the integration of genetic case finding into primary care. We conducted an exploratory study of the determinants of three specific behaviours related to using breast cancer genetics referral guidelines effectively: 'taking a family history', 'making a risk assessment', and 'making a referral decision'. We developed vignettes of primary care consultations with hypothetical patients, representing a wide range of genetic risk for which different referral decisions would be appropriate. We used the Theory of Planned Behavior to develop a survey instrument to capture data on behavioural intention and its predictors (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control) for each of the three behaviours and mailed it to a sample of Canadian family physicians. We used correlation and regression analyses to explore the relationships between predictor and dependent variables. The response rate was 96/125 (77%). The predictor variables explained 38-83% of the variance in intention across the three behaviours. Family physicians' intentions were lower for 'making a risk assessment' (perceived as the most difficult) than for the other two behaviours. We illustrate how understanding psychological factors salient to behaviour can be used to tailor professional educational interventions; for example, considering the approach of behavioural rehearsal to improve confidence in skills (perceived behavioural control), or vicarious reinforcement as where participants are sceptical that genetics is consistent with their role (subjective norm).
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Diegel-Vacek L, Ryan C. Promoting Hand Hygiene With a Lighting Prompt. HERD-HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL 2016; 10:65-75. [PMID: 27302470 DOI: 10.1177/1937586716651967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this pilot study was to assess an automatic sink light design intervention as a prompt for clinician hand hygiene (as defined by World Health Organization [WHO]). BACKGROUND Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are still leading causes of morbidity and mortality and contribute to burdens on our healthcare system. Hand hygiene has been related to reducing the rate of HAIs and positively impacting both patient and hospital outcomes. METHODS This pilot study was a prospective, longitudinal observational study of a convenience sample of healthcare clinicians. In one inpatient room, clinicians were exposed to a hand hygiene reminder that consisted of a light turning on over the sink as they entered. A control room (the adjacent inpatient room) did not have the intervention. RESULTS A total of 88 clinician encounters were monitored during the study. On the first observation day at the initial activation of the signal light system, the percentage of clinicians performing hand hygiene upon entering a room was only 7% in the control room and 23% in the intervention room. During the second observation (Day 14), those percentages were 16% in the control room and 30% in the intervention room. During the third observation (Day 21), those percentages were 23% in the control room and 23% in the intervention room. CONCLUSIONS The healthcare system frequently relies on expensive technology to improve healthcare delivery, but implementation of low-cost, low-technology methods such as this light may be effective in prompting hand hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Ryan
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, USA
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Seimetz E, Kumar S, Mosler HJ. Effects of an awareness raising campaign on intention and behavioural determinants for handwashing. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2016; 31:109-120. [PMID: 26936481 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article assesses the effectiveness of The Great WASH Yatra handwashing awareness raising campaign in India on changing visitors' intention to wash hands with soap after using the toilet and the underlying behavioural determinants. Interviews based on the RANAS (Risk, Attitudes, Norms, Abilities, Self-regulation) model of behaviour change were conducted with 687 visitors before and after their visit to the campaign. Data showed that a campaign visit had little effect on the intention to wash hands with soap, even when comparing visitors who had actively participated in handwashing games with those who had not. After a campaign visit, knowledge about the benefits of washing hands had increased by almost half a standard deviation. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that when considering all behavioural determinants change scores simultaneously, they were able to explain 57% of the variance in the intention change score. These findings suggest that substantively changing behaviour requires more than improving knowledge and emphasizing the importance of washing hands. Identifying the crucial behavioural determinants for handwashing may be an important first step in planning effective large-scale promotion programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Seimetz
- Environmental and Health Psychology, Department of Environmental Social Sciences, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland and
| | - S Kumar
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | - H-J Mosler
- Environmental and Health Psychology, Department of Environmental Social Sciences, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland and
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Mullan B, Allom V, Sainsbury K, Monds LA. Determining motivation to engage in safe food handling behaviour. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ott LK, Irani VR. Evaluating the effectiveness of real-time feedback on the bedside hand hygiene behaviors of nursing students. J Nurs Educ 2016; 54:286-9. [PMID: 25950365 DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20150417-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional hand hygiene teaching methods lack long-term effectiveness. METHOD A longitudinal, within-subject design explored the influence of real-time hand microbe feedback and a critical-thinking decision exercise on nursing student hand hygiene behaviors. In three community hospitals, the students' (n = 68) hand swabs were tested for normal flora, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus at three time points. Students completed the Partnering to Heal (PTH) online exercise on hospital-acquired infection prevention decisions. RESULTS Normal flora colony counts decreased across the semester and MRSA-positive cultures increased in frequency and colony counts. MRSA-positive cultures were not associated with caring for patients in isolation precautions. Significantly higher colony counts were noted in the students who completed the PTH than those who did not complete the PTH. CONCLUSION This study explores innovative pedagogy bringing the nonvisible microbial risk to the consciousness of nursing students in an attempt to change hand hygiene behaviors.
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White KM, Starfelt LC, Jimmieson NL, Campbell M, Graves N, Barnett AG, Cockshaw W, Gee P, Page K, Martin E, Brain D, Paterson D. Understanding the determinants of Australian hospital nurses' hand hygiene decisions following the implementation of a national hand hygiene initiative. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2015; 30:959-970. [PMID: 26590244 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hand hygiene is the primary measure in hospitals to reduce the spread of infections, with nurses experiencing the greatest frequency of patient contact. The '5 critical moments' of hand hygiene initiative has been implemented in hospitals across Australia, accompanied by awareness-raising, staff training and auditing. The aim of this study was to understand the determinants of nurses' hand hygiene decisions, using an extension of a common health decision-making model, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), to inform future health education strategies to increase compliance. Nurses from 50 Australian hospitals (n = 2378) completed standard TPB measures (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control [PBC], intention) and the extended variables of group norm, risk perceptions (susceptibility, severity) and knowledge (subjective, objective) at Time 1, while a sub-sample (n = 797) reported their hand hygiene behaviour 2 weeks later. Regression analyses identified subjective norm, PBC, group norm, subjective knowledge and risk susceptibility as the significant predictors of nurses' hand hygiene intentions, with intention and PBC predicting their compliance behaviour. Rather than targeting attitudes which are already very favourable among nurses, health education strategies should focus on normative influences and perceptions of control and risk in efforts to encourage hand hygiene adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia,
| | - Louise C Starfelt
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - Nerina L Jimmieson
- School of Management, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Megan Campbell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - Nicholas Graves
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - Adrian G Barnett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - Wendell Cockshaw
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - Phillip Gee
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Sir Fred Schonell Drive, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Katie Page
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Martin
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - David Brain
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - David Paterson
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield Street, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia
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Davis RE, Vincent C, Sevdalis N. Predictors of Patients’ Intentions to Participate in Incident Reporting and Medication Safety. J Patient Saf 2015; 11:191-7. [DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dine CJ, Bellini LM, Diemer G, Ferris A, Rana A, Simoncini G, Surkis W, Rothschild C, Asch DA, Shea JA, Epstein AJ. Assessing Correlations of Physicians' Practice Intensity and Certainty During Residency Training. J Grad Med Educ 2015; 7:603-9. [PMID: 26692973 PMCID: PMC4675418 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-15-00092.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in physicians' practice patterns contributes to unnecessary health care spending, yet the influences of modifiable determinants on practice patterns are not known. Identifying these mutable factors could reduce unnecessary testing and decrease variation in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE To assess the importance of the residency program relative to physician personality traits in explaining variations in practice intensity (PI), the likelihood of ordering tests and treatments, and in the certainty of their intention to order. METHODS We surveyed 690 interns and residents from 7 internal medicine residency programs, ranging from small community-based programs to large university residency programs. The surveys consisted of clinical vignettes designed to gauge respondents' preferences for aggressive clinical care, and questions assessing respondents' personality traits. The primary outcome was the participant-level mean response to 23 vignettes as a measure of PI. The secondary outcome was a certainty score (CS) constructed as the proportion of vignettes for which a respondent selected "definitely" versus "probably." RESULTS A total of 325 interns and residents responded to the survey (47% response rate). Measures of personality traits, subjective norms, demographics, and residency program indicators collectively explained 27.3% of PI variation. Residency program identity was the largest contributor. No personality traits were significantly independently associated with higher PI. The same collection of factors explained 17.1% of CS variation. Here, personality traits were responsible for 63.6% of the explained variation. CONCLUSIONS Residency program affiliations explained more of the variation in PI than demographic characteristics, personality traits, or subjective norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Jessica Dine
- Corresponding author: C. Jessica Dine, MD, MSHP, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 8 Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
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Williams SD, Phipps DL, Ashcroft D. Examining the attitudes of hospital pharmacists to reporting medication safety incidents using the theory of planned behaviour. Int J Qual Health Care 2015; 27:297-304. [PMID: 26142282 DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzv044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of factors within hospital pharmacists' practice on the likelihood of their reporting a medication safety incident. DESIGN Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) survey. SETTING Twenty-one general and teaching hospitals in the North West of England. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred and seventy hospital pharmacists (response rate = 45%). INTERVENTION Hospital pharmacists were invited to complete a TPB survey, based on a prescribing error scenario that had resulted in serious patient harm. Multiple regression was used to determine the relative influence of different TPB variables, and participant demographics, on the pharmacists' self-reported intention to report the medication safety incident. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The TPB variables predicting intention to report: attitude towards behaviour, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and descriptive norm. RESULTS Overall, the hospital pharmacists held strong intentions to report the error, with senior pharmacists being more likely to report. Perceived behavioural control (ease or difficulty of reporting), Descriptive Norms (belief that other pharmacists would report) and Attitudes towards Behaviour (expected benefits of reporting) showed good correlation with, and were statistically significant predictors of, intention to report the error [R = 0.568, R(2) = 0.323, adjusted R(2) = 0.293, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that efforts to improve medication safety incident reporting by hospital pharmacists should focus on their behavioural and control beliefs about the reporting process. This should include instilling greater confidence about the benefits of reporting and not harming professional relationships with doctors, greater clarity about what/not to report and a simpler reporting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven David Williams
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Denham L Phipps
- Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Manchester Pharmacy School, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Darren Ashcroft
- Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Manchester Pharmacy School, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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von Lengerke T, Lutze B, Graf K, Krauth C, Lange K, Schwadtke L, Stahmeyer J, Chaberny IF. Psychosocial determinants of self-reported hand hygiene behaviour: a survey comparing physicians and nurses in intensive care units. J Hosp Infect 2015; 91:59-67. [PMID: 26184662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research applying psychological behaviour change theories to hand hygiene compliance is scarce, especially for physicians. AIM To identify psychosocial determinants of self-reported hand hygiene behaviour (HHB) of physicians and nurses in intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS A cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire that applied concepts from the Health Action Process Approach on hygienic hand disinfection was conducted in 10 ICUs and two haematopoietic stem cell transplantation units at Hannover Medical School, Germany. Self-reported compliance was operationalized as always disinfecting one's hands when given tasks associated with risk of infection. Using seven-point Likert scales, behavioural planning, maintenance self-efficacy and action control were assessed as psychological factors, and personnel and material resources, organizational problems and cooperation on the ward were assessed as perceived environmental factors. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed. FINDINGS In total, 307 physicians and 348 nurses participated in this study (response rates 70.9% and 63.4%, respectively). Self-reported compliance did not differ between the groups (72.4% vs 69.4%, P = 0.405). While nurses reported stronger planning, self-efficacy and action control, physicians indicated better personnel resources and cooperation on the ward (P < 0.02). Self-efficacy [odds ratio (OR) 1.4, P = 0.041], action control (OR 1.8, P < 0.001) and cooperation on the ward (OR 1.5, P = 0.036) were positively associated with HHB among physicians, but only action control was positively associated with HHB among nurses (OR 1.6, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The associations between action control (self-regulatory strategies where behaviour is evaluated continuously and automatically against guidelines) and compliance indicate that HHB is a habit in need of self-monitoring. The fact that perceived cooperation on the ward was the only environmental correlate of HHB among physicians stresses the importance of team-directed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T von Lengerke
- Medical Psychology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany.
| | - B Lutze
- Medical Psychology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - K Graf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - C Krauth
- Institute for Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - K Lange
- Medical Psychology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - L Schwadtke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - J Stahmeyer
- Institute for Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - I F Chaberny
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Ramalho V, de Moura AP, Cunha LM. Why do small business butcher shops fail to fully implement HACCP? Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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White KM, Jimmieson NL, Obst PL, Graves N, Barnett A, Cockshaw W, Gee P, Haneman L, Page K, Campbell M, Martin E, Paterson D. Using a theory of planned behaviour framework to explore hand hygiene beliefs at the '5 critical moments' among Australian hospital-based nurses. BMC Health Serv Res 2015; 15:59. [PMID: 25888894 PMCID: PMC4341863 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-015-0718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving hand hygiene among health care workers (HCWs) is the single most effective intervention to reduce health care associated infections in hospitals. Understanding the cognitive determinants of hand hygiene decisions for HCWs with the greatest patient contact (nurses) is essential to improve compliance. The aim of this study was to explore hospital-based nurses' beliefs associated with performing hand hygiene guided by the World Health Organization's (WHO) 5 critical moments. Using the belief-base framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, we examined attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs underpinning nurses' decisions to perform hand hygiene according to the recently implemented national guidelines. METHODS Thematic content analysis of qualitative data from focus group discussions with hospital-based registered nurses from 5 wards across 3 hospitals in Queensland, Australia. RESULTS Important advantages (protection of patient and self), disadvantages (time, hand damage), referents (supportive: patients, colleagues; unsupportive: some doctors), barriers (being too busy, emergency situations), and facilitators (accessibility of sinks/products, training, reminders) were identified. There was some equivocation regarding the relative importance of hand washing following contact with patient surroundings. CONCLUSIONS The belief base of the theory of planned behaviour provided a useful framework to explore systematically the underlying beliefs of nurses' hand hygiene decisions according to the 5 critical moments, allowing comparisons with previous belief studies. A commitment to improve nurses' hand hygiene practice across the 5 moments should focus on individual strategies to combat distraction from other duties, peer-based initiatives to foster a sense of shared responsibility, and management-driven solutions to tackle staffing and resource issues. Hand hygiene following touching a patient's surroundings continues to be reported as the most neglected opportunity for compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, 4059, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, 4059, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
| | - Nerina L Jimmieson
- School of Management, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, 4000, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Patricia L Obst
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, 4059, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, 4059, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
| | - Nicholas Graves
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, 4059, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
| | - Adrian Barnett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, 4059, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
| | - Wendell Cockshaw
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, 4059, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, 4059, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
| | - Phillip Gee
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Australia.
| | - Lara Haneman
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Australia.
| | - Katie Page
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, 4059, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
| | - Megan Campbell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, 4059, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Martin
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, 4059, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
| | - David Paterson
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, 4029, Herston, Australia.
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Limón-Ramírez R, Gea-Velázquez de Castro MT, Aranaz-Andrés JM. [Design of a multimodal strategy including health marketing for the improvement of hand hygiene fulfillment]. Med Clin (Barc) 2014; 142:505-11. [PMID: 24387954 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Limón-Ramírez
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Calidad Asistencial, Hospital de la Plana-Departament de Salut de la Plana, Vila-real, Castellón, España.
| | - María Teresa Gea-Velázquez de Castro
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Calidad Asistencial, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan d'Alacant-Departament de Salut de Sant Joan d'Alacant, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, España; Departamento de Salud Pública, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, España
| | - Jesús María Aranaz-Andrés
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Calidad Asistencial, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan d'Alacant-Departament de Salut de Sant Joan d'Alacant, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, España; Departamento de Salud Pública, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España
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Légaré F, Borduas F, Freitas A, Jacques A, Godin G, Luconi F, Grimshaw J. Development of a simple 12-item theory-based instrument to assess the impact of continuing professional development on clinical behavioral intentions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91013. [PMID: 24643173 PMCID: PMC3958345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decision-makers in organizations providing continuing professional development (CPD) have identified the need for routine assessment of its impact on practice. We sought to develop a theory-based instrument for evaluating the impact of CPD activities on health professionals' clinical behavioral intentions. METHODS AND FINDINGS Our multipronged study had four phases. 1) We systematically reviewed the literature for instruments that used socio-cognitive theories to assess healthcare professionals' clinically-oriented behavioral intentions and/or behaviors; we extracted items relating to the theoretical constructs of an integrated model of healthcare professionals' behaviors and removed duplicates. 2) A committee of researchers and CPD decision-makers selected a pool of items relevant to CPD. 3) An international group of experts (n = 70) reached consensus on the most relevant items using electronic Delphi surveys. 4) We created a preliminary instrument with the items found most relevant and assessed its factorial validity, internal consistency and reliability (weighted kappa) over a two-week period among 138 physicians attending a CPD activity. Out of 72 potentially relevant instruments, 47 were analyzed. Of the 1218 items extracted from these, 16% were discarded as improperly phrased and 70% discarded as duplicates. Mapping the remaining items onto the constructs of the integrated model of healthcare professionals' behaviors yielded a minimum of 18 and a maximum of 275 items per construct. The partnership committee retained 61 items covering all seven constructs. Two iterations of the Delphi process produced consensus on a provisional 40-item questionnaire. Exploratory factorial analysis following test-retest resulted in a 12-item questionnaire. Cronbach's coefficients for the constructs varied from 0.77 to 0.85. CONCLUSION A 12-item theory-based instrument for assessing the impact of CPD activities on health professionals' clinical behavioral intentions showed adequate validity and reliability. Further studies could assess its responsiveness to behavior change following CPD activities and its capacity to predict health professionals' clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Légaré
- Public Health and Practice-Changing Research Group, CHUQ Research Centre (CRCHUQ), Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francine Borduas
- Office of the Vice-Dean of Education and Continuing Professional Development, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adriana Freitas
- Public Health and Practice-Changing Research Group, CHUQ Research Centre (CRCHUQ), Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Jacques
- Practice Enhancement Division, Collège des médecins du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gaston Godin
- Faculty of Nursing, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francesca Luconi
- Continuing Health Professional Education Office, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeremy Grimshaw
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Ford EW, Boyer BT, Menachemi N, Huerta TR. Increasing hand washing compliance with a simple visual cue. Am J Public Health 2013; 104:1851-6. [PMID: 24228670 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We tested the efficacy of a simple, visual cue to increase hand washing with soap and water. Automated towel dispensers in 8 public bathrooms were set to present a towel either with or without activation by users. We set the 2 modes to operate alternately for 10 weeks. Wireless sensors were used to record entry into bathrooms. Towel and soap consumption rates were checked weekly. There were 97,351 hand-washing opportunities across all restrooms. Towel use was 22.6% higher (P=.05) and soap use was 13.3% higher (P=.003) when the dispenser presented the towel without user activation than when activation was required. Results showed that a visual cue can increase hand-washing compliance in public facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Ford
- At the time of the study, Eric W. Ford was with the Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG). Brian T. Boyer is with the Bryan School of Business and Economics, UNCG. Nir Menachemi is with the School of Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham. Timothy R. Huerta is with the College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus
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Jackson C, Lowton K, Griffiths P. Infection prevention as "a show": a qualitative study of nurses' infection prevention behaviours. Int J Nurs Stud 2013; 51:400-8. [PMID: 23915562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of infection and prevention of healthcare associated infections is an ongoing issue worldwide. Yet despite initiatives and strategies to reduce the burden that these infections cause, healthcare workers' practice is still reported as suboptimal and these infections persist. Much of the research to date has primarily focused on predicting infection prevention behaviours and factors associated with guideline compliance. While this has given valuable insight, an investigation aiming to understand and explain behaviours that occur in everyday practice from the perspective of the actors themselves may hold the key to the challenges of effecting behaviour change. This study questioned "How can nurses' infection prevention behaviour be explained?" This paper presents one of three identified themes 'Rationalising dirt-related behaviour'. DESIGN This interpretative qualitative study uses vignettes, developed from nurses' accounts of practice, to explore nurses' reported infection prevention behaviours. PARTICIPANTS Registered nurses working in an acute hospital setting and had been qualified for over a year. They were recruited while studying part-time at a London University. METHODS Twenty semi-structured interviews were undertaken using a topic guide and vignettes. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using the framework method. RESULTS The findings demonstrate that participants were keen to give a good impression and present themselves as knowledgeable practitioners, although it was evident that they did not always follow procedure and policy. They rationalised their own behaviour and logically justified any deviations from policy. Deviations in others were criticised as irrational and explained as superficial and part of a 'show' or display. However, participants also gave a presentation of themselves: a show or display that was influenced by the desire to protect self and satisfy patient scrutiny. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the identification and explanation of nurses' infection prevention behaviours which are considered inappropriate or harmful. Behaviour is multifaceted and complex, stemming from a response to factors that are outside a purely 'scientific' understanding of infection and not simply understood as a deficit in knowledge. This calls for educational interventions that consider beliefs, values and social understanding of dirt and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Jackson
- Department of Postgraduate Research, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, Room 1.21a, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Waterloo Campus, 57 Waterloo Road, London SE1 8WA, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen Lowton
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Social Science, Health & Medicine, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Griffiths
- Chair of Health Services Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Room E4015, Building 67, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Pittet D. Improving hand hygiene compliance in healthcare settings using behavior change theories: reflections. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2013; 25:374-382. [PMID: 24112209 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2013.827575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although hand hygiene is the most effective method for preventing healthcare-associated infections, hand hygiene practice falls short in many healthcare facilities. The compliance rate is mostly linked to system design and easily accessible hand hygiene products. System change, healthcare worker motivation, and complex behavioral considerations seem to play a significant role. SUMMARY This article discusses the application of behavioral theories in hand hygiene promotion in a theoretical manner. The program relies on the transtheoretical model (TTM) of health behavior change, John Keller's (ARCS) Model of Motivational Design, and the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Thus, the program links attitudes and behavior to hand hygiene promotion. CONCLUSIONS The TTM of health behavior change helps to tailor interventions to predict and motivate individual movement across the pathway to change. A program could be based on this theory with multiple intercalations with John Keller's ARCS and the TPB. Such a program could be strengthened by linking attitudes and behavior to promote hand hygiene. The program could utilize different strategies such as organization cultural change that may increase the attention as well as fostering the movement in the ARCS stages. In addition, modeling TPB by creating peer pressure, ability to overcome obstacles, and increasing knowledge of the role of hand hygiene may lead to the desired outcome. The understanding and application of behavior change theories may result in an effective program to improve awareness and raise intention and thus may increase the potential for success of hand hygiene promotion programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- a Specialty Internal Medicine Unit , Saudi Aramco Medica Services Organization , Saudi Aramco , Dharan , Saudi Arabia
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McLaughlin AC, Walsh F. Self-reported reasons for hand hygiene in 3 groups of health care workers. Am J Infect Control 2012; 40:653-8. [PMID: 22264745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hands of health care workers continue to be the main vector for nosocomial infection in hospitals. The purpose of the current research was to capture the health beliefs and self-reported behaviors of US health care workers to better understand why workers avoid hand hygiene and what prompts them to wash. METHODS An online survey of health care workers assessed their reasons for washing their hands, reasons for not washing, and what cues prompted the decision to wash or not wash in a variety of locations. RESULTS The findings were that hand hygiene could be cued by an external situation but tended to be motivated internally. Hand hygiene was avoided because of situational barriers. CONCLUSION The reasons for performing hand hygiene can be situated in the internally motivated Theory of Planned Behavior; however, the reasons for not performing hand hygiene tend to be situational and affected by the environment. The results may be used to design programs, products, and systems that promote appropriate hand hygiene practices. Principles for design of these programs and products are provided.
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Kim JM, Lee SH. Nursing Students' Performance related to Nosocomial Infection Control: An Analysis Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5977/jkasne.2012.18.2.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Cutter J, Jordan S. Inter-professional differences in compliance with standard precautions in operating theatres: A multi-site, mixed methods study. Int J Nurs Stud 2012; 49:953-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fournier AK, Berry TD. Effects of Response Cost and Socially-Assisted Interventions on Hand-Hygiene Behavior of University Students. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2012; 21:152-164. [PMID: 38624290 PMCID: PMC7149071 DOI: 10.5210/bsi.v21i0.3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A field study was conducted to examine the effect of interventions to increase hand-hygiene behavior of university students. Student patrons of a university cafeteria were observed during lunch. Across several phases, researchers observed and recorded the number of students (a) entering the restroom to wash hands and (b) using a hand-sanitizer gel. Interventions included an informational poster, hand-sanitizer dispenser, and change agent to increase hand-hygiene behavior. Results showed that the presence of a strategically placed hand-sanitizer dispenser was effective in increasing hand-hygiene behavior from 1.52% to over 60% (average n = 208 students per day). Participants were particularly responsive to the hand-sanitizer dispenser when combined with a change agent. Meanwhile, the tested interventions were ineffective in increasing the number of students entering a restroom to hand wash. The results are discussed regarding response cost and socially-mediated consequences of change agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Fournier
- Department of Psychology, Bemidji State University, Bemidji, MN 56601 USA
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Jeong SY, Kim OS. The Structural Model of Hand Hygiene Behavior for the Prevention of Healthcare-associated Infection in Hospital Nurses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7475/kjan.2012.24.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mari S, Tiozzo B, Capozza D, Ravarotto L. Are you cooking your meat enough? The efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior in predicting a best practice to prevent salmonellosis. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Soon J, Baines R. Food safety training and evaluation of handwashing intention among fresh produce farm workers. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Davis R, Anderson O, Vincent C, Miles K, Sevdalis N. Predictors of hospitalized patients' intentions to prevent healthcare harm: a cross sectional survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2011; 49:407-15. [PMID: 22098924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients can play an important role in reducing healthcare harm but little is known about the factors that may affect patients' willingness to participate. In order to encourage the 'active' patient it is critical that we gain a deeper understanding of the antecedents of safety-relevant behaviours. Doing this will enable the implementation of effective interventions aimed at supporting patients to work with healthcare professionals in ensuring safe care. OBJECTIVE To examine predictors of patients' intentions to engage in two safety behaviours: (1) reminding healthcare staff to wash their hands and; (2) notifying healthcare staff if they are not wearing a hospital identification bracelet. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey study. PARTICIPANTS A purposive sampling method was employed to recruit 80 medical and surgical hospital inpatients aged 18-80 (mean 48) from one inner city London teaching hospital. METHODS A 42 item survey that measured the extent that patients' control beliefs, behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs and perceived susceptibility and severity towards a hospital-acquired infection or a misidentification error could predict their intentions to ask doctors/nurses about their hand washing compliance or notify doctors/nurses if they are not wearing a hospital identification bracelet. Data was analysed using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Control beliefs, normative beliefs and perceived severity were the strongest predictors of patients' intentions to participate in both behaviours. The regression models accounted for a smaller percentage of the variance in patients' intentions to ask doctors/nurses if they have washed their hands (42%/37%) than notifying staff if they were not wearing an identification bracelet (54%/56%). CONCLUSIONS If patients understand why a behaviour is beneficial, they perceive it as acceptable to participate in and that they have control over the decision to engage in the behaviour, we hypothesise that more patients will intend to participate in that behaviour. When designing interventions aimed at encouraging the participation of patients in promoting their own safety, consideration should be given to the potential influence of patients' control beliefs, normative beliefs and perceived severity of errors on their intentions to participate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Davis
- Imperial College London, Clinical Safety Research Unit, Department of Surgery and Cancer, 10th floor, QEQM Building, St. Mary's Hospital, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
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