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Finding help and hope in a peer-led reentry service hub near a detention centre: A process evaluation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281760. [PMID: 36800339 PMCID: PMC9937468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
When people leave correctional institutions, they face myriad personal, social and structural barriers to reentry, including significant challenges with mental health, substance use, and homelessness. However, there are few reentry programs designed to support people's health, wellbeing, and social integration, and there are even fewer evaluations of such programs. The purpose of this article is to report the qualitative findings from an early process evaluation of the Reintegration Centre-a peer-led service hub designed to support men on the day they are released from custody. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews and examined quantitative service intake data with 21 men who accessed the Reintegration Centre immediately upon release. Participants encountered significant reentry challenges and barriers to service access and utilization. The data suggest that the peer-led service hub model enhanced the service encounter experience and efficiently and effectively addressed reentry needs through the provision of basic supports and individualized service referrals. Notably, the Reintegration Centre's proximity to the detention centre facilitated rapid access to essential services upon release, and the peer-support workers affirmed client autonomy and moral worth in the service encounter, fostering mutual respect and trust. Locating reentry programs near bail courts and detention centres may reduce barriers to service access. A peer-led service hub that provides immediate support for basic needs along with individualized service referrals is a promising approach to reentry programs that aim to support post-release health, wellbeing, and social integration. A social system that fosters cross-sectoral collaboration and continuity of care through innovative funding initiatives is vital to the effectiveness and sustainability of such reentry programs.
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Matheson FI, Dastoori P, Whittingham L, Calzavara A, Keown LA, Durbin A, Kouyoumdjian FG, Lin E, Volpe T, Lunsky Y. Intellectual/developmental disabilities among people incarcerated in federal correctional facilities in Ontario, Canada: Examining prevalence, health and correctional characteristics. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2022; 35:900-909. [PMID: 35338547 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little research with people who experience intellectual/developmental disabilities and imprisonment. METHODS The study linked health and correctional data to examine prevalence of intellectual/developmental disabilities and health and correctional characteristics among adults experiencing their first federal incarceration between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2011 (n = 9278) and two non-incarcerated groups (n = 10,086,802). RESULTS The prevalence of intellectual/developmental disabilities was 2.1% in the incarcerated group and 0.9% in the non-incarcerated group. Before incarceration, those with, versus without, intellectual/developmental disabilities were at greater risk of traumatic brain injury, mental illness, and substance use disorders. While incarcerated, those with intellectual/developmental disabilities were more likely to incur serious institutional disciplinary charges. Post-incarceration, persons with intellectual/developmental disabilities were at greater risk of emergency department visits, and psychiatric and acute hospitalizations, than the non-incarcerated groups. CONCLUSIONS People with intellectual/developmental disabilities are overrepresented in Canadian federal correctional institutions. The authors offer strategies to support people prior to, during, and post-incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora I Matheson
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Centre for Criminology & Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parisa Dastoori
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Whittingham
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Leslie A Keown
- Research Branch, Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Durbin
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona G Kouyoumdjian
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Office of Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiziana Volpe
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yona Lunsky
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Peltopuro M, Vesala HT, Ahonen T, Närhi VM. Borderline intellectual functioning: an increased risk of severe psychiatric problems and inability to work. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2020; 64:923-933. [PMID: 32959413 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of facilities such as disability pension, psychiatric care, health care and services for people with intellectual disabilities and borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) were compared with the general population and two other study groups comprising people with mild intellectual disabilities (MIDs) and learning problems (LPs). METHODS The population-based sample (N = 416,973), 'Finland-in-Miniature', was gathered in 1962 and followed until 1998. For the purpose of the present study, three groups were formed: BIF (n = 416), MID (n = 312) and LP (n = 284). The use of services was examined with the help of national registers. RESULTS As compared with the general population, people with BIF had been granted disability pension 2.7 times more often and had been patients in psychiatric care 3.4 times more often. They had also systematically used more services than people with LP. CONCLUSIONS People with BIF are at risk of inability to work and facing severe mental health problems. They also seem to have more severe psychiatric problems than people with MID and LP. There is, therefore, a crucial need for increasing the awareness in society of BIF. Although this study's follow-up data were collected about 20 years ago, it is still relevant because people with BIF are a neglected group and still face growing demands in school and work life with no marked changes in services.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peltopuro
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - H T Vesala
- Finnish Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (FAIDD), Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Ahonen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Niilo Mäki Institute, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - V M Närhi
- Department of Education, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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4
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Whittingham L, Durbin A, Lin E, Matheson FI, Volpe T, Dastoori P, Calzavara A, Lunsky Y, Kouyoumdjian F. The prevalence and health status of people with developmental disabilities in provincial prisons in Ontario, Canada: A retrospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 33:1368-1379. [PMID: 32529696 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the prevalence of developmental disabilities in people who experience imprisonment and on their characteristics are lacking. METHODS The present authors identified adults with developmental disabilities who were released from Ontario provincial prisons in 2010 and a general population comparator group using administrative data. The present authors examined demographic characteristics, morbidity and healthcare use. RESULTS The prevalence of developmental disabilities was 2.2% in the prison group (N = 52,302) and 0.7% in the general population (N = 10,466,847). The prevalence of psychotic illness, substance-related disorder and self-harm was higher among people in the prison group with developmental disabilities. People with developmental disabilities were more likely to have emergency department visits and hospitalizations in prison and in the year after release. CONCLUSIONS People with developmental disabilities are overrepresented in provincial prisons and have a high burden of disease. Strategies are indicated to prevent incarceration and to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Whittingham
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, Saint Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Durbin
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Office of Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Flora I Matheson
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiziana Volpe
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Parisa Dastoori
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Yona Lunsky
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fiona Kouyoumdjian
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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5
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Wallinius M, Nordholm J, Wagnström F, Billstedt E. Cognitive functioning and aggressive antisocial behaviors in young violent offenders. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:572-580. [PMID: 30616126 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that offenders have impaired cognitive abilities yet it is unclear if cognitive dysfunction per se contributes to aggressive antisocial behaviors. Our aims were to (1) determine associations between cognitive functioning and different forms of aggressive antisocial behaviors, (2) describe prevalence of, and covariates to, uneven intellectual profiles, and (3) investigate associations between cognitive functioning and age at onset of aggressive antisocial behaviors. A cohort (n = 269) of 18-25 years old male violent offenders were assessed for general intellectual functioning with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales-third edition, and for executive functions with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Only one measure of cognitive functioning - slower reaction times in a response inhibition test - was significantly correlated with higher occurrence of aggressive, but not exclusively antisocial, behaviors. Furthermore, offenders with even intellectual profiles showed more aggressive antisocial behaviors than offenders with uneven intellectual profiles. Finally, increased errors in tests of cognitive flexibility and slower reaction times in a response inhibition test were associated with a younger age at onset of general, but not exclusively violent, criminality. Overall, effect sizes were small. The findings emphasize the need of research investigating how cognitive functioning in offenders affects susceptibility to treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Märta Wallinius
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden; Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic Växjö, Sweden.
| | - Johannes Nordholm
- General Psychiatry Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wagnström
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Billstedt
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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van Esch AYM, Denzel AD, Scherder EJA, Masthoff EDM. Intelligence Assessment Instruments in Adult Prison Populations: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:3225-3244. [PMID: 29192526 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x17739186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Detection of intellectual disability (ID) in the penitentiary system is important for the following reasons: (a) to provide assistance to people with ID in understanding their legal rights and court proceedings; (b) to facilitate rehabilitation programs tailored to ID patients, which improves the enhancement of their quality of life and reduces their risk of reoffending; and (c) to provide a reliable estimate of the risk of offence recidivism. It requires a short assessment instrument that provides a reliable estimation of a person's intellectual functioning at the earliest possible stage of this process. The aim of this systematic review is (a) to provide an overview of recent short assessment instruments that provide a full-scale IQ score in adult prison populations and (b) to achieve a quality measurement of the validation studies regarding these instruments to determine which tests are most feasible in this target population. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement is used to ensure reliability. The Satz-Mögel, an item-reduction short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, shows the highest correlation with the golden standard and is described to be most reliable. Nevertheless, when it comes to applicability in prison populations, the shorter and less verbal Quick Test can be preferred over others. Without affecting these conclusions, major limitations emerge from the present systematic review, which give rise to several important recommendations for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y M van Esch
- 1 VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- 2 Penitentiaire Inrichtingen Vught, The Netherlands
| | - A D Denzel
- 1 VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kouyoumdjian FG, Patel A, To MJ, Kiefer L, Regenstreif L. Physician prescribing of opioid agonist treatments in provincial correctional facilities in Ontario, Canada: A survey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192431. [PMID: 29447177 PMCID: PMC5813939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substance use and substance use disorders are common in people who experience detention or incarceration in Canada, and opioid agonist treatment (OAT) may reduce the harms associated with substance use disorders. We aimed to define current physician practice in provincial correctional facilities in Ontario with respect to prescribing OAT and to identify potential barriers and facilitators to prescribing OAT. Methods We invited all physicians practicing in the 26 provincial correctional facilities for adults in Ontario to participate in an online survey. Results Twenty-seven physicians participated, with representation from most correctional facilities in Ontario. Of participating physicians, 52% reported prescribing methadone and 48% reported prescribing buprenorphine/naloxone to patients in provincial correctional facilities. Nineteen percent of participants reported initiating methadone treatment and 11% reported initiating buprenorphine/naloxone for patients in custody. Participants identified multiple barriers to initiating OAT in provincial correctional facilities including concerns about medication diversion and safety, concerns about initiating treatment in patients who are not currently using opioids, lack of linkage with community-based providers and the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services policy. Identified facilitators to initiating OAT were support from institutional health care staff and administrative staff, adequate resources for program delivery and access to linkage with community-based OAT providers. Conclusions This study identifies opportunities to improve OAT programs and to improve access to OAT for persons in provincial correctional facilities in Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona G. Kouyoumdjian
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Matthew J. To
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Lori Kiefer
- Ontario Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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8
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Young JT, Davis FJ, Wardale S, Vassos M, van Dooren K, Nankervis K, Lennox NG. Severity of cognitive disability and mental health court determinations about fitness to stand trial. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2018; 62:126-139. [PMID: 29349929 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the socio-demographic, clinical and legal determinants of mental health court decisions of unsoundness of mind and unfitness to stand trial for people with cognitive disability. We aimed to estimate the association between severity of cognitive disability and mental health court determinations of unsoundness or unfitness and describe the socio-demographic, clinical and legal factors that predict these determinations. METHODS Case file data were extracted on 92 individuals who had a criminal case referred to the Queensland Mental Health Court between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2014 due to cognitive disability. We fit a modified multivariable Poisson regression model to estimate the association between severity of cognitive impairment and mental health court determination, controlling for socio-demographic, clinical and legal factors. RESULTS Adjusting for covariate effects, severity of cognitive impairment was positively associated with being found unfit to stand trial (adjusted prevalence risk ratio = 1.57; 95% confidence interval: 1.07, 2.33; P = 0.023), and comorbid psychotic disorder predicted an increased risk of being found unsound of mind at the time of offence (adjusted prevalence risk ratio = 3.63; 95% confidence interval: 1.38, 9.54; P = 0.009) by the Queensland Mental Health Court. CONCLUSIONS Severity of cognitive disability is associated with determinations of unfitness but does not predict determinations of unsoundness in the Queensland Mental Health Court. Psychiatric assessments of cognitive impairment play a pivotal role in mental health court determinations for people with cognitive disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Young
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, West Australia, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, West Australia, Australia
| | - F J Davis
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Lifestyle Solutions, Logan, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Wardale
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Endeavour Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Vassos
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Endeavour Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K van Dooren
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Nankervis
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - N G Lennox
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Murphy GH, Chiu P, Triantafyllopoulou P, Barnoux M, Blake E, Cooke J, Forrester-Jones RVE, Gore NJ, Beecham JK. Offenders with intellectual disabilities in prison: what happens when they leave? JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2017; 61:957-968. [PMID: 28573662 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities, if convicted of offences, may be sentenced to prison, but little is known about their life when they are released. METHOD This study followed up men with intellectual disabilities who were leaving prisons in England. RESULTS The men were hard to contact, but 38 men were interviewed, on average 10 weeks after leaving prison. The men were living in a variety of situations and often were very under-occupied, with limited social networks. A total of 70% were above the clinical cut-off for anxiety, and 59.5% were above the clinical cut-off for depression. The men were receiving little support in the community, and many had been reinterviewed by police. CONCLUSIONS Community teams need to provide better support to this very vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Murphy
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - P Chiu
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - M Barnoux
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - E Blake
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - J Cooke
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - N J Gore
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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10
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Ali A, Ghosh S, Strydom A, Hassiotis A. Prisoners with intellectual disabilities and detention status. Findings from a UK cross sectional study of prisons. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 53-54:189-97. [PMID: 26921526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare social and environmental historical and contextual risk factors between prisoners with intellectual disabilities and those without intellectual disabilities, and to investigate whether prisoners with intellectual disabilities were more likely to be placed on remand in prison (awaiting trial or sentencing) compared to those without intellectual disabilities, after controlling for socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, accommodation status and nature of offences. In this study, we carried out a secondary analysis of data from the 1997 Prison survey, which included 131 prisons in England and Wales. A fixed sampling fraction was used to obtain a representative sample of prisoners. A total of 3563 prisoners were approached and 3142 (88%) prisoners gave informed consent to be interviewed. Of these, 170 were identified as having intellectual disabilities using the Quick Test. Prisoners with intellectual disabilities were more likely to have lived in institutions or taken into local authority care and more likely to live in temporary accommodation. They were less likely to have had a paid job or any educational qualifications and more likely to perceive a lack of social support. Prisoners with intellectual disabilities were more likely to be placed on remand and were less likely to be sentenced, even after controlling for socio-demographic factors and nature of offence. This study suggests that prisons should be more pro-active at identifying people with intellectual disabilities and ensuring that their needs are met, including appropriate access to bail and court diversion schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Ali
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK.
| | - Sanjib Ghosh
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey House, 61 Bartholomew Close, London EC1A 7BE, UK.
| | - Andre Strydom
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK.
| | - Angela Hassiotis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK.
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11
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Blasingame GD. Assessment, Diagnosis, and Risk Management of Sexual Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities. SEXUAL OFFENDING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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12
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Murphy GH, Gardner J, Freeman MJ. Screening Prisoners for Intellectual Disabilities in Three English Prisons. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2015; 30:198-204. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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McGillivray JA, Gaskin CJ, Newton DC, Richardson BA. Substance Use, Offending, and Participation in Alcohol and Drug Treatment Programmes: A Comparison of Prisoners with and without Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2015; 29:289-94. [PMID: 25754684 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many offenders with intellectual disabilities have substance use issues. Offending behaviour may be associated with substance use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prisoners with and without intellectual disabilities were compared in terms of their substance use prior to imprisonment, the influence of substance use on offending, and their participation in alcohol and drug treatment programmes. RESULTS Substance use was similar in prisoners with and without intellectual disabilities in the year prior to their current prison terms. Prisoners with intellectual disabilities were much less likely to report that substance use was an antecedent to the offences leading to their imprisonment. The completion rate of alcohol and drug treatment programmes was much lower for those with intellectual disabilities. CONCLUSIONS Substance use may be as common in prisoners with intellectual disabilities as those without this condition. Services may need to reflect on whether their treatment programmes are meeting the needs of all prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A McGillivray
- Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia
| | - Cadeyrn J Gaskin
- Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia
| | - Danielle C Newton
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia
| | - Ben A Richardson
- Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia
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14
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Peltopuro M, Ahonen T, Kaartinen J, Seppälä H, Närhi V. Borderline intellectual functioning: a systematic literature review. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 52:419-443. [PMID: 25409130 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-52.6.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The literature related to people with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) was systematically reviewed in order to summarize the present knowledge. Database searches yielded 1,726 citations, and 49 studies were included in the review. People with BIF face a variety of hardships in life, including neurocognitive, social, and mental health problems. When adults with BIF were compared with the general population, they held lower-skilled jobs and earned less money. Although some risk factors (e.g., low birth weight) and preventive factors (e.g., education) were reported, they were not specific to BIF. The review finds that, despite the obvious everyday problems, BIF is almost invisible in the field of research. More research, societal discussion, and flexible support systems are needed.
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15
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Baldry E, Clarence M, Dowse L, Trollor J. Reducing Vulnerability to Harm in Adults With Cognitive Disabilities in the Australian Criminal Justice System. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leanne Dowse
- University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
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Maxwell Y, Day A, Casey S. Understanding the needs of vulnerable prisoners: the role of social and emotional wellbeing. Int J Prison Health 2013; 9:57-67. [DOI: 10.1108/17449201311326934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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SØNDENAA ERIK, RASMUSSEN KIRSTEN, PALMSTIERNA TOM, NØTTESTAD JIMAAGE. The usefulness of assessing suggestibility and compliance in prisoners with unidentified intellectual disabilities. Scand J Psychol 2010; 51:434-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present paper reviews some of the most significant findings in the field of forensic issues related to intellectual disability over the last 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications have explored the prevalence and assessment of intellectual disabilities in the criminal justice system, as well as individual characteristics of intellectual disabled offenders. Service by the criminal justice system and treatment of intellectual disabled offenders have also been explored. New insights into violence and sexual offences have been achieved, however identification and evidence-based treatment of intellectual disabled offenders are not widely explored issues. SUMMARY Progress in treatment studies, studies of the function of the criminal justice system and risk assessments have resulted in improvements in these aspects during recent years. The wide range of services involved in successful initiatives has been addressed, but some crucial aspects still receive too little attention. Differences between countries and cultures have not been emphasized, and the progress that has been achieved seems to be confined to countries with a clear policy and organized services for offenders with intellectual disabilities.
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