Development of a Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting for Children with Autism (VIPP-AUTI)

Current psychopathology models emphasize very early intersubjectivity-based interventions in children to prevent later mental disorders

Current psychopathology models have evolved toward dimensional models, in which symptoms and diseases are at the extremes of dimensions. Despite these new dimensional proposals, classifications and third-person approach have shown limitations. Their extraordinary evolution nevertheless underlines the contributions of developmental and psychodynamic frameworks. Developmental contributions have made it possible to evolve from disorders centered on a first-person perspective. Complementarily to the first-person/third-person perspectives, we advocate a second-person perspective, based on intersubjectivity. This perspective reverses the intuitive trend to focus our interventions on the most specific symptoms and syndromes, and advocates instead interventions on a "p" general factor that are both generalized and highly targeted. The implications are (1) to intervene as early as possible, (2) to base the definition of our therapeutic targets on an intersubjective perspective, (3) to identify and enhance children's and parents' strengths. These empirically informed directions are not in the current mainstream of psychopathology frameworks, and need to be developed.

Exploring Change in Children’s and Art Therapists’ Behavior during ‘Images of Self’, an Art Therapy Program for Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Repeated Case Study Design

(1) Background: ‘Images of Self’ (IOS) is a recently developed and evaluated art therapy program of 15 sessions to reduce difficulties in ‘sense of self’, ‘emotion regulation’, ‘flexibility’, and ‘social behavior’ of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). In this paper, it is explored whether change in the child’s behaviors corresponds to the therapist’s actions during IOS and 15 weeks later. (2) Method: In a repeated case study design, twelve children and seven therapists participated. Art therapists monitored their own and the children’s behavior by applying two observation instruments: the OAT (Observation of a child with autism in Art Therapy) and EAT (Evaluation of Art Therapist’s behavior when working with a child with autism). Child behaviors during art making were—individually and as a group—compared with therapist’s actions at three moments during the program. (3) Results: Ten of twelve children showed a substantial or moderate positive behavior change considering all OAT subscales at the end of the program and 15 weeks after treatment. Improvement of ‘social behavior’ stood out. Halfway treatment art therapists most prominently showed support of ‘emotion regulation’, ‘flexibility’, and ‘social behavior’. Clear one-on-one relationships between changes in children’s behavior and actions of therapists could not be identified. (4) Conclusion: The study provides new insights in the AT treatment process by monitoring children’s and therapists’ behavior. The art making itself and the art therapy triangle (child, art making, therapist) offer opportunities to improve verbal and nonverbal communication skills of the child.

Development and feasibility of the prenatal video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting for expectant fathers

Objective: the transition period in which men become fathers might provide an important window of opportunity for parenting interventions that may produce long-term positive effects on paternal care and, consequently, child development. Existing prenatal programs traditionally focus on maternal and infant health and seldom involve the father.Study design: This paper describes an interaction-based prenatal parenting intervention program for first-time fathers using ultrasound images, the Prenatal video Feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting (VIPP-PRE). We randomised a group of expectant fathers (N = 73) to either the VIPP-PRE or a control condition.Results: Expectant fathers thought the VIPP-PRE was more helpful and influenced their insights into their babies to a greater extent than the control condition. Expectant fathers receiving the VIPP-PRE reported that they particularly liked seeing and interacting with their unborn children as well as receiving feedback on these interactions. The intervention was well received and was considered feasible by both expectant fathers and sonographers and midwives.Discussion: We discuss the VIPP-PRE based on the experiences and perspectives of fathers, interveners, and sonographers and midwives.

Effect of video-feedback intervention on Turkish mothers' sensitivity and physical intrusiveness: a randomized control trial

We examined the effectiveness of the video-feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting-Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD) in enhancing maternal sensitivity and decreasing maternal physical intrusive behaviors among Turkish mothers. Mothers (N = 68; M_age = 29.29, SD = 5.20) with their children (M_age = 20.04 months, SD = 6.62) participated in a randomized controlled trial with pre-, post-, and follow-up assessments (N_intervention = 40, N_control = 28). Maternal sensitivity was assessed using the Ainsworth Sensitivity Scale. A coding schema was developed and used to assess maternal physical intrusiveness. The results indicated that mothers in intervention group benefited from the VIPP-SD in both increasing their global sensitivity (d = 0.51, p =.016) and decreasing the frequency of physical intrusive behaviors (d = 0.56, p =.007) compared to mothers in the control group. Overall, the VIPP-SD program appears to decrease the level of physical intrusiveness, in addition to promoting maternal sensitivity among Turkish mothers.

Video Analysis of Parent-Child Interactions in Behavioral Sleep Disorders: Development of a Scoring Algorithm

Introduction: Behavioral sleep disorders, including chronic insomnia (CI), are generally assessed by subjective parent interview. However, evidence suggests that parental report of children's overnight behaviors is unreliable, perhaps due to recall bias or confusion due to sleep deprivation. Video technology has been used clinically to capture complex behavioral disorders in children during the day. However, there is no standardized means of analyzing child and parent behavior at bedtime or during the night. We aimed to create an algorithm for this purpose. Methods: Child brain tumor survivors (a population previously shown to have a high prevalence of CI) were screened for difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep using sub-scales from the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. Those who screened positive (n = 3) then completed a detailed parent interview to confirm a clinical diagnosis of CI. One night of home video footage was obtained from initial settling period to morning waking (SOMNOmedics camera). Footage was imported into BORIS^© software and a coding system for parent and child behavior was developed over multiple iterations until agreeable inter-rater reliability (>70%) was achieved between two independent coders. Results: The final coding categories were: 1) time domains, 2) physical environment, 3) child global status, 4) location, 5) activity, and 6) physical interaction. This achieved 74% inter-reliability in its last iteration. Discussion: A statistically acceptable behavior scoring algorithm was achieved. With further development, this tool could be applied clinically to investigate behavioral insomnia and in research to provide more objective outcome measurement.

The efficacy of VIPP-V parenting training for parents of young children with a visual or visual-and-intellectual disability: a randomized controlled trial

Video-feedback Intervention to promote positive parenting-visual (VIPP-V) or visual-and-intellectual disability is an attachment-based intervention aimed at enhancing sensitive parenting and promoting positive parent-child relationships. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of VIPP-V for parents of children aged 1-5 with visual or visual-and-intellectual disabilities. A total of 37 dyads received only care-as-usual (CAU) and 40 received VIPP-V besides CAU. The parents receiving VIPP-V did not show increased parental sensitivity or parent-child interaction quality, however, their parenting self-efficacy increased. Moreover, the increase in parental self-efficacy predicted the increase in parent-child interaction. In conclusion, VIPP-V does not appear to directly improve the quality of contact between parent and child, but does contribute to the self-efficacy of parents to support and to comfort their child. Moreover, as parents experience their parenting as more positive, this may eventually lead to higher sensitive responsiveness and more positive parent-child interactions.

Feasibility and efficacy of an attachment-based intervention in a maltreatment sample in residential care: A pilot study

The effects of the Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline on improving maternal sensitivity and sensitive discipline were investigated using a randomized control design in a pilot sample of mothers at high risk of maltreatment. The study included 12 mothers and their 10- to 36-month-old children placed in parental residential care, due to a guardianship order issued by the Youth Court. Both at pretest and post-test, maternal sensitivity and sensitive discipline were assessed during mother-child interaction via observational measures. Mothers who received the intervention showed a significant reduction in dysfunctional strategies of maternal discipline. Results highlight the usefulness and feasibility of a brief residential care-based intervention in such a risk sample, with promising implications for the prevention of child maltreatment.

A Systematic Review of the Literature on Parenting of Young Children with Visual Impairments and the Adaptions for Video-Feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting (VIPP)

Secure parent-child attachment may help children to overcome the challenges of growing up with a visual or visual-and-intellectual impairment. A large literature exists that provides a blueprint for interventions that promote parental sensitivity and secure attachment. The Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting (VIPP) is based on that blueprint. While it has been adapted to several specific at risk populations, children with visual impairment may require additional adjustments. This study aimed to identify the themes that should be addressed in adapting VIPP and similar interventions. A Delphi-consultation was conducted with 13 professionals in the field of visual impairment to select the themes for relationship-focused intervention. These themes informed a systematic literature search. Interaction, intersubjectivity, joint attention, exploration, play and specific behavior were the themes mentioned in the Delphi-group. Paired with visual impairment or vision disorders, infants or young children (and their parents) the search yielded 74 articles, making the six themes for intervention adaptation more specific and concrete. The rich literature on six visual impairment specific themes was dominated by the themes interaction, intersubjectivity, and joint attention. These themes need to be addressed in adapting intervention programs developed for other populations, such as VIPP which currently focuses on higher order constructs of sensitivity and attachment.

The effectiveness of VIPP-V parenting training for parents of young children with a visual or visual-and-intellectual disability: study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Visual or visual-and-intellectual disabilities of children make daily interactions more difficult for their parents and may impact the quality of the parent-child relationship. To support these parents, an existing intervention (Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting; VIPP; Juffer F, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, 2008. Promoting positive parenting; an attachment-based intervention. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2008) was adapted for use with parents of children with a visual or visual-and-intellectual disability (VIPP-V). This attachment-based intervention was hypothesized to support parents' interpretation and understanding of the behavior of their child with a visual or visual-and-intellectual disability and respond to their child's signals in a sensitive way to improve parent-child interaction quality.

METHODS/DESIGN

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the adapted intervention VIPP-V (Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting in parents of children with Visual or visual-and-intellectual disabilities). Parent-child dyads will be randomized into two groups: 50 dyads will receive VIPP-V in combination with care-as-usual and 50 dyads will receive care-as-usual. Families with a child (1-5 years of age) with a visual or visual-and-intellectual disability will be recruited for participation in the study. Primary outcome measures are parental sensitivity and the quality of parent-child interaction. Secondary outcome measures are parental self-efficacy, and parenting stress. To assess feasibility of implementation of the intervention the experiences of early intervention workers with regard to using VIPP-V are assessed. Moderator variables are the child's developmental age, working alliance between parent and VIPP-V intervention worker and empathy of the VIPP-V intervention worker. Data will be collected approximately one week before the intervention starts (T1), one week (T2) and three months (T3) after the intervention. Parent-child dyads in the care-as-usual-only condition will be assessed at the same time points. Both intention-to-treat and completer analyses will be performed.

DISCUSSION

Descriptive findings in pilot cases suggest benefits from VIPP-V, and compatibility with existing services for parents of children with a visual or visual-and-intellectual disability. The current study will provide insight into the effectiveness of this intervention for parents of children with a visual or visual-and-intellectual disability, and, if the intervention is effective, prepare the field for broad-scale implementation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Nederlands Trial Register NTR4306 (registered 5 December 2013).

What words cannot say: the telling story of video in attachment-based interventions

In this Introduction to the Special Issue The Use of Video in Attachment-Based Interventions, we describe how film and video made their entry in attachment theory and research and ultimately in attachment-based interventions. The role of film in helping to understand attachment had its roots several decades ago with the Robertsons' footage as a memorable example, while the role of video in helping to support attachment in the context of intervention started later but quickly increased with the rapid growth of smaller video cameras. Today the use of video and video feedback in attachment-based interventions is common, with applications in home-visiting programs, clinical treatment and therapy, and training modalities for parent coaches. In this Special Issue we highlight current work in this field, including illustrative case studies, clinical descriptions and process evaluations as well as rigorous randomized controlled trials.