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Social-Emotional Development of Children in Asia: A Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020123. [PMID: 36829352 PMCID: PMC9952404 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the social-emotional development of children. However, the social-emotional development of children in Asia remains a knowledge gap. This systematic review identifies and summarizes existing studies on children's social-emotional development in Asia. We conducted a systematic review using the Guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). We reviewed 45 studies that met the inclusion criteria, and they were from 12 Asian countries, primarily the East Asia region (China and Hong Kong). Most of the studies were cross-sectional in design (n = 28, 62.2%). Six themes emerged, including (a) social-emotional development (overall) (n = 24, 53.3%); (b) social competence (n = 7, 15.6%); (c) emotional development (n = 5, 11.1%); (d) social-emotional learning (n = 3, 6.7%); (e) problem behavior (n = 3, 6.7%); (f) self-regulation (n = 2, 4.4%); and (g) both social-emotional learning and problem behavior (n = 1, 2.2%). The findings highlighted the paucity of studies, the need for examining more diverse variables in a similar population, and the low quality of intervention studies in social-emotional research in Asia. Research gaps indicate the need for more social-emotional and ethnocultural studies in other Asian regions. Parent and teacher knowledge of children's social-emotional functioning should be examined more closely in future research.
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Mousavi SZ, Farhadi N, Gharibzadeh S. Socioeconomic Status and Childhood Executive Function: Differing Conceptualizations, Diverse Assessments, and Decontextualized Investigations. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2022:10.1007/s12124-022-09680-w. [PMID: 35260946 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-022-09680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Developing the ability to regulate actions, thoughts, and emotions is necessary for successfully engaging in goal-directed activities, which form the essence of success in many life situations. In this regard, executive function (EF), as an aspect of these top-down control processes, has been the subject of inquiry in many developmental studies aiming to identify its link with various other aspects of a child's life, including family socioeconomic status (SES). This article presents a critical look at the association between family SES and childhood EF by reviewing studies that provide contrasting perspectives compared to the generally reported positive correlation between these two constructs. We first address the various aspects of assessing SES and childhood EF, emphasizing their multifaceted nature. Next, we discuss the interplays between different components of these two constructs, especially as it unfolds in various cultural contexts. Finally, we conclude by discussing mainly neglected lines of research that could further improve our understanding of the extent of socioeconomic impacts on child development, specifically regarding executive function. Considering these lines of research is a necessary step to a more accurate analysis of the link between socioeconomic factors and childhood executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyedeh Zeinab Mousavi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjou Boulevard, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nazanin Farhadi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjou Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Gharibzadeh
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjou Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
- Basir eye health research center, Sheibani alley, North Jamalzadeh Street, Tehran, Iran
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Kohlhoff J, Karlov L, Dadds M, Barnett B, Silove D, Eapen V. The contributions of maternal oxytocin and maternal sensitivity to infant attachment security. Attach Hum Dev 2021; 24:525-540. [PMID: 34963414 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2021.2018472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated links between maternal postnatal oxytocin, maternal sensitivity, and infant attachment security. At 3-months postpartum, participants (n=88) took part in a structured parent-infant interaction. Maternal oxytocin levels were assessed via blood, before and after the interaction. At 12-months postpartum, mother-child dyads completed the Strange Situation Procedure. Neither baseline oxytocin, oxytocin response, or maternal sensitivity were identified as significant independent predictors of infant attachment security or organisation. However, an interaction effect was identified, with higher maternal sensitivity being associated with secure infant attachment for mothers who showed an increase in oxytocin during parent-child interaction. Results indicate that maternal sensitivity, when accompanied by an increase in maternal oxytocin during parent-child interaction, is associated with the establishment of a positive early parent-child attachment relationship. This adds to the growing body of evidence highlighting maternal oxytocin response as a key adaptive process in the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kohlhoff
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Research Department, Karitane, Sydney, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa Karlov
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Dadds
- Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryanne Barnett
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Derrick Silove
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
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Mousavi SZ, Gharibzadeh S. Growing up in a challenging environment: A cultural analysis of self-regulation development in poverty. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2021.1928490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahriar Gharibzadeh
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Basir Eye Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran
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Holstein BE, Pant SW, Ammitzbøll J, Pedersen TP. Social inequality in parent-infant relations: Epidemiological study of community nurse records. Scand J Public Health 2021; 50:340-346. [PMID: 33461403 DOI: 10.1177/1403494820983137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Some studies suggest that favourable socioeconomic circumstances are associated with better parent-child relations but the documentation of such an association is limited and inconsistent. Few studies focused on infancy, few studies relied on objective measurement of parent-infant relations, and few studies included more than one measurement of parent-infant relations in the first year of life. Aims: To report the prevalence of objectively measured problems in parent-infant relations during the first year of life and to examine the association between socioeconomic circumstances and parent-infant relations in an unselected community sample of infants. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a community sample of children from birth to 10 months in 15 municipalities in Denmark, n = 11,765. The exposure variables were population register data about socioeconomic circumstances: (a) parents' education, (b) family composition, (c) parents' origin, and (d) parents' occupational status. The outcome variable was the health visitor's concerns about the parent-infant relation assessed at four home visits from birth to 10 months after delivery. Results: The proportion of children with concerns about the parent-infant relation was 10.5%, 7.8% at one home visit and 2.8% at two or more home visits. Logistic regression analyses showed that all four indicators of socioeconomic circumstances were associated with concerns about the parent-infant relation in the first year of life. Conclusions: The risk of problematic parent-infant relations were significantly elevated among, children of immigrant parents, and children of parents with shorter education and not in education or work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn E Holstein
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Sofie Weber Pant
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Janni Ammitzbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Trine Pagh Pedersen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Caregiving adversity during infancy and preschool cognitive function: adaptations to context? J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 12:890-901. [PMID: 33436135 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
From a conditional adaptation vantage point, early life caregiving adversity likely enhances aspects of cognition needed to manage interpersonal threats. Yet, research examining early life care and offspring cognition predominantly relies upon experiments including affectively neutral stimuli, with findings generally interpreted as "early-life caregiving adversity is, de facto, 'bad' for cognitive performance." Here, in a Southeast Asian sample, we examined observed maternal sensitivity in infancy and cognitive performance 3 years later as preschoolers took part in three tasks, each involving both a socioemotional (SE) and non-socioemotional (NSE) version: relational memory (n = 236), cognitive flexibility (n = 203), and inhibitory control (n = 255). Results indicate the relation between early life caregiving adversity and memory performance significantly differs (Wald test = 7.67, (1), P = 0.006) depending on the SE versus NSE context, with maternal sensitivity in infancy highly predictive of worse memory for SE stimuli, and amongst girls, also predictive of better memory when NSE stimuli are used. Results concerning inhibitory control, as well as cognitive flexibility in girls, also tentatively suggest the importance of considering the SE nature of stimuli when assessing relations between the caregiving environment and cognitive performance. As not all approaches to missing data yielded similar results, implications for statistical approaches are elaborated. We conclude by considering how an adaptation-to-context framework approach may aid in designing pedagogical strategies and well-being interventions that harness pre-existing cognitive strengths.
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Mesman J. Video observations of sensitive caregiving "off the beaten track": introduction to the special issue. Attach Hum Dev 2020; 23:115-123. [PMID: 33019865 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2020.1828511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This introduction to the special issue on video observations of sensitive caregiving in different cultural communities provides a general theoretical and methodological framework for the seven empirical studies that are at the heart of this special issue. It highlights the cross-cultural potential of the sensitivity construct, the importance of research on sensitivity "off the beaten track," the advantages and potential challenges of the use of video in diverse cultural contexts, and the benefits of forming research teams that include local scholars. The paper concludes with an overview of the seven empirical studies of sensitivity in this special issue with video observations from Brazil, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Peru, South Africa, and Yemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi Mesman
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Marrocco J, Einhorn NR, McEwen BS. Environmental epigenetics of sex differences in the brain. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:209-220. [PMID: 33008526 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Experiences throughout the life course lead to unique phenotypes even among those with the same genotype. Genotype sets the substrate on which physiologic processes, which communicate with the brain, mediate the effects of life experiences via epigenetics. Epigenetics modify the expression of genes in the brain and body in response to circulating hormones and other mediators, which are activated to facilitate survival responses through a process called allostasis. Epigenetic signatures can even be inherited, resulting in transgenerational effects. This chapter addresses epigenetics in the context of sex differences, discussing the intersection between genetics and gonadal hormones and their effect in the brain at discrete developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Marrocco
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Nathan R Einhorn
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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Tsotsi S, Borelli JL, Abdulla NB, Tan HM, Sim LW, Sanmugam S, Tan KH, Chong YS, Qiu A, Chen H, Rifkin-Graboi A. Maternal sensitivity during infancy and the regulation of startle in preschoolers. Attach Hum Dev 2018; 22:207-224. [PMID: 30406719 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2018.1542737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Caregiving insensitivity and fear dysregulation predict anxiety symptoms in children. It is unclear, however, whether sensitive parental care during infancy predicts fear regulation later in childhood. To address this question, we asked whether observed maternal sensitivity, measured at 6 months, predicts 42-month-old children's laboratory-induced fear responses (n=213) during a fear-eliciting episode. We predicted that higher levels of maternal sensitivity would be associated with greater fear regulation. We operationalized fear regulation as decreases in fear over repeated trials of a novel, potentially frightening, stimulus. Two aspects of fear responses were considered: expressed fear and startle. Expressed fear scores did not decrease over time but children exhibited less startle behavior in the second half of the task. Maternal sensitivity predicted this startle attenuation across trials. These findings highlight the contribution of maternal sensitivity during infancy to the development of fear regulation in early childhood, further suggesting its influence on offspring anxiety problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Tsotsi
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Jessica L Borelli
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nurshuhadah Binte Abdulla
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Hui Min Tan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Lit Wee Sim
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Shamini Sanmugam
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Division of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Kandang Kerbau Women and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore.,Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore
| | - Helen Chen
- Kandang Kerbau Women and Children's Hospital, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anne Rifkin-Graboi
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
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