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Alves J, Perelman J, Soto-Rojas V, Richter M, Rimpelä A, Loureiro I, Federico B, Kuipers MAG, Kunst AE, Lorant V. The role of parental smoking on adolescent smoking and its social patterning: a cross-sectional survey in six European cities. J Public Health (Oxf) 2018; 39:339-346. [PMID: 27160860 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have observed socio-economic (SE) inequalities in smoking among adolescents, but its causes are not fully understood. This study investigates the association between parental and adolescent smoking, and whether this association is socially patterned. Methods We used data from a survey administered in 2013 to students aged 14-17 years old of six European cities (n = 10 526). Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression, we modelled the probability of being a daily smoker as a function of parental smoking and SE status. We tested whether the smoking association differed across social strata. Results The prevalence of parental smoking was higher in low SE status adolescents. Boys and girls were more likely to smoke if they have a father [boys: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.47-2.46; girls: AOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.09-1.86] and mother (boys: AOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.35-2.31; girls: AOR = 3.36, 95% CI = 2.56-4.40) who smoked. Among boys, the odds of smoking when having a smoking parent were higher in lower SE classes. However, this was not statistically significant, nor was it observed among girls. Conclusions Adolescents are more likely to smoke when their father and mother smoke. Although the susceptibility to parental smoking was similar across social classes, SE differences in parental smoking contribute to the transmission of SE inequalities in smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Alves
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Julian Perelman
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Victoria Soto-Rojas
- Institute of Health and Society, Université Catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle aux Champs 30.05, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.,PROESA, Universidad Icesi. Calle 18 No. 122-135 Pance, Casa Rocha segundo piso - Cali, Colombia
| | - Matthias Richter
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Arja Rimpelä
- School of Health Sciences and PERLA - Tampere Centre for Childhood, Youth and Family Research, FIN-33014, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Isabel Loureiro
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Federico
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Urban Area of Folcara, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - Mirte A G Kuipers
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Lorant
- Institute of Health and Society, Université Catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle aux Champs 30.05, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Gilman SE, Rende R, Boergers J, Abrams DB, Buka SL, Clark MA, Colby SM, Hitsman B, Kazura AN, Lipsitt LP, Lloyd-Richardson EE, Rogers ML, Stanton CA, Stroud LR, Niaura RS. Parental smoking and adolescent smoking initiation: an intergenerational perspective on tobacco control. Pediatrics 2009; 123:e274-81. [PMID: 19171580 PMCID: PMC2632764 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescence is an important period of risk for the development of lifelong smoking behaviors. Compelling, although inconsistent, evidence suggests a relationship between parental smoking and the risk of smoking initiation during adolescence. This study investigates unresolved issues concerning the strength and nature of the association between parent smoking and offspring smoking initiation. METHODS We enrolled 564 adolescents aged 12 to 17, along with 1 of their parents, into the New England Family Study between 2001 and 2004. Lifetime smoking histories were obtained from parents and their adolescent offspring. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to investigate the influence of parental smoking histories on the risk of adolescent smoking initiation. RESULTS Parental smoking was associated with a significantly higher risk of smoking initiation in adolescent offspring. In addition, the likelihood of offspring smoking initiation increased with the number of smoking parents and the duration of exposure to parental smoking, suggesting a dose-response relationship between parental smoking and offspring smoking. Offspring of parents who had quit smoking were no more likely to smoke than offspring of parents who had never smoked. The effects of parental smoking on offspring initiation differed by sex (with a stronger effect of fathers' smoking on boys than girls), developmental period (with a stronger effect of parental smoking before the adolescent was age 13 than afterward), and residence of parents (with effects of fathers' smoking being dependent on living in the same household as the adolescent). Parental smoking was also associated with stronger negative reactions to adolescents' first cigarette, a potential marker of the risk of progression to higher levels of use. CONCLUSIONS Parental smoking is an important source of vulnerability to smoking initiation among adolescents, and parental smoking cessation might attenuate this vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Gilman
- Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Richard Rende
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Julie Boergers
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI,Bradley-Hasbro Children's Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - David B. Abrams
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, American Legacy Foundation, Washington, DC
| | - Stephen L. Buka
- Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Melissa A. Clark
- Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Suzanne M. Colby
- Brown University Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Providence, RI
| | - Brian Hitsman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Elizabeth E. Lloyd-Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI,Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Michelle L. Rogers
- Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Cassandra A. Stanton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Laura R. Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Raymond S. Niaura
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
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Colamussi L, Bovbjerg DH, Erblich J. Stress- and cue-induced cigarette craving: effects of a family history of smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 88:251-8. [PMID: 17129681 PMCID: PMC1885373 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with multiple smokers among first-degree relatives (FH+) are significantly more likely to be persistent smokers themselves. The mechanisms underlying this relationship are unknown. An independent line of research has suggested that persistent smoking is more common among smokers with heightened levels of cigarette craving after being exposed to smoking cues and stressors. The present study experimentally tested the hypothesis that FH+ smokers would exhibit stronger stress- and cue-induced craving reactions compared to FH- smokers. We also explored gender and ethnicity-related differences in these effects. To that end, 160 smokers were recruited by advertisement and exposed to neutral (changing a light bulb), stressful (dental work), and smoking (lighting up after a meal) situations, using script-guided imagery under controlled laboratory conditions. Participants completed craving questionnaires before and after each condition. Supporting the hypotheses, even after controlling smoking history and strength of habit, FH+ smokers (n=86) displayed stronger craving reactions to both dental and smoking imagery (p's<0.05) than FH- smokers (n=74). Interestingly, women had higher stress-, but not smoking cue-induced cravings, than men, with FH+ women exhibiting the highest levels of stress-induced craving. Findings suggest a mechanism through which a family history of smoking leads to poorer cessation success, especially among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauralea Colamussi
- Department of International Health, Disease Prevention and Control, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Manzoli L, Di Giovanni P, Dragani V, Ferrandino MGF, Morano JP, Rauti I, Schioppa F, Romano F, Staniscia T. Smoking behaviour, cessation attempts and the influence of parental smoking in older adult women: a cross-sectional analysis from Italy. Public Health 2005; 119:670-8. [PMID: 15893347 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between parental smoking during infancy/adolescence and smoking prevalence in older adult women, and to provide a description of smoking and smoking cessation patterns in this subset of the population. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS Between 1999 and 2001, trained physicians in 11 health agencies throughout the Abruzzo Region, Italy, conducted semi-structured interviews on 9708 women aged 50-70 years attending mammographic screening (overall response rate 89%). Information was collected on sociodemographic characteristics, smoking habits, parental smoking during their infancy and/or adolescence, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) inside or outside the family. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The overall prevalence of current smoking was 15.6% (n=1516), and that of former smoking was 13.2%. Women whose parent(s) smoked were more likely to be current smokers, especially if only the mother smoked (adjusted odds ratio 4.27; 95% confidence interval 2.24-8.12). Other factors significantly associated with current smoking in the multivariate analysis were younger age, lower body mass index, higher level of education, unmarried status, and exposure to ETS either inside or outside the family environment. Eighteen percent of all current smokers were non-inhalers, and more than 60% of ex-smokers quit smoking on their first attempt. Our findings expand the existing evidence suggesting that a strong effect of parental conduct on a daughter's smoking behaviour may persist throughout life. Although more research is needed, especially to clarify the role of genetic and environmental factors in determining the mother-child smoking association, our results suggest that intensifying smoking prevention efforts directed at women with children might considerably reduce the risk of ever smoking in future female generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Manzoli
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy.
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Pomerleau CS, Snedecor S, Ninowski R, Gaulrapp S, Pomerleau OF, Kardia SLR. Differences in accuracy of offspring assessment based on parental smoking status. Addict Behav 2005; 30:437-41. [PMID: 15718061 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the accuracy of offspring assessments of parental smoking status, we studied 116 parents and 151 adult children (276 parent-child dyads) who provided data on both their own and their parents' smoking status. All currently smoking and all ex-smoking parents were correctly classified as ever-smokers by their offspring (n = 79 and 100, respectively). Of the 97 offspring who reported on never-smoking parents, 88 correctly classified their parents as never-smokers. Thus, sensitivity for detecting ever-smoking in parents was 100%, and specificity, 91%. Because all incorrect classifications involved never-smoking parents, further analyses focused on this group. Too few parents were misclassified to permit testing of parental characteristics. Offspring who misclassified their parents were significantly older than those who did not; neither sex nor smoking status of the offspring was associated with the increased likelihood of misclassification. No significant differences were discovered for dyadic factors (concordance/discordance for sex; parent-offspring age difference). Overall, these results support the utility of proxy reports of parental smoking phenotype by adult informants when self-report is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S Pomerleau
- Nicotine Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 475 Market Place, Ste L., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
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