1
|
Jandová M, Fišerová M, Paterová P, Cacková L, Měřička P, Malý J, Kacerovský M, Kovaříková E, Strohalm J, Demnerová K, Kadavá J, Sýkorová H, Hyšpler R, Čížková D, Bezrouk A, Houška M. High-Pressure Inactivation of Bacillus cereus in Human Breast Milk. Foods 2023; 12:4245. [PMID: 38231674 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Although Holder pasteurization is the recommended method for processing breast milk, it does affect some of its nutritional and biological properties and is ineffective at inactivating spores. The aim of this study was to find and validate an alternative methodology for processing breast milk to increase its availability for newborn babies and reduce the financial loss associated with discarding milk that has become microbiologically positive. We prepared two series of breast milk samples inoculated with the Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) strain to verify the effectiveness of two high-pressure treatments: (1) 350 MPa/5 min/38 °C in four cycles and (2) cumulative pressure of 350 MPa/20 min/38 °C. We found that the use of pressure in cycles was statistically more effective than cumulative pressure. It reduced the number of spores by three to four orders of magnitude. We verified that the method was reproducible. The routine use of this method could lead to an increased availability of milk for newborn babies, and at the same time, reduce the amount of wasted milk. In addition, high-pressure treatment preserves the nutritional quality of milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Jandová
- Tissue Bank, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Fišerová
- Tissue Bank, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Paterová
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cacková
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Měřička
- Tissue Bank, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malý
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Kacerovský
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Strohalm
- Food Research Institute Prague, 102 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Demnerová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kadavá
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sýkorová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radomír Hyšpler
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Čížková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Bezrouk
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Houška
- Food Research Institute Prague, 102 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Outurquin G, Obin O, Petit A, Weiss R, Léké A, Adjidé C, Mullié C. Bacillus cereus strains from donor human milk and hospital environment: uncovering a putative common origin using comparative analysis of toxin and infra-red spectroscopy profiles. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:419-430. [PMID: 37649803 PMCID: PMC10462457 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is reported as a common cause of toxin-induced food poisoning and of contamination in pasteurized human milk donations. As various toxins can be produced by B. cereus, the aim of this work was first to investigate the toxigenic potential and profiles of 63 B. cereus isolates from Amiens Picardie human milk bank. A comparison to the toxigenic profiles of 27 environmental B. cereus isolates harvested in the hospital in which this human milk bank is situated was performed. Toxin gene prevalences were the highest for nhe (ABC) and entFM followed by cytK and hbl(ACD). A 27% prevalence was found for ces human milk isolates, which is higher than previous works reporting on pasteurized milk and dairy products. No significant differences could be found between human milk and environmental isolates regarding toxin gene prevalences and/or toxin gene profiles. The second aim was to establish whether a B. cereus cross-contamination between human milk and the environment could occur. This was achieved with the help of Fourrier-transform infra-red spectroscopy which enabled the discrimination of 2 main clusters of 11 and 8 isolates, each containing human milk and Amiens Picardie human milk bank environmental isolates. For these two clusters, the time sequence showed that human milk isolates were the first to occur and might have contaminated the milk bank environment as well as other human milk donations. Routinely used on B. cereus isolates, Fourrier-transform infra-red spectroscopy could help in rapidly detecting such clusters and in limiting the spread of a B. cereus strain that might generate rejection of pasteurized donation by the human milk bank.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Outurquin
- Laboratoire Hygiène Risque Biologique & Environnement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Odile Obin
- Laboratoire Hygiène Risque Biologique & Environnement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Anaïs Petit
- Laboratoire Hygiène Risque Biologique & Environnement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Roxane Weiss
- Laboratoire Hygiène Risque Biologique & Environnement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - André Léké
- Lactarium–Biberonnerie, Unité des soins intensifs de néonatologie et de médecine néonatale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Crespin Adjidé
- Laboratoire Hygiène Risque Biologique & Environnement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Catherine Mullié
- Laboratoire Hygiène Risque Biologique & Environnement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
- Laboratoire AGIR UR UPJV 4294, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Differences in the Microbiological Profile of Raw and Pasteurized Breastmilk from Hospital and Community-Based Donors at the First Human Milk Bank in Vietnam. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020412. [PMID: 36678283 PMCID: PMC9864883 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Microbiological quality is one of the key safety standards in human milk bank (HMB) operations. We describe the profiles of bacteria in donor human milk (DHM) before and after the pasteurization of samples collected from breastfeeding women in the hospital and from the community in the first HMB in Vietnam. Methods: Data were collected between February 2017 and January 2022 from an online HMB monitoring system. First, DHM samples were cultured, and the number of colony-forming units (CFU) were counted before (n = 708) and after pasteurization (n = 1146). The gram-staining method combined with the Vitek 2 Compact system were used to identify types of organisms at the Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children’s Laboratory. Passing criteria for DHM included pre-pasteurization samples had a total colony count <105 CFU/mL and post-pasteurization was <10 CFU/mL. Results: During five years of operation, Da Nang HMB had 491 donors (48.7% were hospital and the rest community donors) who donated an average amount of 14.2 L over 45 days. Of this DHM volume, 84.9% of donor samples passed the pre- and post-pasteurization microbiological tests. DHM from community donors had a higher pass rate (87.8%) compared to that from hospital donors (79.5%). Before pasteurization, 15.4% of DHM samples had a bacteria count <103 CFU/mL, 63.0% had 103-<105 CFU/mL, and 21.6% had ≥105 CFU/mL. Most of the unpasteurized DHM samples (93.0%) had microorganism growth: with one organism (16.4%), two (33.9%), three or more (43.6%). After pasteurization, 17.9% samples had a bacteria count of 1−9 CFU/mL and 7.2% had ≥10 CFU/mL. DHM samples from community donors had a lower bacterial count and number of organisms than those from hospital donors both before and after pasteurization. The highest microorganisms from unpasteurized DHM samples were Staphylococcus epidermidis (74.2%), Acinetobacter sp. (52.1%), gram-positive bacillus (51.7%), Staphylococcus coagulase-negative (15.8%), and Staphylococcus aureus (10.5%). Common microorganisms from pasteurized DHM were gram-positive bacillus (21.0%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.9%), and Acinetobacter sp. (0.9%). Samples from the hospital tended to have a higher contamination with those microorganisms than those from community donors. Conclusions: The majority of DHM samples in Da Nang passed microbiological testing criteria. DHM from community donors had higher pass rates than hospital donors. Corrective actions are needed to improve HMB operations and hospital microbiological quality standards, as well as general improvements in water and sanitation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Jandová M, Měřička P, Fišerová M, Landfeld A, Paterová P, Hobzová L, Jarkovská E, Kacerovský M, Houška M. Quantitative Risk Assessment of Bacillus cereus Growth during the Warming of Thawed Pasteurized Human Banked Milk Using a Predictive Mathematical Model. Foods 2022; 11:foods11071037. [PMID: 35407124 PMCID: PMC8997632 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is relatively resistant to pasteurization. We assessed the risk of B. cereus growth during warming and subsequent storage of pasteurized banked milk (PBM) in the warmed state using a predictive mathematical model. Holder pasteurization followed by storage below −18 °C was used. Temperature maps, water activity values, and B. cereus growth in artificially inoculated PBM were obtained during a simulation of manipulation of PBM after its release from a Human Milk Bank. As a real risk level, we chose a B. cereus concentration of 100 CFU/mL; the risk was assessed for three cases: 1. For an immediate post-pasteurization B. cereus concentration below 1 CFU/mL (level of detection); 2. For a B. cereus concentration of 10 CFU/mL, which is allowed in some countries; 3. For a B. cereus concentration of 50 CFU/mL, which is approved for milk formulas. In the first and second cases, no risk was detected after 1 h of storage in the warmed state, while after 2 h of storage, B. cereus concentrations of 102 CFU/mL were occasionally encountered. In the third case, exceeding the B. cereus concentration of 102 CFU/mL could be regularly expected after 2 h of storage. Based on these results, we recommend that post-pasteurization bacteriological analysis be performed as recommended by the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) and using warmed PBM within 1 h after warming (no exceptions).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Jandová
- Tissue Bank, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (M.F.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-739-569-340
| | - Pavel Měřička
- Tissue Bank, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Michaela Fišerová
- Tissue Bank, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Aleš Landfeld
- Food Research Institute Prague, 102 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Pavla Paterová
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Lenka Hobzová
- Department of Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Eva Jarkovská
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Marian Kacerovský
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Milan Houška
- Food Research Institute Prague, 102 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.L.); (M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Strom K, Jarzynka S, Minkiewicz-Zochniak A, Barbarska O, Olędzka G, Wesolowska A. Microbiological Quality of Milk Donated to the Regional Human Milk Bank in Warsaw in the First Four Years of Activity. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10030444. [PMID: 35326922 PMCID: PMC8949421 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the survival rate for preterm infants increases, more emphasis is placed on improving health-related quality of life through optimal nutritional management. Human Milk Banks (HMBs) provide bioactive nutrients and probiotic microorganisms to premature newborns, especially in the first year of life. Donated milk screening and selection of potential donors ensures the quality and microbiological safety of the donated milk. Therefore we reviewed the basic characteristics of donors and the amounts and contamination of breast milk donated to the Regional Human Milk Bank (RHMB) in Warsaw. In four years, the RHMB collected 1445.59 L of milk, of which 96.60% was distributed among hospitalised infants. Additionally, breastmilk from donor candidates (139 samples from 96 women) was tested at least once in the first year of lactation. First analyses showed that 18 women’s milk samples were microbiologically pure, and 78 samples had one or more species of commensal and/or potentially pathogenic bacteria. In human milk samples from 31 women, the bacteria level was above the standard required by the RHMB; therefore, donors were re-educated, and further samples were tested. Most women followed the recommendations on hygienic expression and storage of milk before transfer to the RHMB. Our analysis will help to increase the accessibility and quality of raw donor milk and to meet the needs of more newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Strom
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (S.J.); (A.M.-Z.); (O.B.); (G.O.)
| | - Sylwia Jarzynka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (S.J.); (A.M.-Z.); (O.B.); (G.O.)
| | - Anna Minkiewicz-Zochniak
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (S.J.); (A.M.-Z.); (O.B.); (G.O.)
| | - Olga Barbarska
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (S.J.); (A.M.-Z.); (O.B.); (G.O.)
| | - Gabriela Olędzka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (S.J.); (A.M.-Z.); (O.B.); (G.O.)
| | - Aleksandra Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mallardi D, Piemontese P, Liotto N, Colombo RM, Dodaro A, Schiavello A, Tabasso C, Plevani L, Bezze E, Menis C, Roggero P, Mosca F. New Operating Approach to Limit Bacillus Cereus Contamination of Donor Human Milk. J Hum Lact 2022; 38:102-107. [PMID: 33745375 DOI: 10.1177/08903344211002563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Mallardi
- 9339 NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasqua Piemontese
- 9339 NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Liotto
- 9339 NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria M Colombo
- 9339 Unit of Microbiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Dodaro
- 9339 Unit of Microbiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Tabasso
- 9339 NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Plevani
- 9339 NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Bezze
- 9339 NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Menis
- 9339 NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Roggero
- 9339 NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- 9339 NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jarzynka S, Strom K, Barbarska O, Pawlikowska E, Minkiewicz-Zochniak A, Rosiak E, Oledzka G, Wesolowska A. Combination of High-Pressure Processing and Freeze-Drying as the Most Effective Techniques in Maintaining Biological Values and Microbiological Safety of Donor Milk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042147. [PMID: 33671763 PMCID: PMC7926441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk banks have a pivotal role in provide optimal food for those infants who are not fully breastfeed, by allowing human milk from donors to be collected, processed and appropriately distributed. Donor human milk (DHM) is usually preserved by Holder pasteurization, considered to be the gold standard to ensure the microbiology safety and nutritional value of milk. However, as stated by the European Milk Banking Association (EMBA) there is a need to implement the improvement of the operating procedure of human milk banks including preserving and storing techniques. AIM The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of the selected new combination of methods for preserving donor human milk in comparison with thermal treatment (Holder pasteurization). METHODS We assessed (1) the concentration of bioactive components (insulin, adiponectin, leptin, activity of pancreatic lipase, and hepatocyte growth factor) and (2) microbiological safety in raw and pasteurized, high-pressure processed and lyophilization human breast milk. RESULTS The combination of two techniques, high-pressure processing and freeze-drying, showed the best potential for preserving the nutritional value of human milk and were evaluated for microbiological safety. Microbiological safety assessment excluded the possibility of using freeze-drying alone for human milk sample preservation. However, it can be used as a method for long-term storage of milk samples, which have previously been preserved via other processes. CONCLUSION The results show that high-pressure treatment is the best method for preservation that ensures microbiological safety and biological activity but subsequent freeze-drying allowed long-term storage without loss of properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Jarzynka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.); (K.S.); (O.B.); (A.M.-Z.); (G.O.)
| | - Kamila Strom
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.); (K.S.); (O.B.); (A.M.-Z.); (G.O.)
| | - Olga Barbarska
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.); (K.S.); (O.B.); (A.M.-Z.); (G.O.)
| | - Emilia Pawlikowska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Minkiewicz-Zochniak
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.); (K.S.); (O.B.); (A.M.-Z.); (G.O.)
| | - Elzbieta Rosiak
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Gabriela Oledzka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.); (K.S.); (O.B.); (A.M.-Z.); (G.O.)
| | - Aleksandra Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-116-92-50
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gayà A, Rittà M, Lembo D, Tonetto P, Cresi F, Sottemano S, Bertino E, Moro GE, Calvo J, Donalisio M. Analysis of Thermal Sensitivity of Human Cytomegalovirus Assayed in the Conventional Conditions of a Human Milk Bank. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:640638. [PMID: 34386465 PMCID: PMC8353116 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.640638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main concerns in human milk banks (HMB) is the transmission of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) that could be present in the milk of infected women. There are consistent data showing that this virus is destroyed by Holder pasteurization (62.5°C for 30 min), but there is a lack of information about the response of the virus to the treatment at lower temperatures in strict HMB conditions. In order to analyze the effectiveness of different temperatures of pasteurization to eliminate HCMV in human milk, a preliminary assay was performed incubating HCMV-spiked raw milk samples from donor mothers at tested temperatures in a PCR thermocycler and the viral infectivity was assayed on cell cultures. No signs of viral replication were observed after treatments at temperatures equal or >53°C for 30, 20, and 10 min, 58°C for 5 min, 59°C for 2 min, and 60°C for 1 min. These data were confirmed in a pasteurizer-like model introducing HCMV-spiked milk in disposable baby bottles. No viral infectivity was detected on cell cultures after heating treatment of milk for 30 min at temperatures from 56 to 60°C. Thus, our results show that by using conventional pasteurization conditions, temperatures in the range of 56-60°C are enough to inactivate HCMV. Consequently, we consider that, in order to provide a higher quality product, the current recommendation to pasteurize both mother's own milk and donated milk at 62.5°C must be re-evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Gayà
- Banc de Teixits, Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears (FBSTIB), Palma, Spain.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group (TERCIT), Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Massimo Rittà
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Neonatal Care Unit of the University, City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Cresi
- Neonatal Care Unit of the University, City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Sottemano
- Neonatal Care Unit of the University, City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Care Unit of the University, City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks, Milan, Italy
| | - Javier Calvo
- Banc de Teixits, Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears (FBSTIB), Palma, Spain.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group (TERCIT), Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|