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Peng Y, Liu Y, Yu X, Fang J, Guo Z, Liao K, Chen P, Guo P. First report of Candida auris in Guangdong, China: clinical and microbiological characteristics of 7 episodes of candidemia. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2300525. [PMID: 38164742 PMCID: PMC10773663 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2300525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen worldwide. To date, it has not been reported in Guangdong, China. For the first time, we reported 7 cases of C. auris candidemia from two hospitals in Guangdong. The clinical and microbiological characteristics of these cases were investigated carefully. Two geographic clades, i.e. III and I, were found popular in different hospitals by whole genome sequencing analyses. All C. auris isolates from bloodstream were resistant to fluconazole, 5 of which belonged to Clade III harbouring VF125AL mutation in the ERG11 gene. The isolates with Clade I presented Y132F mutation in the ERG11 gene as well as resistance to amphotericin B. All isolates exhibited strong biofilm-forming capacity and non-aggregative phenotype. The mean time from admission to onset of C. auris candidemia was 39.4 days (range: 12 - 80 days). Despite performing appropriate therapeutic regimen, 42.9% (3/7) of patients experienced occurrences of C. auris candidemia and colonization after the first positive bloodstream. C. auris colonization was still observed after the first C. auris candidemia for 81 days in some patient. Microbiologic eradication from bloodstream was achieved in 85.7% (6/7) of patients at discharge. In conclusion, this study offers a crucial insight into unravelling the multiple origins of C. auris in Guangdong, highlighting great challenges in clinical prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuegao Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingchun Fang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Nansha Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaowang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peisong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Penghao Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Borgio JF, Alhujaily R, Alquwaie R, Alabdullah MJ, AlHasani E, Alothman W, Alaqeel RK, Alfaraj AS, Kaabi A, Alhur NF, Akhtar S, AlJindan R, Almofty S, Almandil NB, AbdulAzeez S. Mining the nanotube-forming Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MR14M3 genome for determining anti- Candida auris and anti- Candida albicans potential by pathogenicity and comparative genomics analysis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4261-4276. [PMID: 37701018 PMCID: PMC10493893 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a global health concern associated with the emergence of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungus Candida auris, which has significant mortality rates. Finding innovative and distinctive anti-Candida compounds is essential for treating infections caused by MDR C. auris. A bacterial strain with anti-Candida activity was isolated and identified using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. The whole genome was sequenced to identify biosynthesis-related gene clusters. The pathogenicity and cytotoxicity of the isolate were analyzed in Candida and HFF-1 cell lines, respectively. This study set out to show that whole-genome sequencing, cytotoxicity testing, and pathogenicity analysis combined with genome mining and comparative genomics can successfully identify biosynthesis-related gene clusters in native bacterial isolates that encode antifungal natural compounds active against Candida albicans and C. auris. The native isolate MR14M3 has the ability to inhibit C. auris (zone of inhibition 25 mm) and C. albicans (zone of inhibition 25 mm). The 16 S rRNA gene sequence of MR14M3 aligned with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with similarity (100%). Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MR14M3 establishes bridges of intercellular nanotubes (L 258.56 ± 35.83 nm; W 25.32 ± 6.09 nm) connecting neighboring cells. Candida cell size was reduced significantly, and crushed phenotypes were observed upon treatment with the defused metabolites of B. amyloliquefaciens MR14M3. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of B. amyloliquefaciens MR14M3 on Candida cells was observed through cell membrane disruption and lysed yeast cells. The whole-genome alignment of the MR14M3 genome (3981,643 bp) using 100 genes confirmed its affiliation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Genome mining analysis revealed that MR14M3-coded secondary metabolites are involved in the biosynthesis of polyketides (PKs) and nonribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs), including 11 biosynthesis-related gene clusters with one hundred percent similarity. Highly conserved biosynthesis-related gene clusters with anti-C. albicans and anti-C. auris potentials and cytotoxic-free activity of B. amyloliquefaciens MR14M3 proposes the utilization of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MR14M3 as a biofactory for an anti-Candida auris and anti-C. albicans compound synthesizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Francis Borgio
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf Alhujaily
- Summer Research Program, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf Alquwaie
- Master Program of Biotechnology, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Jawad Alabdullah
- Summer Research Program, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman AlHasani
- Master Program of Biotechnology, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wojod Alothman
- Summer Research Program, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Khalid Alaqeel
- Summer Research Program, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aqeelah Salman Alfaraj
- Summer Research Program, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayidah Kaabi
- Summer Research Program, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah F. Alhur
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem AlJindan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 40017, Saudi Arabia)
| | - Sarah Almofty
- Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor B. Almandil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed AbdulAzeez
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Biswas B, Rana A, Gupta N, Gupta I, Puria R, Thakur A. A Novel Robust Method Mimicking Human Substratum To Dissect the Heterogeneity of Candida auris Biofilm Formation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0089223. [PMID: 37439683 PMCID: PMC10434199 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00892-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a pathogen of urgent threat level as marked by the CDC. The formation of biofilms is an essential property of this fungus to establish infection and escape drug treatment. However, our understanding of pathogenesis through biofilm is hampered by heterogeneity in C. auris biofilms observed in different studies. It is imperative to replicate in vivo conditions for studying C. auris biofilm formation in vitro. Different methods are standardized, but the surface used to form biofilms lacks consistency as well as the architecture of a typical biofilm. Here, we report an in vitro technique to grow C. auris biofilms on gelatin-coated coverslips. Interestingly, C. auris cells grown on gelatin-coated coverslips either on modified synthetic sweat media or RPMI 1640 resulted in similar multilayer biofilm formation with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This method is also consistent with the biofilm formation of other Candida species, such as Candida glabrata and Candida albicans. Biofilms of C. glabrata developed through this method show pseudohyphae and EPS. This method can be used to understand the molecular basis of biofilm formation, associated pathogenesis, and drug tolerance. The technique is cost-effective and would thus serve in rightful screening and repurposing drug libraries for designing new therapeutics against the less-studied high-alarm pathogen C. auris. IMPORTANCE Heterogeneity is seen when multidrug-resistant C. auris biofilm is cultured using different reported methods. Biofilm formed on the gelatin surface mimics the condition of a host environment that has multilayers and EPS. This method has feasibility for drug screening and analyzing biofilms through three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. This in vitro biofilm formation technique is also exploited to study the formation of biofilm of other Candida species. The biofilms of C. glabrata and C. albicans can also be correctly mimicked using gelatin in the biofilm-forming environment. Thus, the novel in vitro method for biofilm formation reported here can be widely used to understand the mechanism of biofilm formation, related virulence properties, and drug tolerance of C. auris and other Candida species. This simple and low-cost technique is highly suitable for screening novel inhibitors and repurposed libraries and to design new therapeutics against Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswambhar Biswas
- Laboratory of Protein Translation and Fungal Pathogenesis, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Aishwarya Rana
- Laboratory of Protein Translation and Fungal Pathogenesis, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Laboratory of Protein Translation and Fungal Pathogenesis, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ishaan Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rekha Puria
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Thakur
- Laboratory of Protein Translation and Fungal Pathogenesis, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Pechacek J, Lionakis MS. Host defense mechanisms against Candida auris. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1087-1096. [PMID: 37753840 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2264500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida auris is a pathogen of growing public health concern given its rapid spread across the globe, its propensity for long-term skin colonization and healthcare-related outbreaks, its resistance to a variety of antifungal medications, and the high morbidity and mortality associated with invasive disease. Despite that, the host immune response mechanisms that operate during C. auris skin colonization and invasive infection remains poorly understood. AREAS COVERED In this manuscript, we review the available literature in the growing research field pertaining to C. auris host defenses and we discuss what is known about the ability of C. auris to thrive on mammalian skin, the role of lymphoid cell-mediated, IL-17-dependent defenses in controlling cutaneous colonization, and the contribution of myeloid phagocytes in curtailing systemic infection. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the mechanisms by which the host immune system responds to and controls colonization and infection with C. auris and developing a deeper knowledge of tissue-specific host-C. auris interactions and of C. auris immune-evading mechanisms may help devise improved strategies for decolonization, prognostication, prevention, vaccination, and/or directed antifungal treatment in vulnerable patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pechacek
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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