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Sharma G, Paganin M, Lauria F, Perenthaler E, Viero G. The SMN-ribosome interplay: a new opportunity for Spinal Muscular Atrophy therapies. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:465-479. [PMID: 38391004 PMCID: PMC10903476 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The underlying cause of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is in the reduction of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein levels due to mutations in the SMN1 gene. The specific effects of SMN protein loss and the resulting pathological alterations are not fully understood. Given the crucial roles of the SMN protein in snRNP biogenesis and its interactions with ribosomes and translation-related proteins and mRNAs, a decrease in SMN levels below a specific threshold in SMA is expected to affect translational control of gene expression. This review covers both direct and indirect SMN interactions across various translation-related cellular compartments and processes, spanning from ribosome biogenesis to local translation and beyond. Additionally, it aims to outline deficiencies and alterations in translation observed in SMA models and patients, while also discussing the implications of the relationship between SMN protein and the translation machinery within the context of current and future therapies.
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Kiselev A, Maretina M, Shtykalova S, Al-Hilal H, Maslyanyuk N, Plokhih M, Serebryakova E, Frolova M, Shved N, Krylova N, Il’ina A, Freund S, Osinovskaya N, Sultanov I, Egorova A, Lobenskaya A, Koroteev A, Sosnina I, Gorelik Y, Bespalova O, Baranov V, Kogan I, Glotov A. Establishment of a Pilot Newborn Screening Program for Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Saint Petersburg. Int J Neonatal Screen 2024; 10:9. [PMID: 38390973 PMCID: PMC10885106 DOI: 10.3390/ijns10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy 5q (SMA) is one of the most common neuromuscular inherited diseases and is the most common genetic cause of infant mortality. SMA is associated with homozygous deletion of exon 7 in the SMN1 gene. Recently developed drugs can improve the motor functions of infants with SMA when they are treated in the pre-symptomatic stage. With aim of providing an early diagnosis, newborn screening (NBS) for SMA using a real-time PCR assay with dried blood spots (DBS) was performed from January 2022 through November 2022 in Saint Petersburg, which is a representative Russian megapolis. Here, 36,140 newborns were screened by the GenomeX real-time PCR-based screening test, and three genotypes were identified: homozygous deletion carriers (4 newborns), heterozygous carriers (772 newborns), and wild-type individuals (35,364 newborns). The disease status of all four newborns that screened positive for the homozygous SMN1 deletion was confirmed by alternate methods. Two of the newborns had two copies of SMN2, and two of the newborns had three copies. We determined the incidence of spinal muscular atrophy in Saint Petersburg to be 1 in 9035 and the SMA carrier frequency to be 1 in 47. In conclusion, providing timely information regarding SMN1, confirmation of disease status, and SMN2 copy number as part of the SMA newborn-screening algorithm can significantly improve clinical follow-up, testing of family members, and treatment of patients with SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kiselev
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Marianna Maretina
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Sofia Shtykalova
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Haya Al-Hilal
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Natalia Maslyanyuk
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Mariya Plokhih
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Elena Serebryakova
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
- Saint Petersburg State Medical Diagnostic Center (Genetic Medical Center), Tobolskaya Street 5, 353912 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.F.); (A.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Marina Frolova
- Saint Petersburg State Medical Diagnostic Center (Genetic Medical Center), Tobolskaya Street 5, 353912 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.F.); (A.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Natalia Shved
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Nadezhda Krylova
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Arina Il’ina
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Svetlana Freund
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Natalia Osinovskaya
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Iskender Sultanov
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Egorova
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Anastasia Lobenskaya
- Saint Petersburg State Medical Diagnostic Center (Genetic Medical Center), Tobolskaya Street 5, 353912 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.F.); (A.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Koroteev
- Saint Petersburg State Medical Diagnostic Center (Genetic Medical Center), Tobolskaya Street 5, 353912 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.F.); (A.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Irina Sosnina
- Saint Petersburg State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “Consulting and Diagnostic Center for Children”, Aleksa Dundić Street 36/2, 192289 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Yulia Gorelik
- Children’s City Multidisciplinary Clinical Specialized Center of High Medical Technologies, Avangardnaya Street 14, 198205 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Olesya Bespalova
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Vladislav Baranov
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Igor Kogan
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrey Glotov
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
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Rashid S, Dimitriadi M. Autophagy in spinal muscular atrophy: from pathogenic mechanisms to therapeutic approaches. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1307636. [PMID: 38259504 PMCID: PMC10801191 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1307636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disorder caused by the depletion of the ubiquitously expressed survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. While the genetic cause of SMA has been well documented, the exact mechanism(s) by which SMN depletion results in disease progression remain elusive. A wide body of evidence has highlighted the involvement and dysregulation of autophagy in SMA. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation process which is necessary for cellular homeostasis; defects in the autophagic machinery have been linked with a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The pathway is particularly known to prevent neurodegeneration and has been suggested to act as a neuroprotective factor, thus presenting an attractive target for novel therapies for SMA patients. In this review, (a) we provide for the first time a comprehensive summary of the perturbations in the autophagic networks that characterize SMA development, (b) highlight the autophagic regulators which may play a key role in SMA pathogenesis and (c) propose decreased autophagic flux as the causative agent underlying the autophagic dysregulation observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Dimitriadi
- School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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4
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Dowling P, Swandulla D, Ohlendieck K. Biochemical and proteomic insights into sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+-ATPase complexes in skeletal muscles. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:125-142. [PMID: 37668143 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2255743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscles contain large numbers of high-molecular-mass protein complexes in elaborate membrane systems. Integral membrane proteins are involved in diverse cellular functions including the regulation of ion handling, membrane homeostasis, energy metabolism and force transmission. AREAS COVERED The proteomic profiling of membrane proteins and large protein assemblies in skeletal muscles are outlined in this article. This includes a critical overview of the main biochemical separation techniques and the mass spectrometric approaches taken to study membrane proteins. As an illustrative example of an analytically challenging large protein complex, the proteomic detection and characterization of the Ca2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is discussed. The biological role of this large protein complex during normal muscle functioning, in the context of fiber type diversity and in relation to mechanisms of physiological adaptations and pathophysiological abnormalities is evaluated from a proteomics perspective. EXPERT OPINION Mass spectrometry-based muscle proteomics has decisively advanced the field of basic and applied myology. Although it is technically challenging to study membrane proteins, innovations in protein separation methodology in combination with sensitive mass spectrometry and improved systems bioinformatics has allowed the detailed proteomic detection and characterization of skeletal muscle membrane protein complexes, such as Ca2+-pump proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth Kildare, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth Kildare, Ireland
| | - Dieter Swandulla
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth Kildare, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth Kildare, Ireland
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5
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Ermanoska B, Asselbergh B, Morant L, Petrovic-Erfurth ML, Hosseinibarkooie S, Leitão-Gonçalves R, Almeida-Souza L, Bervoets S, Sun L, Lee L, Atkinson D, Khanghahi A, Tournev I, Callaerts P, Verstreken P, Yang XL, Wirth B, Rodal AA, Timmerman V, Goode BL, Godenschwege TA, Jordanova A. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase has a noncanonical function in actin bundling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:999. [PMID: 36890170 PMCID: PMC9995517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YARS1) and six other tRNA ligases cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth peripheral neuropathy (CMT). Loss of aminoacylation is not required for their pathogenicity, suggesting a gain-of-function disease mechanism. By an unbiased genetic screen in Drosophila, we link YARS1 dysfunction to actin cytoskeleton organization. Biochemical studies uncover yet unknown actin-bundling property of YARS1 to be enhanced by a CMT mutation, leading to actin disorganization in the Drosophila nervous system, human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and patient-derived fibroblasts. Genetic modulation of F-actin organization improves hallmark electrophysiological and morphological features in neurons of flies expressing CMT-causing YARS1 mutations. Similar beneficial effects are observed in flies expressing a neuropathy-causing glycyl-tRNA synthetase. Hence, in this work, we show that YARS1 is an evolutionary-conserved F-actin organizer which links the actin cytoskeleton to tRNA-synthetase-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Ermanoska
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromics Support Facility, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Morant
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Maria-Luise Petrovic-Erfurth
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Seyyedmohsen Hosseinibarkooie
- Institute of Human Genetics; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne; Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne; University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ricardo Leitão-Gonçalves
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Frontiers Media SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Almeida-Souza
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology & Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sven Bervoets
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Litao Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - LaTasha Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Center for Social and Clinical Research, National Minority Quality Forum, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Derek Atkinson
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Akram Khanghahi
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ivaylo Tournev
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, 1618, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne; Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne; University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Avital A Rodal
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Tanja A Godenschwege
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Albena Jordanova
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University-Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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6
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Chen L, Roake CM, Maccallini P, Bavasso F, Dehghannasiri R, Santonicola P, Mendoza-Ferreira N, Scatolini L, Rizzuti L, Esposito A, Gallotta I, Francia S, Cacchione S, Galati A, Palumbo V, Kobin MA, Tartaglia G, Colantoni A, Proietti G, Wu Y, Hammerschmidt M, De Pittà C, Sales G, Salzman J, Pellizzoni L, Wirth B, Di Schiavi E, Gatti M, Artandi S, Raffa GD. TGS1 impacts snRNA 3'-end processing, ameliorates survival motor neuron-dependent neurological phenotypes in vivo and prevents neurodegeneration. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:12400-12424. [PMID: 35947650 PMCID: PMC9757054 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylguanosine synthase 1 (TGS1) is a highly conserved enzyme that converts the 5'-monomethylguanosine cap of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) to a trimethylguanosine cap. Here, we show that loss of TGS1 in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio results in neurological phenotypes similar to those caused by survival motor neuron (SMN) deficiency. Importantly, expression of human TGS1 ameliorates the SMN-dependent neurological phenotypes in both flies and worms, revealing that TGS1 can partly counteract the effects of SMN deficiency. TGS1 loss in HeLa cells leads to the accumulation of immature U2 and U4atac snRNAs with long 3' tails that are often uridylated. snRNAs with defective 3' terminations also accumulate in Drosophila Tgs1 mutants. Consistent with defective snRNA maturation, TGS1 and SMN mutant cells also exhibit partially overlapping transcriptome alterations that include aberrantly spliced and readthrough transcripts. Together, these results identify a neuroprotective function for TGS1 and reinforce the view that defective snRNA maturation affects neuronal viability and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Lu Chen.
| | | | - Paolo Maccallini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bavasso
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roozbeh Dehghannasiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Natalia Mendoza-Ferreira
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Livia Scatolini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovico Rizzuti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ivan Gallotta
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, IGB-ABT, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Sofia Francia
- IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy,Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Cacchione
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galati
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie A Kobin
- Cancer Signaling and Epigenetics Program and Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Gian Gaetano Tartaglia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome 00161, Italy,Center for Human Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa 16152, Italy
| | - Alessio Colantoni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome 00161, Italy,Center for Human Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa 16152, Italy
| | - Gabriele Proietti
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome 00161, Italy,Center for Human Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa 16152, Italy
| | - Yunming Wu
- Cancer Signaling and Epigenetics Program and Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA,Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Gabriele Sales
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Julia Salzman
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Livio Pellizzoni
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany,Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, IBBR, CNR, Naples, Italy,Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, IGB-ABT, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari (IBPM) del CNR, Rome, Italy
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7
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Li L, Yu J, Ji SJ. Axonal mRNA localization and translation: local events with broad roles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7379-7395. [PMID: 34698881 PMCID: PMC11072051 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) can be transported and targeted to different subcellular compartments and locally translated. Local translation is an evolutionally conserved mechanism that in mammals, provides an important tool to exquisitely regulate the subcellular proteome in different cell types, including neurons. Local translation in axons is involved in processes such as neuronal development, function, plasticity, and diseases. Here, we summarize the current progress on axonal mRNA transport and translation. We focus on the regulatory mechanisms governing how mRNAs are transported to axons and how they are locally translated in axons. We discuss the roles of axonally synthesized proteins, which either function locally in axons, or are retrogradely trafficked back to soma to achieve neuron-wide gene regulation. We also examine local translation in neurological diseases. Finally, we give a critical perspective on the remaining questions that could be answered to uncover the fundamental rules governing local translation, and discuss how this could lead to new therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng-Jian Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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8
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Perez BA, Shorrock HK, Banez‐Coronel M, Zu T, Romano LEL, Laboissonniere LA, Reid T, Ikeda Y, Reddy K, Gomez CM, Bird T, Ashizawa T, Schut LJ, Brusco A, Berglund JA, Hasholt LF, Nielsen JE, Subramony SH, Ranum LPW. CCG•CGG interruptions in high-penetrance SCA8 families increase RAN translation and protein toxicity. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14095. [PMID: 34632710 PMCID: PMC8573593 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8), a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CTG•CAG expansion, is unusual because most individuals that carry the mutation do not develop ataxia. To understand the variable penetrance of SCA8, we studied the molecular differences between highly penetrant families and more common sporadic cases (82%) using a large cohort of SCA8 families (n = 77). We show that repeat expansion mutations from individuals with multiple affected family members have CCG•CGG interruptions at a higher frequency than sporadic SCA8 cases and that the number of CCG•CGG interruptions correlates with age at onset. At the molecular level, CCG•CGG interruptions increase RNA hairpin stability, and in cell culture experiments, increase p-eIF2α and polyAla and polySer RAN protein levels. Additionally, CCG•CGG interruptions, which encode arginine interruptions in the polyGln frame, increase toxicity of the resulting proteins. In summary, SCA8 CCG•CGG interruptions increase polyAla and polySer RAN protein levels, polyGln protein toxicity, and disease penetrance and provide novel insight into the molecular differences between SCA8 families with high vs. low disease penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Perez
- Center for NeuroGeneticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Hannah K Shorrock
- Center for NeuroGeneticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Monica Banez‐Coronel
- Center for NeuroGeneticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Tao Zu
- Center for NeuroGeneticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Lisa EL Romano
- Center for NeuroGeneticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Lauren A Laboissonniere
- Center for NeuroGeneticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Tammy Reid
- Center for NeuroGeneticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Yoshio Ikeda
- Department of NeurologyGunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
| | - Kaalak Reddy
- RNA InstituteUniversity at Albany–SUNYAlbanyNYUSA
| | | | - Thomas Bird
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Geriatrics Research SectionVA Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWAUSA
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of NeurologyHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTXUSA
| | | | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
- Medical Genetics Units“Città della Salute e della Scienza” University HospitalTorinoItaly
| | - J Andrew Berglund
- Center for NeuroGeneticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- RNA InstituteUniversity at Albany–SUNYAlbanyNYUSA
| | - Lis F Hasholt
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jorgen E Nielsen
- Department of NeurologyRigshospitaletUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - SH Subramony
- Center for NeuroGeneticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Laura PW Ranum
- Center for NeuroGeneticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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9
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Sumoylation regulates the assembly and activity of the SMN complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5040. [PMID: 34413305 PMCID: PMC8376998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
SMN is a ubiquitously expressed protein and is essential for life. SMN deficiency causes the neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. SMN interacts with itself and other proteins to form a complex that functions in the assembly of ribonucleoproteins. SMN is modified by SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier), but whether sumoylation is required for the functions of SMN that are relevant to SMA pathogenesis is not known. Here, we show that inactivation of a SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) alters SMN sub-cellular distribution, the integrity of its complex, and its function in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins biogenesis. Expression of a SIM-inactivated mutant of SMN in a mouse model of SMA slightly extends survival rate with limited and transient correction of motor deficits. Remarkably, although SIM-inactivated SMN attenuates motor neuron loss and improves neuromuscular junction synapses, it fails to prevent the loss of sensory-motor synapses. These findings suggest that sumoylation is important for proper assembly and function of the SMN complex and that loss of this post-translational modification impairs the ability of SMN to correct selective deficits in the sensory-motor circuit of SMA mice.
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10
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Wirth B. Spinal Muscular Atrophy: In the Challenge Lies a Solution. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:306-322. [PMID: 33423791 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The path from gene discovery to therapy in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has been a highly challenging endeavor, but also led to one of the most successful stories in neurogenetics. In SMA, a neuromuscular disorder with an often fatal outcome until recently, with those affected never able to sit, stand, or walk, children now achieve these motoric abilities and almost age-based development when treated presymptomatically. This review summarizes the challenges along this 30-year journey. It is also meant to inspire early-career scientists not to give up when things become difficult but to try to uncover the biological underpinnings and transform the challenge into the next big discovery. Without doubt, the improvements seen with the three therapeutic strategies in SMA are impressive; many open questions remain and are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Center for Rare Disorders, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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11
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Spinal muscular atrophy - insights and challenges in the treatment era. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:706-715. [PMID: 33057172 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-00413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive motor neuron disease caused by deletion or mutation of SMN1. Four subtypes exist, characterized by different clinical severities. New therapeutic approaches have become available in the past few years, dramatically changing the natural history of all SMA subtypes, including substantial clinical improvement with the severe and advanced SMA type 1 variant. Trials have now demonstrated that phenotypic rescue is even more dramatic when pre-symptomatic patients are treated, and emerging real-world data are demonstrating the benefits of intervention even in the chronic phase of the condition. Here, we critically review how the field is rapidly evolving in response to the new therapies and questions that the new treatments have posed, including the effects of treatment at different ages and stages of disease, new phenotypes and long-term outcomes in patients who would not have survived without treatment, and decisions of who to treat and when. We also discuss how the outcomes associated with different timing of therapeutic intervention are contributing to our understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of SMA.
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12
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Adami R, Bottai D. Spinal Muscular Atrophy Modeling and Treatment Advances by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Studies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:795-813. [PMID: 31863335 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by specific and predominantly lower motor neuron (MN) loss. SMA is the main reason for infant death, while about one in 40 children born is a healthy carrier. SMA is caused by decreased levels of production of a ubiquitously expressed gene: the survival motor neuron (SMN). All SMA patients present mutations of the telomeric SMN1 gene, but many copies of a centromeric, partially functional paralog gene, SMN2, can somewhat compensate for the SMN1 deficiency, scaling inversely with phenotypic harshness. Because the study of neural tissue in and from patients presents too many challenges and is very often not feasible; the use of animal models, such as the mouse, had a pivotal impact in our understanding of SMA pathology but could not portray totally satisfactorily the elaborate regulatory mechanisms that are present in higher animals, particularly in humans. And while recent therapeutic achievements have been substantial, especially for very young infants, some issues should be considered for the treatment of older patients. An alternative way to study SMA, and other neurological pathologies, is the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients. In this work, we will present a wide analysis of the uses of iPSCs in SMA pathology, starting from basic science to their possible roles as therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Adami
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
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13
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AAV9-DOK7 gene therapy reduces disease severity in Smn 2B/- SMA model mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:107-114. [PMID: 32828271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by deletions or mutations in the survival motor neuron (SMN1) gene. An important hallmark of disease progression is the pathology of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Affected NMJs in the SMA context exhibit delayed maturation, impaired synaptic transmission, and loss of contact between motor neurons and skeletal muscle. Protection and maintenance of NMJs remains a focal point of therapeutic strategies to treat SMA, and the recent implication of the NMJ-organizer Agrin in SMA pathology suggests additional NMJ organizing molecules may contribute. DOK7 is an NMJ organizer that functions downstream of Agrin. The potential of DOK7 as a putative therapeutic target was demonstrated by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy delivery of DOK7 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Emery Dreyefuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD). To assess the potential of DOK7 as a disease modifier of SMA, we administered AAV-DOK7 to an intermediate mouse model of SMA. AAV9-DOK7 treatment conferred improvements in NMJ architecture and reduced muscle fiber atrophy. Additionally, these improvements resulted in a subtle reduction in phenotypic severity, evidenced by improved grip strength and an extension in survival. These findings reveal DOK7 is a novel modifier of SMA.
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14
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Feng LY, Li L. Low expression of NCALD is associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13:35. [PMID: 32228639 PMCID: PMC7106630 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low expression of NCALD(neurocalcin delta) in peripheral blood of ovarian cancer patients predicts poor prognosis. However, the molecular mechanism of NCALD in ovarian cancer and its relationship with chemotherapy outcomes is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential signaling pathways of NCALD and to evaluate its ability to predict chemotherapy outcomes and prognosis. Methods High-throughput RNA sequencing data were downloaded from TCGA. GSEA explored the potential signaling pathways of NCALD. The expression of NCALD in chemotherapy sensitive and chemotherapy resistant ovarian cancer patients was detected by TCGA data and clinical samples. ROC analysis confirmed the ability of NCALD to predict chemotherapy outcomes. The association between NCALD expression and prognosis in ovarian cancer patients was assessed using Kaplan-Meier plotter. Results In patients with NCALD overexpression, genes expression related to ERK1 / 2 signaling pathway, NF-kappaB signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway and immune response pathway was increased, especially ERK1 / 2 signaling pathway. The expression of NCALD in chemoresistant patients was significantly lower than chemosensitive patients. In TCGA data and immunohistochemical samples, the AUC of NCALD expression predicting chemotherapy outcome was 0.59 and 0.64, respectively. In clinical samples, low expression of NCALD was associated with poor OS and PFS. Conclusions NCALD may activate the ERK1 / 2 signaling pathway in ovarian cancer. As a new biomarker of chemotherapy sensitivity, NCALD was significantly down-regulated in chemotherapy resistance ovarian cancer patients. Low expression of NCALD in ovarian cancer is associated with poor OS and PFS. In the future, further research will be needed on the potential mechanism and clinical application value of NCALD in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Feng
- Department of Gynecologic oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gynecologic oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
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15
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Ma X, Sun J, Zhu S, Du Z, Li D, Li W, Li Z, Tian Y, Kang X, Sun G. MiRNAs and mRNAs Analysis during Abdominal Preadipocyte Differentiation in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030468. [PMID: 32168898 PMCID: PMC7143929 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We sequenced the miRNAs and mRNAs of preabdominal fat cells and differentiated adipocytes, and target genes of miRNA combined with mRNA transcriptome data jointly. We found that the MAPK signal pathway, insulin signal pathway, fatty acid metabolism, ECM( extracellular matrix)–receptor interaction, and other signal pathways were involved in the differentiation of preabdominal fat cells. In addition, we found that some miRNAs–mRNAs combinations were strongly related to the differentiation of fat cells (miR-214−ACSBG2, NFKB2, CAMK2A, ACLY, CCND3, PLK3, ITGB2; miR-148a-5p−ROCK2; miR-10a-5p−ELOVL5; miR-146b-5p−LAMA4; miR-6615-5p−FLNB; miR-1774−COL6A1). Our findings provide important resources for the study of adipocyte differentiation. Abstract The excessive deposition of abdominal fat has become an important factor in restricting the production efficiency of chickens, so reducing abdominal fat deposition is important for improving growth rate. It has been proven that miRNAs play an important role in regulating many physiological processes of organisms. In this study, we constructed a model of adipogenesis by isolating preadipocytes (Ab-Pre) derived from abdominal adipose tissue and differentiated adipocytes (Ab-Ad) in vitro. Deep sequencing of miRNAs and mRNAs expressed in Ab-Pre and Ab-Ad groups was conducted to explore the effect of miRNAs and mRNAs on fat deposition. We identified 80 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) candidates, 58 of which were up-regulated and 22 down-regulated. Furthermore, six miRNAs and six mRNAs were verified by qRT-PCR, and the results showed that the expression of the DEMs and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two groups was consistent with our sequencing results. When target genes of miRNA were combined with mRNA transcriptome data, a total of 891 intersection genes were obtained, we predicted the signal pathways of cross genes enrichment to the MAPK signal pathway, insulin signal pathway, fatty acid metabolism, and ECM–receptor interaction. Meanwhile, we constructed miRNA and negatively correlated mRNA target networks, including 12 miRNA–mRNAs pairs, which showed a strong association with the abdominal adipocyte differentiation (miR-214−ACSBG2, NFKB2, CAMK2A, ACLY, CCND3, PLK3, ITGB2; miR-148a-5p−ROCK2; miR-10a-5p−ELOVL5; miR-146b-5p−LAMA4; miR-6615-5p−FLNB; miR-1774−COL6A1). Overall, these findings provide a background for further research on lipid metabolism. Thus, we can better understand the molecular genetic mechanism of chicken abdominal fat deposition.
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Wirth B, Karakaya M, Kye MJ, Mendoza-Ferreira N. Twenty-Five Years of Spinal Muscular Atrophy Research: From Phenotype to Genotype to Therapy, and What Comes Next. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2020; 21:231-261. [PMID: 32004094 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-102319-103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, the underlying genetic cause for one of the most common and devastating inherited diseases in humans, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), was identified. Homozygous deletions or, rarely, subtle mutations of SMN1 cause SMA, and the copy number of the nearly identical copy gene SMN2 inversely correlates with disease severity. SMA has become a paradigm and a prime example of a monogenic neurological disorder that can be efficiently ameliorated or nearly cured by novel therapeutic strategies, such as antisense oligonucleotide or gene replacement therapy. These therapies enable infants to survive who might otherwise have died before the age of two and allow individuals who have never been able to sit or walk to do both. The major milestones on the road to these therapies were to understand the genetic cause and splice regulation of SMN genes, the disease's phenotype-genotype variability, the function of the protein and the main affected cellular pathways and tissues, the disease's pathophysiology through research on animal models, the windows of opportunity for efficient treatment, and how and when to treat patients most effectively.This review aims to bridge our knowledge from phenotype to genotype to therapy, not only highlighting the significant advances so far but also speculating about the future of SMA screening and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Mert Karakaya
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Min Jeong Kye
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Natalia Mendoza-Ferreira
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
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17
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Janzen E, Wolff L, Mendoza-Ferreira N, Hupperich K, Delle Vedove A, Hosseinibarkooie S, Kye MJ, Wirth B. PLS3 Overexpression Delays Ataxia in Chp1 Mutant Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:993. [PMID: 31607845 PMCID: PMC6761326 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders share common pathogenic pathways such as endocytic defects, Ca2+ misregulation and defects in actin dynamics. Factors acting on these shared pathways are highly interesting as a therapeutic target. Plastin 3 (PLS3), a proven protective modifier of spinal muscular atrophy across species, is a remarkable example of the former, and thereby offers high potential as a cross-disease modifier. Importantly, PLS3 has been linked to numerous proteins associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Among them, PLS3 directly interacts with calcineurin like EF-hand protein 1 (CHP1), whose loss-of-function results in ataxia. In this study, we aimed to determine whether PLS3 is a cross-disease modifier for ataxia caused by Chp1 mutation in mice. For this purpose, we generated Chp1 mutant mice, named vacillator mice, overexpressing a PLS3 transgene. Here, we show that PLS3 overexpression (OE) delays the ataxic phenotype of the vacillator mice at an early but not later disease stage. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PLS3 OE ameliorates axon hypertrophy and axonal swellings in Purkinje neurons thereby slowing down neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, we found that PLS3 OE in the cerebellum shows a trend of increased membrane targeting and/or expression of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1), an important CHP1 binding partner and a causative gene for ataxia, when mutated in humans and mice. This data supports the hypothesis that PLS3 is a cross-disease genetic modifier for CHP1-causing ataxia and spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Janzen
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Wolff
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalia Mendoza-Ferreira
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Hupperich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Delle Vedove
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Seyyedmohsen Hosseinibarkooie
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Min Jeong Kye
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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18
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Ottesen EW, Singh NN, Luo D, Singh RN. High-affinity RNA targets of the Survival Motor Neuron protein reveal diverse preferences for sequence and structural motifs. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:10983-11001. [PMID: 30165668 PMCID: PMC6237763 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein is essential for survival of all animal cells. SMN harbors a nucleic acid-binding domain and plays an important role in RNA metabolism. However, the RNA-binding property of SMN is poorly understood. Here we employ iterative in vitro selection and chemical structure probing to identify sequence and structural motif(s) critical for RNA–SMN interactions. Our results reveal that motifs that drive RNA–SMN interactions are diverse and suggest that tight RNA–SMN interaction requires presence of multiple contact sites on the RNA molecule. We performed UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (HITS-CLIP) to identify cellular RNA targets of SMN in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Results of HITS-CLIP identified a wide variety of targets, including mRNAs coding for ribosome biogenesis and cytoskeleton dynamics. We show critical determinants of ANXA2 mRNA for a direct SMN interaction in vitro. Our data confirms the ability of SMN to discriminate among close RNA sequences, and represent the first validation of a direct interaction of SMN with a cellular RNA target. Our findings suggest direct RNA–SMN interaction as a novel mechanism to initiate the cascade of events leading to the execution of SMN-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Ottesen
- Iowa State University, Biomedical Sciences, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Diou Luo
- Iowa State University, Biomedical Sciences, Ames, IA, USA
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NCALD Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapy in Addition to Nusinersen further Ameliorates Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Mice. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:221-230. [PMID: 31230718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease causing the most frequent genetic childhood lethality. Recently, nusinersen, an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that corrects SMN2 splicing and thereby increases full-length SMN protein, has been approved by the FDA and EMA for SMA therapy. However, the administration of nusinersen in severe and/or post-symptomatic SMA-affected individuals is insufficient to counteract the disease. Therefore, additional SMN-independent therapies are needed to support the function of motoneurons and neuromuscular junctions. We recently identified asymptomatic SMN1-deleted individuals who were protected against SMA by reduced expression of neurocalcin delta (NCALD). NCALD reduction is proven to be a protective modifier of SMA across species, including worm, zebrafish, and mice. Here, we identified Ncald-ASO3-out of 450 developed Ncald ASOs-as the most efficient and non-toxic ASO for the CNS, by applying a stepwise screening strategy in cortical neurons and adult and neonatal mice. In a randomized-blinded preclinical study, a single subcutaneous low-dose SMN-ASO and a single intracerebroventricular Ncald-ASO3 or control-ASO injection were presymptomatically administered in a severe SMA mouse model. NCALD reduction of >70% persisted for about 1 month. While low-dose SMN-ASO rescues multiorgan impairment, additional NCALD reduction significantly ameliorated SMA pathology including electrophysiological and histological properties of neuromuscular junctions and muscle at P21 and motoric deficits at 3 months. The present study shows the additional benefit of a combinatorial SMN-dependent and SMN-independent ASO-based therapy for SMA. This work illustrates how a modifying gene, identified in some asymptomatic individuals, helps to develop a therapy for all SMA-affected individuals.
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Shorrock HK, Gillingwater TH, Groen EJN. Overview of Current Drugs and Molecules in Development for Spinal Muscular Atrophy Therapy. Drugs 2019; 78:293-305. [PMID: 29380287 PMCID: PMC5829132 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease primarily characterized by a loss of spinal motor neurons, leading to progressive paralysis and premature death in the most severe cases. SMA is caused by homozygous deletion of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, leading to low levels of SMN protein. However, a second SMN gene (SMN2) exists, which can be therapeutically targeted to increase SMN levels. This has recently led to the first disease-modifying therapy for SMA gaining formal approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA). Spinraza (nusinersen) is a modified antisense oligonucleotide that targets the splicing of SMN2, leading to increased SMN protein levels, capable of improving clinical phenotypes in many patients. In addition to Spinraza, several other therapeutic approaches are currently in various stages of clinical development. These include SMN-dependent small molecule and gene therapy approaches along with SMN-independent strategies, such as general neuroprotective factors and muscle strength-enhancing compounds. For each therapy, we provide detailed information on clinical trial design and pharmacological/safety data where available. Previous clinical studies are also discussed to provide context on SMA clinical trial development and the insights these provided for the design of current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Shorrock
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Ewout J N Groen
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK. .,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
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21
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Groen EJN, Perenthaler E, Courtney NL, Jordan CY, Shorrock HK, van der Hoorn D, Huang YT, Murray LM, Viero G, Gillingwater TH. Temporal and tissue-specific variability of SMN protein levels in mouse models of spinal muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2851-2862. [PMID: 29790918 PMCID: PMC6077828 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a progressive motor neuron disease caused by deleterious variants in SMN1 that lead to a marked decrease in survival motor neuron (SMN) protein expression. Humans have a second SMN gene (SMN2) that is almost identical to SMN1. However, due to alternative splicing the majority of SMN2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is translated into a truncated, unstable protein that is quickly degraded. Because the presence of SMN2 provides a unique opportunity for therapy development in SMA patients, the mechanisms that regulate SMN2 splicing and mRNA expression have been elucidated in great detail. In contrast, how much SMN protein is produced at different developmental time points and in different tissues remains under-characterized. In this study, we addressed this issue by determining SMN protein expression levels at three developmental time points across six different mouse tissues and in two distinct mouse models of SMA (‘severe’ Taiwanese and ‘intermediate’ Smn2B/− mice). We found that, in healthy control mice, SMN protein expression was significantly influenced by both age and tissue type. When comparing mouse models of SMA, we found that, despite being transcribed from genetically different alleles, control SMN levels were relatively similar. In contrast, the degree of SMN depletion between tissues in SMA varied substantially over time and between the two models. These findings offer an explanation for the differential vulnerability of tissues and organs observed in SMA and further our understanding of the systemic and temporal requirements for SMN with direct relevance for developing effective therapies for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout J N Groen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Elena Perenthaler
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Natalie L Courtney
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Crispin Y Jordan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences
| | - Hannah K Shorrock
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Dinja van der Hoorn
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Lyndsay M Murray
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Gabriella Viero
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR Unit at Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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22
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Shorrock HK, Gillingwater TH, Groen EJN. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Sensory-Motor Circuit Dysfunction in SMA. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:59. [PMID: 30886572 PMCID: PMC6409332 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of skeletal muscle in response to acetylcholine release from the neuromuscular junction triggered by motor neuron firing forms the basis of all mammalian locomotion. Intricate feedback and control mechanisms, both from within the central nervous system and from sensory organs in the periphery, provide essential inputs that regulate and finetune motor neuron activity. Interestingly, in motor neuron diseases, such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), pathological studies in patients have identified alterations in multiple parts of the sensory-motor system. This has stimulated significant research efforts across a range of different animal models of SMA in order to understand these defects and their contribution to disease pathogenesis. Several recent studies have demonstrated that defects in sensory components of the sensory-motor system contribute to dysfunction of motor neurons early in the pathogenic process. In this review, we provide an overview of these findings, with a specific focus on studies that have provided mechanistic insights into the molecular processes that underlie dysfunction of the sensory-motor system in SMA. These findings highlight the role that cell types other than motor neurons play in SMA pathogenesis, and reinforce the need for therapeutic interventions that target and rescue the wide array of defects that occur in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Shorrock
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ewout J N Groen
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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23
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Spinal muscular atrophy within Amish and Mennonite populations: Ancestral haplotypes and natural history. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202104. [PMID: 30188899 PMCID: PMC6126807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We correlate chromosome 5 haplotypes and SMN2 copy number with disease expression in 42 Mennonite and 14 Amish patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). A single haplotype (A1) with 1 copy of SMN2 segregated among all Amish patients. SMN1 deletions segregated on four different Mennonite haplotypes that carried 1 (M1a, M1b, M1c) or 2 (M2) copies of SMN2. DNA microsatellite and microarray data revealed structural similarities among A1, M1a, M1b, and M2. Clinical data were parsed according to both SMN1 genotype and SMN2 copy number (2 copies, n = 44; 3 copies, n = 9; or 4 copies, n = 3). No infant with 2 copies of SMN2 sat unassisted. In contrast, all 9 Mennonites with the M1a/M2 genotype (3 copies of SMN2) sat during infancy at a median age of 7 months, and 5 (56%) walked and dressed independently at median ages of 18 and 36 months, respectively. All are alive at a median age of 11 (range 2–31) years without ventilatory support. Among 13 Amish and 26 Mennonite patients with 2 copies of SMN2 who did not receive feeding or ventilatory support, A1/A1 as compared to M1a/M1a genotype was associated with earlier clinical onset (p = 0.0040) and shorter lifespan (median survival 3.9 versus 5.7 months, p = 0.0314). These phenotypic differences were not explained by variation in SMN1 deletion size or SMN2 coding sequence, which were conserved across haplotypes. Distinctive features of SMA within Plain communities provide a population-specific framework to study variations of disease expression and the impact of disease-modifying therapies administered early in life.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout J N Groen
- a Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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25
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Amlani A, Hazlewood GS, Hamilton L, Satoh M, Fritzler MJ. Autoantibodies to the survival of motor neuron complex in a patient with necrotizing autoimmune myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 57:199-200. [PMID: 29088473 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Glen S Hazlewood
- Cumming School of Medicine.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Minoru Satoh
- Department of Clinical Nursing, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Cumming School of Medicine.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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26
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Balasubramanian M, Fratzl-Zelman N, O'Sullivan R, Bull M, Fa Peel N, Pollitt RC, Jones R, Milne E, Smith K, Roschger P, Klaushofer K, Bishop NJ. Novel PLS3 variants in X-linked osteoporosis: Exploring bone material properties. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1578-1586. [PMID: 29736964 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic Juvenile Osteoporosis (IJO) refers to significantly lower than expected bone mass manifesting in childhood with no identifiable aetiology. IJO classically presents in early pubertal period with multiple fractures including metaphyseal and vertebral crush fractures, and low bone-mass. METHODS Here we describe two patients and provide information on their clinical phenotype, genotype and bone material analysis in one of the patients. RESULTS Patient 1: 40-year old adult male diagnosed with IJO in childhood who re-presented with a hip fracture as an adult. Genetic analysis identified a pathogenic PLS3 hemizygous variant, c.1765del in exon 16. Patient 2: 15-year old boy with multiple vertebral fractures and bone biopsy findings suggestive of IJO who also has a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Genetic analysis identified a maternally inherited PLS3 pathogenic c.1295T>A variant in exon 12. Analyses of the transiliac bone sample revealed severe reduction of trabecular volume and bone turnover indices and elevated bone matrix mineralisation. DISCUSSION We propose that genetic testing for PLS3 should be undertaken in patients presenting with a current or previous history of IJO as this has implications for genetic counselling and cascade screening. The extensive evaluation of the transiliac biopsy sample of Patient 2 revealed a novel bone phenotype. CONCLUSION This report includes a review of IJO and genetic causes of osteoporosis, and suggests that existing cases of IJO should be screened for PLS3. Through analysis of bone material properties in Patient 2, we can conclude that PLS3 does have a role in bone mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Balasubramanian
- Highly Specialised Severe, Complex & Atypical OI Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Nadja Fratzl-Zelman
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre, Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mary Bull
- Metabolic Bone Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nicola Fa Peel
- Metabolic Bone Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rebecca C Pollitt
- Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Department of Psychology, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Kath Smith
- Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Paul Roschger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre, Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Klaushofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre, Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
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27
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Thompson LW, Morrison KD, Shirran SL, Groen EJN, Gillingwater TH, Botting CH, Sleeman JE. Neurochondrin interacts with the SMN protein suggesting a novel mechanism for spinal muscular atrophy pathology. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.211482. [PMID: 29507115 PMCID: PMC5963842 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an inherited neurodegenerative condition caused by a reduction in the amount of functional survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMN has been implicated in transport of mRNA in neural cells for local translation. We previously identified microtubule-dependent mobile vesicles rich in SMN and SNRPB, a member of the Sm family of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP)-associated proteins, in neural cells. By comparing the interactomes of SNRPB and SNRPN, a neural-specific Sm protein, we now show that the essential neural protein neurochondrin (NCDN) interacts with Sm proteins and SMN in the context of mobile vesicles in neurites. NCDN has roles in protein localisation in neural cells and in maintenance of cell polarity. NCDN is required for the correct localisation of SMN, suggesting they may both be required for formation and transport of trafficking vesicles. NCDN may have potential as a therapeutic target for SMA together with, or in place of the targeting of SMN expression. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Highlighted Article: The essential neural protein neurochondrin interacts with the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) protein SMN in cell lines and in mice. This might be relevant to the molecular pathology of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Thompson
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, BSRC Complex, North Haugh St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Kim D Morrison
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, BSRC Complex, North Haugh St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Sally L Shirran
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, BSRC Complex, North Haugh St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Ewout J N Groen
- Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Catherine H Botting
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, BSRC Complex, North Haugh St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Judith E Sleeman
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, BSRC Complex, North Haugh St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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28
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Groen EJN, Talbot K, Gillingwater TH. Advances in therapy for spinal muscular atrophy: promises and challenges. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:214-224. [PMID: 29422644 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2018.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating motor neuron disease that predominantly affects children and represents the most common cause of hereditary infant mortality. The condition results from deleterious variants in SMN1, which lead to depletion of the survival motor neuron protein (SMN). Now, 20 years after the discovery of this genetic defect, a major milestone in SMA and motor neuron disease research has been reached with the approval of the first disease-modifying therapy for SMA by US and European authorities - the antisense oligonucleotide nusinersen. At the same time, promising data from early-stage clinical trials of SMN1 gene therapy have indicated that additional therapeutic options are likely to emerge for patients with SMA in the near future. However, the approval of nusinersen has generated a number of immediate and substantial medical, ethical and financial implications that have the potential to resonate beyond the specific treatment of SMA. Here, we provide an overview of the rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape for SMA, highlighting current achievements and future opportunities. We also discuss how these developments are providing important lessons for the emerging second generation of combinatorial ('SMN-plus') therapies that are likely to be required to generate robust treatments that are effective across a patient's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout J N Groen
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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