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Zheng YX, Chen XB, Xu F, Cui YZ, Wang ZY, Zhou Y, Fu NC, Yang XY, Chen XY, Zheng M, Man XY. Glycyl-tRNA Synthetase Induces Psoriasis-Like Skin by Facilitating Skin Inflammation and Vascular Endothelial Cell Angiogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:774-785.e10. [PMID: 37827278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.09.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by excessive keratinocyte proliferation and immunocyte infiltration, but the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are universally expressed enzymes that catalyze the first step of protein synthesis. Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) is a member of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. In addition to its canonical function, we found that GARS was overexpressed in the serum and skin lesions of patients with psoriasis. Moreover, GARS was highly expressed in human skin keratinocytes, and GARS knockdown in keratinocytes suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis through NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, intradermal injection of recombinant GARS protein caused skin thickening, angiogenesis, and IFN/TNF-driven skin inflammation. Intriguingly, the reported functional receptor for GARS, cadherin 6 (CDH6), was specifically expressed in vascular endothelial cells, and we found that keratinocyte-derived GARS promotes inflammation and angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells through CDH6. In addition, intradermal injection of GARS aggravated the phenotype and angiogenesis in imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis models, whereas the psoriatic phenotype and angiogenesis were relieved after knockdown of GARS by adeno-associated virus. Taken together, the results of this study identify the critical role of GARS in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and suggest that blocking GARS may be a therapeutic approach for alleviating psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Bei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Zhe Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Yuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ni-Chang Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Yu Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Yan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Man
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Hwang ST, Simon SI. Casting for Proteins in Psoriatic Inflammation Hooks Glycyl-tRNA Synthetases (GARS). J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:733-734. [PMID: 38349306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam T Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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3
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Ermanoska B, Asselbergh B, Morant L, Petrovic-Erfurth ML, Hosseinibarkooie S, Leitão-Gonçalves R, Almeida-Souza L, Bervoets S, Sun L, Lee L, Atkinson D, Khanghahi A, Tournev I, Callaerts P, Verstreken P, Yang XL, Wirth B, Rodal AA, Timmerman V, Goode BL, Godenschwege TA, Jordanova A. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase has a noncanonical function in actin bundling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:999. [PMID: 36890170 PMCID: PMC9995517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YARS1) and six other tRNA ligases cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth peripheral neuropathy (CMT). Loss of aminoacylation is not required for their pathogenicity, suggesting a gain-of-function disease mechanism. By an unbiased genetic screen in Drosophila, we link YARS1 dysfunction to actin cytoskeleton organization. Biochemical studies uncover yet unknown actin-bundling property of YARS1 to be enhanced by a CMT mutation, leading to actin disorganization in the Drosophila nervous system, human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and patient-derived fibroblasts. Genetic modulation of F-actin organization improves hallmark electrophysiological and morphological features in neurons of flies expressing CMT-causing YARS1 mutations. Similar beneficial effects are observed in flies expressing a neuropathy-causing glycyl-tRNA synthetase. Hence, in this work, we show that YARS1 is an evolutionary-conserved F-actin organizer which links the actin cytoskeleton to tRNA-synthetase-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Ermanoska
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromics Support Facility, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Morant
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Maria-Luise Petrovic-Erfurth
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Seyyedmohsen Hosseinibarkooie
- Institute of Human Genetics; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne; Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne; University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ricardo Leitão-Gonçalves
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Frontiers Media SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Almeida-Souza
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology & Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sven Bervoets
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Litao Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - LaTasha Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Center for Social and Clinical Research, National Minority Quality Forum, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Derek Atkinson
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Akram Khanghahi
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ivaylo Tournev
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, 1618, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne; Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne; University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Avital A Rodal
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Tanja A Godenschwege
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Albena Jordanova
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University-Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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4
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Han L, Luo Z, Ju Y, Chen B, Zou T, Wang J, Xu J, Gu Q, Yang XL, Schimmel P, Zhou H. The binding mode of orphan glycyl-tRNA synthetase with tRNA supports the synthetase classification and reveals large domain movements. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadf1027. [PMID: 36753552 PMCID: PMC9908026 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a class of essential enzymes in protein translation, aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases (aaRSs) are organized into two classes of 10 enzymes each, based on two conserved active site architectures. The (αβ)2 glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) in many bacteria is an orphan aaRS whose sequence and unprecedented X-shaped structure are distinct from those of all other aaRSs, including many other bacterial and all eukaryotic GlyRSs. Here, we report a cocrystal structure to elucidate how the orphan GlyRS kingdom specifically recognizes its substrate tRNA. This structure is sharply different from those of other aaRS-tRNA complexes but conforms to the clash-free, cross-class aaRS-tRNA docking found with conventional structures and reinforces the class-reconstruction paradigm. In addition, noteworthy, the X shape of orphan GlyRS is condensed with the largest known spatial rearrangement needed by aaRSs to capture tRNAs, which suggests potential nonactive site targets for aaRS-directed antibiotics, instead of less differentiated hard-to-drug active site locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiteng Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingchen Ju
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bingyi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul Schimmel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Huihao Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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5
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Meyer AP, Forrest ME, Nicolau S, Wiszniewski W, Bland MP, Tsao CY, Antonellis A, Abreu NJ. Pathogenic missense variants altering codon 336 of GARS1 lead to divergent dominant phenotypes. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:869-876. [PMID: 35332613 PMCID: PMC9247498 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygosity for missense variants and small in-frame deletions in GARS1 has been reported in patients with a range of genetic neuropathies including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D), distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V (dHMN-V), and infantile spinal muscular atrophy (iSMA). We identified two unrelated patients who are each heterozygous for a previously unreported missense variant modifying amino-acid position 336 in the catalytic domain of GARS1. One patient was a 20-year-old woman with iSMA, and the second was a 41-year-old man with CMT2D. Functional studies using yeast complementation assays support a loss-of-function effect for both variants; however, this did not reveal variable effects that might explain the phenotypic differences. These cases expand the mutational spectrum of GARS1-related disorders and demonstrate phenotypic variability based on the specific substitution at a single residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alayne P. Meyer
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan E. Forrest
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stefan Nicolau
- The Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wojciech Wiszniewski
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mary Pat Bland
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Chang-Yong Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Child Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anthony Antonellis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicolas J. Abreu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Child Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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6
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Spaulding EL, Hines TJ, Bais P, Tadenev ALD, Schneider R, Jewett D, Pattavina B, Pratt SL, Morelli KH, Stum MG, Hill DP, Gobet C, Pipis M, Reilly MM, Jennings MJ, Horvath R, Bai Y, Shy ME, Alvarez-Castelao B, Schuman EM, Bogdanik LP, Storkebaum E, Burgess RW. The integrated stress response contributes to tRNA synthetase-associated peripheral neuropathy. Science 2021; 373:1156-1161. [PMID: 34516839 PMCID: PMC8908546 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dominant mutations in ubiquitously expressed transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase genes cause axonal peripheral neuropathy, accounting for at least six forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Genetic evidence in mouse and Drosophila models suggests a gain-of-function mechanism. In this study, we used in vivo, cell type–specific transcriptional and translational profiling to show that mutant tRNA synthetases activate the integrated stress response (ISR) through the sensor kinase GCN2 (general control nonderepressible 2). The chronic activation of the ISR contributed to the pathophysiology, and genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Gcn2 alleviated the peripheral neuropathy. The activation of GCN2 suggests that the aberrant activity of the mutant tRNA synthetases is still related to translation and that inhibiting GCN2 or the ISR may represent a therapeutic strategy in CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Spaulding
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - T. J. Hines
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - P. Bais
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - A. L. D. Tadenev
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - R. Schneider
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - D. Jewett
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - B. Pattavina
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - S. L. Pratt
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111 USA
| | - K. H. Morelli
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - M. G. Stum
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - D. P. Hill
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - C. Gobet
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. Pipis
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - M. M. Reilly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - M. J. Jennings
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R. Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Y. Bai
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - M. E. Shy
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - E. M. Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L. P. Bogdanik
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - E. Storkebaum
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - R. W. Burgess
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111 USA
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7
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Kim YJ, Kwak JS, Dae Hwan K, Song JT, Seo HS. Mutation of the OsGlyRS3 gene affects heading date in rice. Plant Signal Behav 2021; 16:1913366. [PMID: 33896383 PMCID: PMC8204980 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1913366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases play a critical role in protein synthesis by catalyzing the covalent attachment of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. However, the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants remains poorly understood. In this study, a rice (Oryza sativa) glycyl-tRNA synthetase 3, OsGlyRS3, was found to impact heading date in rice. Flowering in osglyrs3, a mutant line containing a T-DNA insertion in OsGlyRS3, was advanced by approximately 2 weeks compared to wild type. Expression analysis of flowering regulator genes showed that transcript levels of Heading date 1 (Hd1), Heading date 3a (Hd3a), and OsMADS51 were elevated in osglyrs3. These data indicate that the loss of OsGlyRS3 activity induces the expression of flowering-activating genes, resulting in early flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Jeong Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwak
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwon Dae Hwan
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Markovitz R, Ghosh R, Kuo ME, Hong W, Lim J, Bernes S, Manberg S, Crosby K, Tanpaiboon P, Bharucha-Goebel D, Bonnemann C, Mohila CA, Mizerik E, Woodbury S, Bi W, Lotze T, Antonellis A, Xiao R, Potocki L. GARS-related disease in infantile spinal muscular atrophy: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1167-1176. [PMID: 32181591 PMCID: PMC8297662 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) identified to date harbor a biallelic exonic deletion of SMN1. However, there have been reports of SMA-like disorders that are independent of SMN1, including those due to pathogenic variants in the glycyl-tRNA synthetase gene (GARS1). We report three unrelated patients with de novo variants in GARS1 that are associated with infantile-onset SMA (iSMA). Patients were ascertained during inpatient hospital evaluations for complications of neuropathy. Evaluations were completed as indicated for clinical care and management and informed consent for publication was obtained. One newly identified, disease-associated GARS1 variant, identified in two out of three patients, was analyzed by functional studies in yeast complementation assays. Genomic analyses by exome and/or gene panel and SMN1 copy number analysis of three patients identified two previously undescribed de novo missense variants in GARS1 and excluded SMN1 as the causative gene. Functional studies in yeast revealed that one of the de novo GARS1 variants results in a loss-of-function effect, consistent with other pathogenic GARS1 alleles. In sum, the patients' clinical presentation, assessments of previously identified GARS1 variants and functional assays in yeast suggest that the GARS1 variants described here cause iSMA. GARS1 variants have been previously associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT2D) and distal SMA type V (dSMAV). Our findings expand the allelic heterogeneity of GARS-associated disease and support that severe early-onset SMA can be caused by variants in this gene. Distinguishing the SMA phenotype caused by SMN1 variants from that due to pathogenic variants in other genes such as GARS1 significantly alters approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Markovitz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Rajarshi Ghosh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Molly E. Kuo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William Hong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jaehyung Lim
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Saunder Bernes
- Division of Child Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Stephanie Manberg
- Division of Child Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Kathleen Crosby
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Hospital, Rare Disease Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Pranoot Tanpaiboon
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Hospital, Rare Disease Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Diana Bharucha-Goebel
- Division of Neurology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carsten Bonnemann
- Division of Neurology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carrie A. Mohila
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth Mizerik
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Suzanne Woodbury
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Houston, Texas
| | - Weimin Bi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Timothy Lotze
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Anthony Antonellis
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lorraine Potocki
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Zhou F, Zhang H, Kulkarni SD, Lorsch JR, Hinnebusch AG. eIF1 discriminates against suboptimal initiation sites to prevent excessive uORF translation genome-wide. RNA 2020; 26:419-438. [PMID: 31915290 PMCID: PMC7075259 DOI: 10.1261/rna.073536.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The translation preinitiation complex (PIC) scans the mRNA for an AUG codon in a favorable context. Previous findings suggest that the factor eIF1 discriminates against non-AUG start codons by impeding full accommodation of Met-tRNAi in the P site of the 40S ribosomal subunit, necessitating eIF1 dissociation for start codon selection. Consistent with this, yeast eIF1 substitutions that weaken its binding to the PIC increase initiation at UUG codons on a mutant his4 mRNA and particular synthetic mRNA reporters; and also at the AUG start codon of the mRNA for eIF1 itself owing to its poor Kozak context. It was not known however whether such eIF1 mutants increase initiation at suboptimal start codons genome-wide. By ribosome profiling, we show that the eIF1-L96P variant confers increased translation of numerous upstream open reading frames (uORFs) initiating with either near-cognate codons (NCCs) or AUGs in poor context. The increased uORF translation is frequently associated with the reduced translation of the downstream main coding sequences (CDS). Initiation is also elevated at certain NCCs initiating amino-terminal extensions, including those that direct mitochondrial localization of the GRS1 and ALA1 products, and at a small set of main CDS AUG codons with especially poor context, including that of eIF1 itself. Thus, eIF1 acts throughout the yeast translatome to discriminate against NCC start codons and AUGs in poor context; and impairing this function enhances the repressive effects of uORFs on CDS translation and alters the ratios of protein isoforms translated from near-cognate versus AUG start codons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Zhou
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hongen Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Shardul D Kulkarni
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jon R Lorsch
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Alan G Hinnebusch
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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10
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Antoniou MN, Nicolas A, Mesnage R, Biserni M, Rao FV, Martin CV. Glyphosate does not substitute for glycine in proteins of actively dividing mammalian cells. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:494. [PMID: 31395095 PMCID: PMC6686468 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) and its commercial herbicide formulations have been shown to exert toxicity via various mechanisms. It has been asserted that glyphosate substitutes for glycine in polypeptide chains leading to protein misfolding and toxicity. However, as no direct evidence exists for glycine to glyphosate substitution in proteins, including in mammalian organisms, we tested this claim by conducting a proteomics analysis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells grown in the presence of 100 mg/L glyphosate for 6 days. Protein extracts from three treated and three untreated cell cultures were analysed as one TMT-6plex labelled sample, to highlight a specific pattern (+/+/+/-/-/-) of reporter intensities for peptides bearing true glyphosate treatment induced-post translational modifications as well as allowing an investigation of the total proteome. RESULTS Comparative statistical analysis of global proteome changes between glyphosate treated and non-treated samples did not show significant differences. Crucially, filtering of data to focus analysis on peptides potentially bearing glycine for glyphosate replacement revealed that the TMT reporter intensity pattern of all candidates showed conclusively that they are all false discoveries, with none displaying the expected TMT pattern for such a substitution. Thus, the assertion that glyphosate substitutes for glycine in protein polypeptide chains is incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Armel Nicolas
- DC Biosciences, James Lindsay Place, Dundee, DD1 5JJ UK
- Present Address: IST Austria Proteomics Service, Lab Building East, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Martina Biserni
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Francesco V. Rao
- DC Biosciences, James Lindsay Place, Dundee, DD1 5JJ UK
- Present Address: Platinum Informatics Ltd., Unit 8, The Vision Building, 20 Greenmarket, Dundee, DD1 4QB UK
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11
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Yalcouyé A, Diallo SH, Coulibaly T, Cissé L, Diallo S, Samassékou O, Diarra S, Coulibaly D, Keita M, Guinto CO, Fischbeck K, Landouré G. A novel mutation in the GARS gene in a Malian family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00782. [PMID: 31173493 PMCID: PMC6625146 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a very heterogeneous neurological condition with more than 90 reported genetic entities. It is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy; however, cases are rarely reported in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, only few families, mostly of Caucasian ancestry, have been reported to have Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D) mutations. To date no case of CMT2D was reported in Africa. We present here a consanguineous family with CMT phenotype in which a novel mutation in the GARS (glycyl-tRNA synthetase) gene was identified. METHODS Patients were examined thoroughly and nerve conduction studies (NCS) were performed. DNA from the proband was used for CMT gene panel testing (including 50 genes, PMP22 duplication and mtDNA). Putative mutations were verified in all available family members to check for segregation. RESULTS Two individuals, a male and a female, were found to be affected. Symptoms started in their teenage years with muscle weakness and atrophy in hands. Later, distal involvement of the lower limbs was noticed. Patients complained of minor sensory impairment. NCS showed no response in the upper as well as the lower limbs. Genetic testing surprisingly identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation c.794C>A (p.Ser265Tyr) in the GARS gene associated with CMT2D. This variant segregated with the disease in the family and was also seen in the mother who presented no symptoms. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a genetically confirmed CMT2D case in Africa, expanding its genetic epidemiology. Increasing access to genetic testing may reveal more novel CMT variants or genes in the African population that could be relevant to other populations and further our understanding of their mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seybou H Diallo
- Faculté de Médecine et d'Odontostomatologie, USTTB, Bamako, Mali
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Touré, Bamako, Mali
| | - Thomas Coulibaly
- Faculté de Médecine et d'Odontostomatologie, USTTB, Bamako, Mali
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point "G", Bamako, Mali
| | - Lassana Cissé
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point "G", Bamako, Mali
| | - Salimata Diallo
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Touré, Bamako, Mali
| | - Oumar Samassékou
- Faculté de Médecine et d'Odontostomatologie, USTTB, Bamako, Mali
| | - Salimata Diarra
- Faculté de Médecine et d'Odontostomatologie, USTTB, Bamako, Mali
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dramane Coulibaly
- Service de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant le "Luxembourg", Bamako, Mali
| | - Mohamed Keita
- Faculté de Médecine et d'Odontostomatologie, USTTB, Bamako, Mali
- Service d'ORL, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Touré, Bamako, Mali
| | - Cheick O Guinto
- Faculté de Médecine et d'Odontostomatologie, USTTB, Bamako, Mali
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point "G", Bamako, Mali
| | - Kenneth Fischbeck
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD
| | - Guida Landouré
- Faculté de Médecine et d'Odontostomatologie, USTTB, Bamako, Mali
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point "G", Bamako, Mali
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD
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12
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Zheng H, Wang Z, Tian Y, Liu L, Lv F, Kong W, Bai W, Wang P, Wang C, Yu X, Liu X, Jiang L, Zhao Z, Wan J. Rice albino 1, encoding a glycyl-tRNA synthetase, is involved in chloroplast development and establishment of the plastidic ribosome system in rice. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 139:495-503. [PMID: 31015088 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is an important organelle that performs photosynthesis as well as biosynthesis and storage of many metabolites. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are key enzymes in protein synthesis. However, the relationship between chloroplast development and aaRSs still remains unclear. In this study, we isolated a rice albino 1 (ra1) mutant through methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of rice japonica cultivar Ningjing 4 (Oryza sativa L.), which displayed albinic leaves in seedling stage due to abnormal chloroplast development. Compared with wild type (WT), ra1 showed significantly decreased levels of chlorophylls (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) in 2-week-old seedlings, which also showed obvious plastidic structural defects including abnormal thylakoid membrane structures and more osmiophilic particles. These defects caused albino phenotypes in seedlings. Map-based cloning revealed that RA1 gene encodes a glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS), which was confirmed by genetic complementation and knockout by Crispr/Cas9 technology. Sequence analysis showed that a single base mutation (T to A) occurred in the sixth exon of RA1 and resulted in a change from Isoleucine (Ile) to Lysine (Lys). Real-time PCR analyses showed that RA1 expression levels were constitutive in most tissues, but most abundant in the leaves and stems. By transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, we found that RA1 protein was localized in the chloroplast. Expression levels of chlorophyll biosynthesis and plastid development related genes were disordered in the ra1 mutant. RNA analysis revealed biogenesis of chloroplast rRNAs was abnormal in ra1. Meanwhile, western blotting showed that synthesis of proteins associated with plastid development was significantly repressed. These results suggest that RA1 is involved in early chloroplast development and establishment of the plastidic ribosome system in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhuoran Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunlu Tian
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - LingLong Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Lv
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiyi Kong
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenting Bai
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peiran Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chaolong Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xi Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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13
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Nafisinia M, Riley LG, Gold WA, Bhattacharya K, Broderick CR, Thorburn DR, Simons C, Christodoulou J. Compound heterozygous mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) cause mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178125. [PMID: 28594869 PMCID: PMC5464557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS; OMIM 600287) is one of thirty-seven tRNA-synthetase genes that catalyses the synthesis of glycyl-tRNA, which is required to insert glycine into proteins within the cytosol and mitochondria. To date, eighteen mutations in GARS have been reported in patients with autosomal-dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D; OMIM 601472), and/or distal spinal muscular atrophy type V (dSMA-V; OMIM 600794). In this study, we report a patient with clinical and biochemical features suggestive of a mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) disorder including mild left ventricular posterior wall hypertrophy, exercise intolerance, and lactic acidosis. Using whole exome sequencing we identified compound heterozygous novel variants, c.803C>T; p.(Thr268Ile) and c.1234C>T; p.(Arg412Cys), in GARS in the proband. Spectrophotometric evaluation of the MRC complexes showed reduced activity of Complex I, III and IV in patient skeletal muscle and reduced Complex I and IV activity in the patient liver, with Complex IV being the most severely affected in both tissues. Immunoblot analysis of GARS protein and subunits of the MRC enzyme complexes in patient fibroblast extracts showed significant reduction in GARS protein levels and Complex IV. Together these studies provide evidence that the identified compound heterozygous GARS variants may be the cause of the mitochondrial dysfunction in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nafisinia
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa G. Riley
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wendy A. Gold
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kaustuv Bhattacharya
- Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn R. Broderick
- Children’s Hospital Institute of Sports Medicine, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R. Thorburn
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children’s Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cas Simons
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Christodoulou
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children’s Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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14
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Deng X, Qin X, Chen L, Jia Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Lei D, Ren G, Zhou Z, Wang Z, Li Q, Xie W. Large Conformational Changes of Insertion 3 in Human Glycyl-tRNA Synthetase (hGlyRS) during Catalysis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5740-5752. [PMID: 26797133 PMCID: PMC4786711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) is the enzyme that covalently links glycine to cognate tRNA for translation. It is of great research interest because of its nonconserved quaternary structures, unique species-specific aminoacylation properties, and noncanonical functions in neurological diseases, but none of these is fully understood. We report two crystal structures of human GlyRS variants, in the free form and in complex with tRNA(Gly) respectively, and reveal new aspects of the glycylation mechanism. We discover that insertion 3 differs considerably in conformation in catalysis and that it acts like a "switch" and fully opens to allow tRNA to bind in a cross-subunit fashion. The flexibility of the protein is supported by molecular dynamics simulation, as well as enzymatic activity assays. The biophysical and biochemical studies suggest that human GlyRS may utilize its flexibility for both the traditional function (regulate tRNA binding) and alternative functions (roles in diseases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Deng
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China,; the Center for Cellular and Structural Biology and
| | - Xiangjing Qin
- the South China Sea Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510301, China
| | - Lei Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China,; the Center for Cellular and Structural Biology and
| | - Qian Jia
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China,; the Center for Cellular and Structural Biology and
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China, and
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China, and
| | - Dongsheng Lei
- the Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Gang Ren
- the Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China,; the Center for Cellular and Structural Biology and
| | - Zhong Wang
- the Center for Cellular and Structural Biology and; the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University City, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qing Li
- the Center for Cellular and Structural Biology and; the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University City, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Wei Xie
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China,; the Center for Cellular and Structural Biology and.
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15
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Nikonova EY, Mihaylina AO, Lekontseva NV, Nikonov OS, Klyashtorny VG, Kravchenko OV, Andreev DE, Shatsky IN, Garber MB. [Determination of the Minimal Fragment of the Poliovirus IRES Necessary for the Formation of a Specific Complex with the Human Glycyl-tRNA Synthetase]. Biofizika 2016; 61:277-285. [PMID: 27192829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are an ancient enzyme family that specifically charge a tRNA molecule with a cognate amino acid required for protein synthesis. Glycyl-tRNA synthetase is one of the most interesting aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases due to its structure variability and functional features in the different organisms. It was shown recently that human glycyl-tRNA synthetase is a regulator of translational initiation of poliovirus mRNA. Details of this process and its mechanism still remain unknown. While exploring this stage of poliovirus functioning we have studied the interaction of the cytoplasmic form of human glycyl-tRNA synthetase and its domains with the fragments of the poliovirus IRES element. As a result, we have identified the minimal fragment of viral mRNA with which glycyl-tRNA synthetase fully interacts and estimated the contribution of some domains to the interaction of glycyl-tRNA synthetase with RNA.
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Liao YC, Liu YT, Tsai PC, Chang CC, Huang YH, Soong BW, Lee YC. Two Novel De Novo GARS Mutations Cause Early-Onset Axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133423. [PMID: 26244500 PMCID: PMC4526224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the GARS gene have been identified in a small number of patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) type 2D or distal spinal muscular atrophy type V, for whom disease onset typically occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, initially manifesting as weakness and atrophy of the hand muscles. The role of GARS mutations in patients with inherited neuropathies in Taiwan remains elusive. Methodology and Principal Findings Mutational analyses of the coding regions of GARS were performed using targeted sequencing of 54 patients with molecularly unassigned axonal CMT, who were selected from 340 unrelated CMT patients. Two heterozygous mutations in GARS, p.Asp146Tyr and p.Met238Arg, were identified; one in each patient. Both are novel de novo mutations. The p.Asp146Tyr mutation is associated with a severe infantile-onset neuropathy and the p.Met238Arg mutation results in childhood-onset disability. Conclusion GARS mutations are an uncommon cause of CMT in Taiwan. The p.Asp146Tyr and p.Met238Arg mutations are associated with early-onset axonal CMT. These findings broaden the mutational spectrum of GARS and also highlight the importance of considering GARS mutations as a disease cause in patients with early-onset neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chu Liao
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Tsen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Chang
- Institute of BioMedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute of BioMedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Wen Soong
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Sun A, Liu X, Zheng M, Sun Q, Huang Y, Fan D. A novel mutation of the glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) gene associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2D in a Chinese family. Neurol Res 2015; 37:782-7. [PMID: 26000875 DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical features of a novel glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) gene mutation in a family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D). METHODS Exome capture with the next-generation sequencing technique was used to detect gene mutations. The mutations were verified by the polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique combined with DNA sequencing. RESULTS In this pedigree, eight members were affected; seven males and one female. The affected members initially manifested with the onset of hand muscle weakness and atrophy in adolescence followed by gradual development of distal lower limb involvement and minor sensory involvement. Electrophysiological studies revealed that this disease mainly involves axonal damage. Genetic detection showed that all affected family members had a heterozygous missense mutation, c.999G>T (p.E333D), of the GARS gene. CONCLUSIONS The c.999G>T mutation is a novel mutation of the GARS gene that has not been previously reported. The phenotype of this family is CMT2D, which is first reported in Chinese population.
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Lee SJ, Seo AJ, Park BS, Jo HW, Huh Y. Neuropathic pain model of peripheral neuropathies mediated by mutations of glycyl-tRNA synthetase. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:1138-44. [PMID: 25120326 PMCID: PMC4129208 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.8.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited motor and sensory neuropathy. Previous studies have found that, according to CMT patients, neuropathic pain is an occasional symptom of CMT. However, neuropathic pain is not considered to be a significant symptom associated with CMT and, as a result, no studies have investigated the pathophysiology underlying neuropathic pain in this disorder. Thus, the first animal model of neuropathic pain was developed by our laboratory using an adenovirus vector system to study neuropathic pain in CMT. To this end, glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) fusion proteins with a FLAG-tag (wild type [WT], L129P and G240R mutants) were expressed in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons using adenovirus vectors. It is known that GARS mutants induce GARS axonopathies, including CMT type 2D (CMT2D) and distal spinal muscular atrophy type V (dSMA-V). Additionally, the morphological phenotypes of neuropathic pain in this animal model of GARS-induced pain were assessed using several possible markers of pain (Iba1, pERK1/2) or a marker of injured neurons (ATF3). These results suggest that this animal model of CMT using an adenovirus may provide information regarding CMT as well as a useful strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah Jung Seo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Sun Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Jo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngbuhm Huh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Qin X, Hao Z, Tian Q, Zhang Z, Zhou C, Xie W. Cocrystal structures of glycyl-tRNA synthetase in complex with tRNA suggest multiple conformational states in glycylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20359-69. [PMID: 24898252 PMCID: PMC4106348 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.557249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are an ancient enzyme family that specifically charges tRNA molecules with cognate amino acids for protein synthesis. Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) is one of the most intriguing aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases due to its divergent quaternary structure and abnormal charging properties. In the past decade, mutations of human GlyRS (hGlyRS) were also found to be associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. However, the mechanisms of traditional and alternative functions of hGlyRS are poorly understood due to a lack of studies at the molecular basis. In this study we report crystal structures of wild type and mutant hGlyRS in complex with tRNA and with small substrates and describe the molecular details of enzymatic recognition of the key tRNA identity elements in the acceptor stem and the anticodon loop. The cocrystal structures suggest that insertions 1 and 3 work together with the active site in a cooperative manner to facilitate efficient substrate binding. Both the enzyme and tRNA molecules undergo significant conformational changes during glycylation. A working model of multiple conformations for hGlyRS catalysis is proposed based on the crystallographic and biochemical studies. This study provides insights into the catalytic pathway of hGlyRS and may also contribute to our understanding of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjing Qin
- From the Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China, Center for Cellular and Structural Biology, The Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 E. Circle, University City, Guangzhou 510006, China, and
| | - Zhitai Hao
- From the Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China, Center for Cellular and Structural Biology, The Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 E. Circle, University City, Guangzhou 510006, China, and
| | - Qingnan Tian
- From the Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China, Center for Cellular and Structural Biology, The Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 E. Circle, University City, Guangzhou 510006, China, and
| | - Zhemin Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China, Center for Cellular and Structural Biology, The Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 E. Circle, University City, Guangzhou 510006, China, and
| | - Chun Zhou
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Wei Xie
- From the Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China, Center for Cellular and Structural Biology, The Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 E. Circle, University City, Guangzhou 510006, China, and
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20
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Tan K, Zhou M, Zhang R, Anderson WF, Joachimiak A. The crystal structures of the α-subunit of the α(2)β (2) tetrameric Glycyl-tRNA synthetase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:233-9. [PMID: 23054484 DOI: 10.1007/s10969-012-9142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) are ligases (EC.6.1.1.-) that catalyze the acylation of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs in the process of translating genetic information from mRNA to protein. Their amino acid and tRNA specificity are crucial for correctly translating the genetic code. Glycine is the smallest amino acid and the glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) belongs to Class II AARSs. The enzyme is unusual because it can assume different quaternary structures. In eukaryotes, archaebacteria and some bacteria, it forms an α(2) homodimer. In some bacteria, GlyRS is an α(2)β(2) heterotetramer and shows a distant similarity to α(2) GlyRSs. The human pathogen eubacterium Campylobacter jejuni GlyRS (CjGlyRS) is an α(2)β(2) heterotetramer and is similar to Escherichia coli GlyRS; both are members of Class IIc AARSs. The two-step aminoacylation reaction of tetrameric GlyRSs requires the involvement of both α- and β-subunits. At present, the structure of the GlyRS α(2)β(2) class and the details of the enzymatic mechanism of this enzyme remain unknown. Here we report the crystal structures of the catalytic α-subunit of CjGlyRS and its complexes with ATP, and ATP and glycine. These structures provide detailed information on substrate binding and show evidence for a proposed mechanism for amino acid activation and the formation of the glycyl-adenylate intermediate for Class II AARSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Tan
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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21
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Moschopoulos A, Derbyshire P, Byrne ME. The Arabidopsis organelle-localized glycyl-tRNA synthetase encoded by EMBRYO DEFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT1 is required for organ patterning. J Exp Bot 2012; 63:5233-43. [PMID: 22791832 PMCID: PMC3430996 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Leaves develop as planar organs, with a morphology that is specialized for photosynthesis. Development of a planar leaf requires genetic networks that set up opposing adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf, which leads to establishment of dorsoventral polarity. While many genes have been identified that regulate adaxial and abaxial fate there is little information on how this is integrated with cellular function. EMBRYO DEFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT1 (EDD1) is a nuclear gene that encodes a plastid and mitochondrial localized glycyl-tRNA synthetase. Plants with partial loss of EDD1 function have changes in patterning of margin and distal regions of the leaf. In combination with mutations in the MYB domain transcription factor gene ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1), partial loss of EDD1 function results in leaves with reduced adaxial fate. EDD1 may influence leaf dorsoventral polarity through regulating the abaxial fate genes KANADI1 (KAN1) and ETTIN (ETT)/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ARF3) since these genes are upregulated in the edd1 as1 double mutant. SCABRA3 (SCA3), a nuclear gene that encodes the plastid RNA polymerase is also required for leaf adaxial fate in the absence of AS1. These results add a novel component to networks of genetic regulation of leaf development and suggest that organelles, particularly plastids, are required in leaf patterning. Potentially, signalling from organelles is essential for coordination of different cell fates within the developing leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Moschopoulos
- John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UHUK
- Present address: Limagrain UK, Doubled Haploid Laboratory, Docking, PE31 8LSUK
| | | | - Mary E. Byrne
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a large family of housekeeping enzymes that are pivotal in protein translation and other vital cellular processes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses two distinct nuclear glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) genes, GRS1 and GRS2. GRS1 encodes both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial activities, while GRS2 is essentially silent and dispensable under normal conditions. We herein present evidence that expression of GRS2 was drastically induced upon heat shock, ethanol or hydrogen peroxide addition, and high pH, while expression of GRS1 was somewhat repressed under those conditions. In addition, GlyRS2 (the enzyme encoded by GRS2) had a higher protein stability and a lower KM value for yeast tRNAGly under heat shock conditions than under normal conditions. Moreover, GRS2 rescued the growth defect of a GRS1 knockout strain when highly expressed by a strong promoter at 37°C, but not at the optimal temperature of 30°C. These results suggest that GRS2 is actually an inducible gene that may function to rescue the activity of GRS1 under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chien-Chia Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jung-li, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Mutations in the GARS gene cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2D and distal spinal muscular atrophy type V - allelic disorders characterized by predominantly distal upper extremity weakness and atrophy, typically beginning during the second decade of life. We report monozygotic twin girls with onset of weakness in infancy and a previously reported GARS mutation within the anticodon-binding domain. The severity and remarkable similarity in phenotypes of these girls and the reported case suggest that mutations within the anticodon-binding domain are more damaging to aminoacyl tRNA synthetase function than those within other domains of GARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Eskuri
- The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Steven A. Moore
- The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Department of Pathology, Iowa City, IA
| | - Katherine D. Mathews
- The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Iowa City, IA
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Hamaguchi A, Ishida C, Iwasa K, Abe A, Yamada M. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D with a novel glycyl-tRNA synthetase gene (GARS) mutation. J Neurol 2010; 257:1202-4. [PMID: 20169446 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Banks GT, Bros-Facer V, Williams HP, Chia R, Achilli F, Bryson JB, Greensmith L, Fisher EMC. Mutant glycyl-tRNA synthetase (Gars) ameliorates SOD1(G93A) motor neuron degeneration phenotype but has little affect on Loa dynein heavy chain mutant mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6218. [PMID: 19593442 PMCID: PMC2704870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, mutations in the enzyme glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) cause motor and sensory axon loss in the peripheral nervous system, and clinical phenotypes ranging from Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy to a severe infantile form of spinal muscular atrophy. GARS is ubiquitously expressed and may have functions in addition to its canonical role in protein synthesis through catalyzing the addition of glycine to cognate tRNAs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have recently described a new mouse model with a point mutation in the Gars gene resulting in a cysteine to arginine change at residue 201. Heterozygous Gars(C201R/+) mice have locomotor and sensory deficits. In an investigation of genetic mutations that lead to death of motor and sensory neurons, we have crossed the Gars(C201R/+) mice to two other mutants: the TgSOD1(G93A) model of human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the Legs at odd angles mouse (Dync1h1(Loa)) which has a defect in the heavy chain of the dynein complex. We found the Dync1h1(Loa/+);Gars(C201R/+) double heterozygous mice are more impaired than either parent, and this is may be an additive effect of both mutations. Surprisingly, the Gars(C201R) mutation significantly delayed disease onset in the SOD1(G93A);Gars(C201R/+) double heterozygous mutant mice and increased lifespan by 29% on the genetic background investigated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings raise intriguing possibilities for the study of pathogenetic mechanisms in all three mouse mutant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth T. Banks
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie Bros-Facer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Sobell Department of Motor Science and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel P. Williams
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Chia
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Achilli
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Barney Bryson
- Sobell Department of Motor Science and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Sobell Department of Motor Science and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. C. Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Giannouli S, Kyritsis A, Malissovas N, Becker HD, Stathopoulos C. On the role of an unusual tRNAGly isoacceptor in Staphylococcus aureus. Biochimie 2008; 91:344-51. [PMID: 19014993 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the available Staphylococcus aureus genomes, four different genes have been annotated to encode tRNA(Gly) isoacceptors. Besides their prominent role in protein synthesis, some of them also participate in the formation of pentaglycine bridges during cell wall synthesis. However, until today, it is not known how many and which of them are actually involved in this essential procedure. In the present study we identified, apart from the four annotated tRNA(Gly) genes, a putative pseudogene which encodes and expresses an unusual fifth tRNA(Gly) isoacceptor in S. aureus (as detected via RT-PCR and subsequent direct sequencing analysis). All the in vitro transcribed tRNA(Gly) molecules (including the "pseudogene-encoded" tRNA(Gly)) can be efficiently aminoacylated by the recombinant S. aureus glycyl-tRNA synthetase. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis suggests that the "pseudo"-tRNA(Gly(UCC)) identified in the present study and two of the annotated isoacceptors bearing the same anticodon carry specific sequence elements that do not favour the strong interaction with EF-Tu that proteinogenic tRNAs would promote. This observation was verified by the differential capacity of Gly-tRNA(Gly) molecules to form ternary complexes with activated S. aureus EF-Tu.GTP. These tRNA(Gly) molecules display high sequence similarities with their S. epidermidis orthologs which also actively participate in cell wall synthesis. Both bioinformatic and biochemical data suggest that in S. aureus these three glycylated tRNA(Gly) isoacceptors that are weak EF-Tu binders, possibly escape protein synthesis and serve as glycine donors for the formation of pentaglycine bridges that are essential for stabilization of the staphylococcal cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatina Giannouli
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 26 Ploutonos St, 41221 Larissa, Greece
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Nangle LA, Zhang W, Xie W, Yang XL, Schimmel P. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-associated mutant tRNA synthetases linked to altered dimer interface and neurite distribution defect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11239-44. [PMID: 17595294 PMCID: PMC2040883 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705055104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) diseases are the most common heritable peripheral neuropathy. At least 10 different mutant alleles of GARS (the gene for glycyl-tRNA synthetase) have been reported to cause a dominant axonal form of CMT (type 2D). A unifying connection between these mutations and CMT has been unclear. Here, mapping mutations onto the recently determined crystal structure of human GlyRS showed them within a band encompassing both sides of the dimer interface, with two CMT-causing mutations being at sites that are complementary partners of a "kissing" contact across the dimer interface. The CMT phenotype is shown here to not correlate with aminoacylation activity. However, most mutations affect dimer formation (to enhance or weaken). Seven CMT-causing variants and the wild-type protein were expressed in transfected neuroblastoma cells that sprout primitive neurites. Wild-type GlyRS distributed into the nascent neurites and was associated with normal neurite sprouting. In contrast, all mutant proteins were distribution-defective. Thus, CMT-causing mutations of GlyRS share a common defect in localization. This defect may be connected in some way to a change in the surfaces at the dimer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Nangle
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wei Xie
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Paul Schimmel
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Xie W, Nangle LA, Zhang W, Schimmel P, Yang XL. Long-range structural effects of a Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-causing mutation in human glycyl-tRNA synthetase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9976-81. [PMID: 17545306 PMCID: PMC1891255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703908104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional expansion of specific tRNA synthetases in higher organisms is well documented. These additional functions may explain why dominant mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, the most common heritable disease of the peripheral nervous system. At least 10 disease-causing mutant alleles of GlyRS have been annotated. These mutations scatter broadly across the primary sequence and have no apparent unifying connection. Here we report the structure of wild type and a CMT-causing mutant (G526R) of homodimeric human GlyRS. The mutation is at the site for synthesis of glycyl-adenylate, but the rest of the two structures are closely similar. Significantly, the mutant form diffracts to a higher resolution and has a greater dimer interface. The extra dimer interactions are located approximately 30 A away from the G526R mutation. Direct experiments confirm the tighter dimer interaction of the G526R protein. The results suggest the possible importance of subtle, long-range structural effects of CMT-causing mutations at the dimer interface. From analysis of a third crystal, an appended motif, found in higher eukaryote GlyRSs, seems not to have a role in these long-range effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Leslie A. Nangle
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Paul Schimmel
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Cader MZ, Ren J, James PA, Bird LE, Talbot K, Stammers DK. Crystal structure of human wildtype and S581L-mutant glycyl-tRNA synthetase, an enzyme underlying distal spinal muscular atrophy. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2959-64. [PMID: 17544401 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dominant mutations in the ubiquitous enzyme glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS), including S581L, lead to motor nerve degeneration. We have determined crystal structures of wildtype and S581L-mutant human GlyRS. The S581L mutation is approximately 50A from the active site, and yet gives reduced aminoacylation activity. The overall structures of wildtype and S581L-GlyRS, including the active site, are very similar. However, residues 567-575 of the anticodon-binding domain shift position and in turn could indirectly affect glycine binding via the tRNA or alternatively inhibit conformational changes. Reduced enzyme activity may underlie neuronal degeneration, although a dominant-negative effect is more likely in this autosomal dominant disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Z Cader
- Henry Wellcome Building for Gene Function, MRC Functional Genetics Unit, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
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Chihara T, Luginbuhl D, Luo L. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein translation in axonal and dendritic terminal arborization. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10:828-37. [PMID: 17529987 DOI: 10.1038/nn1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We identified a mutation in Aats-gly (also known as gars or glycyl-tRNA synthetase), the Drosophila melanogaster ortholog of the human GARS gene that is associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2D (CMT2D), from a mosaic genetic screen. Loss of gars in Drosophila neurons preferentially affects the elaboration and stability of terminal arborization of axons and dendrites. The human and Drosophila genes each encode both a cytoplasmic and a mitochondrial isoform. Using additional mutants that selectively disrupt cytoplasmic or mitochondrial protein translation, we found that cytoplasmic protein translation is required for terminal arborization of both dendrites and axons during development. In contrast, disruption of mitochondrial protein translation preferentially affects the maintenance of dendritic arborization in adults. We also provide evidence that human GARS shows equivalent functions in Drosophila, and that CMT2D causal mutations show loss-of-function properties. Our study highlights different demands of protein translation for the development and maintenance of axons and dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Chihara
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Shimizu H, Yokobori SI, Ohkuri T, Yokogawa T, Nishikawa K, Yamagishi A. Extremely thermophilic translation system in the common ancestor commonote: ancestral mutants of Glycyl-tRNA synthetase from the extreme thermophile Thermus thermophilus. J Mol Biol 2007; 369:1060-9. [PMID: 17477933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Based on phylogenetic analysis of 16 S and 18 S rRNAs, the common ancestor of all organisms (Commonote) was proposed to be hyperthermophilic. We have previously tested this hypothesis using enzymes with ancestral residues that are inferred by molecular phylogenetic analysis. The ancestral mutant enzymes involved in metabolic systems show higher thermal stability than wild-type enzymes, consistent with the hyperthermophile common ancestor hypothesis. Here, we have extended the experiments to include an enzyme of the translation system, glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS). The translation system often shows a phylogenetic tree that is similar to the rRNA tree. Thus, it is likely that the tree represents the evolutionary route of the organisms. The maximum-likelihood tree of alpha(2) type GlyRS was constructed. From this analysis the ancestral sequence of GlyRS was deduced and individual or pairs of ancestral residues were introduced into Thermus thermophilus GlyRS. The ancestral mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and activity measured. The thermostability of eight mutated proteins was evaluated by CD (circular dichroism) measurements. Six mutants showed higher thermostability than wild-type enzyme and seven mutants showed higher activity than wild-type enzyme at 70 degrees C, suggesting an extremely thermophilic translation system in the common ancestor Commonote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Rivas M, Seeger M, Jedlicki E, Holmes DS. Second acyl homoserine lactone production system in the extreme acidophile Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:3225-31. [PMID: 17351095 PMCID: PMC1907126 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02948-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidophilic proteobacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is involved in the industrial biorecovery of copper. It is found in acidic environments in biofilms and is important in the biogeochemical cycling of metals and nutrients. Its genome contains a cluster of four genes, glyQ, glysS, gph, and act, that are predicted to encode the alpha and beta subunits of glycine tRNA synthetase, a phosphatase, and an acyltransferase, respectively (GenBank accession no. DQ149607). act, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, produces acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) principally of chain length C14 according to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry measurements. The AHLs have biological activity as shown by in vivo studies using the reporter strain Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm41 SinI-. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) experiments indicate that the four genes are expressed as a single transcript, demonstrating that they constitute an operon. According to semiquantitative RT-PCR results, act is expressed more highly when A. ferrooxidans is grown in medium containing iron than when it is grown in medium containing sulfur. Since AHLs are important intercellular signaling molecules used by many bacteria to monitor their population density in quorum-sensing control of gene expression, this result suggests that A. ferrooxidans has two quorum-sensing systems, one based on Act, as described herein, and the other based on a Lux-like quorum-sensing system, reported previously. The latter system was shown to be upregulated in A. ferrooxidans grown in sulfur medium, suggesting that the two quorum-sensing systems respond to different environmental signals that may be related to their abilities to colonize and use different solid sulfur- and iron-containing minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Rivas
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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James PA, Cader MZ, Muntoni F, Childs AM, Crow YJ, Talbot K. Severe childhood SMA and axonal CMT due to anticodon binding domain mutations in the GARS gene. Neurology 2006; 67:1710-2. [PMID: 17101916 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000242619.52335.bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We screened 100 patients with inherited and sporadic lower motor neuron degeneration and identified three novel missense mutations in the glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) gene. One mutation was in the anticodon binding domain and associated with onset in early childhood and predominant involvement of the lower limbs, thus extending the phenotype associated with GARS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A James
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Xie W, Schimmel P, Yang XL. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a native human tRNA synthetase whose allelic variants are associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:1243-6. [PMID: 17142907 PMCID: PMC2225372 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106046434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) is one of a group of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of aminoacyl-tRNAs for translation. Mutations of human and mouse GlyRSs are causally associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, the most common genetic disorder of the peripheral nervous system. As the first step towards a structure-function analysis of this disease, native human GlyRS was expressed, purified and crystallized. The crystal belonged to space group P4(3)2(1)2 or its enantiomorphic space group P4(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 91.74, c = 247.18 A, and diffracted X-rays to 3.0 A resolution. The asymmetric unit contained one GlyRS molecule and had a solvent content of 69%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul Schimmel
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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35
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Antonellis A, Lee-Lin SQ, Wasterlain A, Leo P, Quezado M, Goldfarb LG, Myung K, Burgess S, Fischbeck KH, Green ED. Functional analyses of glycyl-tRNA synthetase mutations suggest a key role for tRNA-charging enzymes in peripheral axons. J Neurosci 2006; 26:10397-406. [PMID: 17035524 PMCID: PMC6674701 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1671-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D) and distal spinal muscular atrophy type V (dSMA-V) are axonal neuropathies characterized by a phenotype that is more severe in the upper extremities. We previously implicated mutations in the gene encoding glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) as the cause of CMT2D and dSMA-V. GARS is a member of the family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases responsible for charging tRNA with cognate amino acids; GARS ligates glycine to tRNA(Gly). Here, we present functional analyses of disease-associated GARS mutations and show that there are not any significant mutation-associated changes in GARS expression levels; that the majority of identified GARS mutations modeled in yeast severely impair viability; and that, in most cases, mutant GARS protein mislocalizes in neuronal cells. Indeed, four of the five mutations studied show loss-of-function features in at least one assay, suggesting that tRNA-charging deficits play a role in disease pathogenesis. Finally, we detected endogenous GARS-associated granules in the neurite projections of cultured neurons and in the peripheral nerve axons of normal human tissue. These data are particularly important in light of the recent identification of CMT-associated mutations in another tRNA synthetase gene [YARS (tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase gene)]. Together, these findings suggest that tRNA-charging enzymes play a key role in maintaining peripheral axons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Leo
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, and
| | | | | | - Kyungjae Myung
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | | | - Kenneth H. Fischbeck
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Seburn KL, Nangle LA, Cox GA, Schimmel P, Burgess RW. An active dominant mutation of glycyl-tRNA synthetase causes neuropathy in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2D mouse model. Neuron 2006; 51:715-26. [PMID: 16982418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Of the many inherited Charcot-Marie-Tooth peripheral neuropathies, type 2D (CMT2D) is caused by dominant point mutations in the gene GARS, encoding glycyl tRNA synthetase (GlyRS). Here we report a dominant mutation in Gars that causes neuropathy in the mouse. Importantly, both sensory and motor axons are affected, and the dominant phenotype is not caused by a loss of the GlyRS aminoacylation function. Mutant mice have abnormal neuromuscular junction morphology and impaired transmission, reduced nerve conduction velocities, and a loss of large-diameter peripheral axons, without defects in myelination. The mutant GlyRS enzyme retains aminoacylation activity, and a loss-of-function allele, generated by a gene-trap insertion, shows no dominant phenotype in mice. These results indicate that the CMT2D phenotype is caused not by reduction of the canonical GlyRS activity and insufficiencies in protein synthesis, but instead by novel pathogenic roles for the mutant GlyRS that specifically affect peripheral neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Seburn
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
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37
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Abstract
Mutations in GARS cause dominantly inherited neuropathies in humans. GARS encodes glycyl-tRNA synthetase, the enzyme that couples glycine to its tRNA. In this issue of Neuron, Seburn et al. have identified and characterized a mutant mouse with a dominantly inherited axonal neuropathy caused by a Gars mutation that is inferred to have a gain of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, 464 Stemmler Hall, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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Dubourg O, Azzedine H, Yaou RB, Pouget J, Barois A, Meininger V, Bouteiller D, Ruberg M, Brice A, LeGuern E. The G526R glycyl-tRNA synthetase gene mutation in distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V. Neurology 2006; 66:1721-6. [PMID: 16769947 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000218304.02715.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) or distal spinal muscular atrophy (dSMA) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized almost exclusively by degeneration of motor nerve fibers, predominantly in the distal part of the limbs. One subtype, dHMN type V (dHMN-V), is transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance and predominantly involves the hands. It is allelic with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2D (CMT2D), in which a similar phenotype is associated with sensory signs. Missense mutations in the glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) gene have been recently reported in families with either dHMN-V, CMT2D, or both. METHODS The authors searched for GARS mutations in eight dHMN-V families. RESULTS The authors found the G526R missense mutation in three families (16 patients) of Algerian Sephardic Jewish origin. All patients shared a common disease haplotype, suggestive of a founder effect. The clinical phenotype consists of a slowly progressive, purely motor distal neuropathy. It starts in the hands in most patients, but also in both distal upper and lower limbs or in distal lower limbs alone. The age at onset in symptomatic individuals was between the second to fourth decades, but four mutation carriers were still asymptomatic, two of whom were already age 49 years. Electrophysiology showed that the motor fibers of the median nerve were the most affected in upper limbs. Sensory nerve action potentials were normal. CONCLUSIONS The age at onset of patients with the G526R mutation in the GARS gene varied widely, but the clinical and electrophysiologic presentation was uniform and progressed slowly. Glycyl-tRNA synthetase mutations are a frequent cause of familial distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V but, because of the reduced penetrance of the disease, could also account for isolated cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dubourg
- INSERM U679, Consultation Pluridisciplinaire des Neuropathies Héréditaires, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Del Bo R, Locatelli F, Corti S, Scarlato M, Ghezzi S, Prelle A, Fagiolari G, Moggio M, Carpo M, Bresolin N, Comi GP. Coexistence of CMT-2D and distal SMA-V phenotypes in an Italian family with a GARS gene mutation. Neurology 2006; 66:752-4. [PMID: 16534118 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000201275.18875.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An Italian multigenerational family with four members affected by an axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2D (CMT-2D) or distal spinal muscular atrophy (dSMA) phenotype with upper limb predominance, variable age at onset, degree of disability, and autosomal dominant inheritance is reported. A novel heterozygous missense GARS gene mutation (D500N) was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Del Bo
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation, Milan, Italy.
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40
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Sivakumar K, Kyriakides T, Puls I, Nicholson GA, Funalot B, Antonellis A, Sambuughin N, Christodoulou K, Beggs JL, Zamba-Papanicolaou E, Ionasescu V, Dalakas MC, Green ED, Fischbeck KH, Goldfarb LG. Phenotypic spectrum of disorders associated with glycyl-tRNA synthetase mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 128:2304-14. [PMID: 16014653 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe clinical, electrophysiological, histopathological and molecular features of a unique disease caused by mutations in the glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) gene. Sixty patients from five multigenerational families have been evaluated. The disease is characterized by adolescent onset of weakness, and atrophy of thenar and first dorsal interosseus muscles progressing to involve foot and peroneal muscles in most but not all cases. Mild to moderate sensory deficits develop in a minority of patients. Neurophysiologically confirmed chronic denervation in distal muscles with reduced compound motor action potentials were features consistent with both motor neuronal and axonal pathology. Sural nerve biopsy showed mild to moderate selective loss of small- and medium-sized myelinated and small unmyelinated axons, although sensory nerve action potentials were not significantly decreased. Based on the presence or absence of sensory changes, the disease phenotype was initially defined as distal spinal muscular atrophy type V (dSMA-V) in three families, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D) in a single family, and as either dSMA-V or CMT2D in patients of another large family. Linkage to chromosome 7p15 and the presence of disease-associated heterozygous GARS mutations have been identified in patients from each of the five studied families. We conclude that patients with GARS mutations present a clinical continuum of predominantly motor distal neuronopathy/axonopathy with mild to moderate sensory involvement that varies between the families and between members of the same family. Awareness of these overlapping clinical phenotypes associated with mutations in GARS will facilitate identification of this disorder in additional families and direct future research toward better understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to assist neurologists, neuroscientists and other interested readers in following the expanding volume of information relating to the inherited peripheral neuropathies collectively referred to as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Currently, mutations in multiple different genes expressed in Schwann cells and neurons cause a variety of overlapping clinical phenotypes. RECENT FINDINGS Recent articles clarify molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders, and for the first time provide rational treatment strategies for the most common form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The identification of many new genes associated with neuropathy demonstrate the role of axonal transport and abnormal protein trafficking in causing various forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth. They also further define the role of axonal signaling and the molecular architecture of both Schwann cells and neurons in maintaining normal peripheral nervous system function. Finally, recent reports have shown that progesterone antagonists and ascorbic acid can successfully treat rodent models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A. SUMMARY Taken together, results from these articles support the concept that genetic causes of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease serve as a living microarray system to identify molecules necessary for normal peripheral nervous system function. When we can make sense of these microarrays we are likely to understand the pathogenesis and develop rational therapies for many neurodegenerative diseases including Charcot-Marie-Tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Shy
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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42
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Yousef MR, Grundy FJ, Henkin TM. Structural transitions induced by the interaction between tRNA(Gly) and the Bacillus subtilis glyQS T box leader RNA. J Mol Biol 2005; 349:273-87. [PMID: 15890195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The T box system regulates expression of amino acid-related genes in Gram-positive bacteria through premature termination of transcription. Synthesis of the full-length mRNA requires stabilization of an antiterminator element in the 5' untranslated leader RNA by the cognate uncharged tRNA. tRNA(Gly)-dependent antitermination of the Bacillus subtilis glyQS gene (encoding glycyl-tRNA synthetase) can be reproduced in a purified in vitro transcription system, indicating that the nascent transcript is sufficient for interaction with the tRNA. Genetic analyses previously demonstrated base pairing of a single codon in the leader RNA with the tRNA anticodon, and between the antiterminator and the tRNA acceptor end. In this study, we established conditions for specific binding of tRNA(Gly) to glyQS leader RNA generated by phage T7 RNA polymerase. Structural mapping studies revealed tRNA(Gly)-induced protection in the glyQS leader RNA at the two known sites of interaction with the tRNA, as well as at other regions between these sites. The proposed tRNA-dependent structural switch between the competing terminator and antiterminator forms of the leader RNA was demonstrated directly. Changes in tRNA(Gly) upon binding to glyQS leader RNA were detected in the anticodon loop, consistent with pairing with the specifier sequence, and in the highly conserved G19 in the D-loop, similar to effects induced by codon-anticodon interaction in the ribosome. This study provides biochemical evidence for direct interaction of tRNA(Gly) with full-length in vitro transcribed glyQS leader RNA, and an initial view of structural modulations of both RNA partners within the complex.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions/chemistry
- 5' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- 5' Untranslated Regions/metabolism
- Bacillus subtilis/genetics
- Glycine-tRNA Ligase/genetics
- Magnesium/pharmacology
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Peptide Chain Termination, Translational/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Gly/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Gly/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Gly/metabolism
- Ribonuclease H/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Yousef
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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43
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Abstract
There are two oligomeric types of glycyl-tRNA synthetases (GlyRSs) in genome, the alpha2beta2 tetramer and alpha2 dimer. Here, we showed that the anticodon-binding domains (ABDs) of dimeric and tetrameric GlyRSs are non-homologous, although their catalytic central domains (CCDs) are homologous. The dimeric GlyRS_ABD is fused to the C-terminal of CCD in alpha-subunit, but the tetrameric GlyRS_ABD is to the C-terminal in beta-subunit during evolution. Generally, one species only contains one oligomeric type of GlyRS, but the both oligomeric GlyRSs with the multiple homologous domains can be observed in Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum genome, nevertheless, these homologous domains are probably from different genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Eastern Jiaochang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, PR China
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44
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Grundy FJ, Yousef MR, Henkin TM. Monitoring uncharged tRNA during transcription of the Bacillus subtilis glyQS gene. J Mol Biol 2004; 346:73-81. [PMID: 15663928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the Bacillus subtilis glyQS gene, encoding glycyl-tRNA synthetase, depends on stabilization of an antiterminator element during transcription of the 5' region of the mRNA by binding of uncharged tRNA(Gly). The glyQS gene is a member of the T box family of genes, all of which are involved in generation of charged tRNA. Each gene in this family exhibits an increase in readthrough of a termination signal located upstream of the start of the coding sequence in response to a decrease in the ratio of charged to uncharged tRNA. Many structural features of T box RNAs that are necessary for tRNA-dependent antitermination have been defined, but little is known about the timing or sequence of events that lead to a productive interaction with uncharged tRNA and discrimination against charged tRNA. To investigate these issues, transcription complexes were blocked artificially at specific positions along the leader sequence and tested for the ability to recognize tRNA. Although the sequence element that binds the tRNA anticodon is located more than 100 nt before the termination signal, complexes with nascent transcripts extending to just upstream of the termination site were still competent for antitermination. This result indicates that the transcript can fold into a receptive structure in the absence of the tRNA, and that tRNA is not necessary prior to this point. A mimic of charged tRNA(Gly) inhibited antitermination by uncharged tRNA unless the leader RNA-tRNA(Gly) complexes contained the complete antiterminator. These results suggest that the transcription complex can interact with either uncharged or charged tRNA until it approaches the termination point, allowing maximal flexibility in monitoring the ratio of charged to uncharged tRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Grundy
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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45
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Abstract
Although previous studies have already shown that both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial activities of glycyl-tRNA synthetase are provided by a single gene, GRS1,in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. Evidence presented here indicates that this bifunctional property is actually a result of two distinct translational products alternatively generated from a single transcript of this gene. Except for an amino-terminal 23-amino acid extension, these two isoforms have the same polypeptide sequence and function exclusively in their respective compartments under normal conditions. Reporter gene assays further suggest that this leader peptide can function independently as a mitochondrial targeting signal and plays the major role in the subcellular localization of the isoforms. Additionally, whereas the short protein is translationally initiated from a traditional AUG triplet, the longer isoform is generated from an upstream inframe UUG codon. To our knowledge, GRS1 appears to be the first example in the yeast wherein a functional protein isoform is initiated from a naturally occurring non-AUG codon. The results suggest that non-AUG initiation might be a mechanism existing throughout all kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Jung Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Central University, 300 Jung-da, Jung-li, Taiwan 32054
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46
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Abstract
Transcription termination and 3' end formation are essential processes necessary for gene expression. However, the specific mechanisms responsible for these events remain elusive. A screen designed to identify trans-acting factors involved in these mechanisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identified a temperature-sensitive mutant that displayed phenotypes consistent with a role in transcription termination. The complementing gene was identified as GRS1, which encodes the S. cerevisiae glycyl-tRNA synthetase. This result, although unusual, is not unprecedented given that the involvement of tRNA synthetases in a variety of cellular processes other than translation has been well established. A direct role for the synthetase in transcription termination was determined through several in vitro assays using purified wild type and mutant enzyme. First, binding to two well characterized yeast mRNA 3' ends was demonstrated by cross-linking studies. In addition, it was found that all three substrates compete with each other for binding to GlyRS enzyme. Next, the affinity of the synthetase for the two mRNA 3' ends was found to be similar to that of its "natural" substrate, glycine tRNA in a nitrocellulose filter binding assay. The effect of the grs1-1 mutation was also examined and found to significantly reduce the affinity of the enzyme for the three RNA substrates. Taken together, these data indicate that not only does this synthetase interact with several different RNA substrates, but also that these substrates bind to the same site. These results establish a direct role for GRS1 in mRNA 3' end formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Johanson
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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47
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Abstract
The interaction of adenine nucleotides with glycyl-tRNA synthetase was examined by several experimental approaches. ATP and nonsubstrate ATP analogues render glycyl-tRNA synthetase more resistant to digestion by a number of proteases (thrombin, Arg-C, and chymotrypsin) at concentrations that correlate with their Michaelis constants or inhibition constants, consistent with their exerting an effect by binding at the ATP site. Glycine had little effect alone but potentiated the effect of ATP in increasing the resistance to thrombin digestion, consistent with the formation of an enzyme-bound adenylate. No protection from thrombin digestion was afforded by tRNA(gly). Binding constants were determined by isothermal titration calorimetry at 25 degrees C for ATP (2.5 x 10(5) M(-1)), AMPPNP (3.7 x 10(5) M(-1)), and AMPPCP (2.2 x 10(6) M(-1)). The nucleotides had similar values for DeltaH (-71 kJ mol(-1)), with values for TDeltaS that accounted for the differences in the binding constants. Near-ultraviolet CD spectra of the enzyme-nucleotide complexes indicate that the nucleotides are bound in the anti configuration. A glycyl-adenylate analogue, glycine sulfamoyl adenosine (GSAd), bound with a large value for DeltaH (-187 kJ mol(-1)), which was balanced by a large TDeltaS term to give a binding constant (3.7 x 10(6) M(-1)) only slightly larger than that of AMPPCP. Glycine binding to the enzyme could not be detected calorimetrically, and its presence did not change the thermodynamic parameters for binding of AMPPCP. AMPPNP and AMPPCP were not substrates for glycyl-tRNA synthetase. Analysis of the temperature dependence of ATP binding indicated that the heat capacity change is small, whereas the binding of GSAd is accompanied by a large negative heat capacity change (-2.6 kJ K(-1) mol(-1)). Titrations performed in buffers with different ionization enthalpies indicate that the large value for DeltaH for the adenylate analogue does not arise from a coupled protonation event. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that glycyl-tRNA synthetase is stabilized by nucleotides. Unfolding of the protein is irreversible, and thermodynamic parameters for unfolding could therefore not be determined. The results are consistent with a significant conformational transition in glycyl-tRNA synthetase coupled to the binding of GSAd.
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Affiliation(s)
- John David Dignam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Ohio, 3035 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43614-5804, USA.
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48
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Antonellis A, Ellsworth RE, Sambuughin N, Puls I, Abel A, Lee-Lin SQ, Jordanova A, Kremensky I, Christodoulou K, Middleton LT, Sivakumar K, Ionasescu V, Funalot B, Vance JM, Goldfarb LG, Fischbeck KH, Green ED. Glycyl tRNA synthetase mutations in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D and distal spinal muscular atrophy type V. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:1293-9. [PMID: 12690580 PMCID: PMC1180282 DOI: 10.1086/375039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2003] [Accepted: 02/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D) and distal spinal muscular atrophy type V (dSMA-V) are axonal peripheral neuropathies inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Our previous genetic and physical mapping efforts localized the responsible gene(s) to a well-defined region on human chromosome 7p. Here, we report the identification of four disease-associated missense mutations in the glycyl tRNA synthetase gene in families with CMT2D and dSMA-V. This is the first example of an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase being implicated in a human genetic disease, which makes genes that encode these enzymes relevant candidates for other inherited neuropathies and motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Antonellis
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Rachel E. Ellsworth
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Nyamkhishig Sambuughin
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Imke Puls
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Annette Abel
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Shih-Queen Lee-Lin
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Albena Jordanova
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Ivo Kremensky
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Kyproula Christodoulou
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Lefkos T. Middleton
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Kumaraswamy Sivakumar
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Victor Ionasescu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Benoit Funalot
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Lev G. Goldfarb
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Kenneth H. Fischbeck
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Eric D. Green
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Neurogenetics Branch and Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix; Graduate Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sofia Medical University, Sofia; Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology and INSERM U573, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
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49
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Wolf YI, Koonin EV. Origin of an animal mitochondrial DNA polymerase subunit via lineage-specific acquisition of a glycyl-tRNA synthetase from bacteria of the Thermus-Deinococcus group. Trends Genet 2001; 17:431-3. [PMID: 11485800 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(01)02370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic tree analysis shows that the accessory subunit animal mitochondrial DNA polymerase emerges as a result of horizontal transfer of the gene encoding glycyl-tRNA synthetase from a bacterium of the Thermus-Deinococcus group into the animal nuclear genome. This acquisition by a distinct eukaryotic lineage of a gene encoding a mitochondrial protein from a nonmitochondrial bacterial source underscores the contribution of different types of horizontal transfer event to the evolution of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y I Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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50
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Scandurro AB, Weldon CW, Figueroa YG, Alam J, Beckman BS. Gene microarray analysis reveals a novel hypoxia signal transduction pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2001; 19:129-35. [PMID: 11408933 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.19.1.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular details of hypoxia-induced cellular responses have been difficult to identify since there is as yet no known oxygen receptor. We used cDNA microarray technology to extend our studies pertaining to these molecular details in human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B) cells that produce erythropoietin (Epo) in response to hypoxia. Of approximately 1200 genes in the array, those associated with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), fibronectin precursor and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) were markedly stimulated after exposure of Hep3B cells to low oxygen (1%) for 6 h. Epo, HIF-1, and von Hippel-Lindau cDNAs were measured in parallel as markers of low oxygen responses in Hep3B cells. ILK is a serine, threonine protein kinase that interacts with the cytoplasmic domains of integrin beta1 and beta3. This interaction localizes ILK to focal adhesion plaques. ILK is stimulated by cell-fibronectin interaction as well as insulin. It is regulated in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dependent manner and can phosphorylate protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) and GSK-3beta. As a result of these and other activities ILK has been shown to affect anchorage-independent cell survival, cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis in nude mice. ILK has also been implicated in the Wnt pathway and as a critical target in PTEN-dependent tumor therapies. To our knowledge this is the first report implicating the ILK pathway in low oxygen responses. Other genes identified as a result of the microarray analysis not previously known to change as a result of low oxygen treatment were elongation factor-1alpha, glycyl-tRNA synthetase, and laminin receptor protein-1. These findings were all corroborated by RT-PCR assays and in some instances Western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Scandurro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SL38, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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