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Guo Z, Gao Y, Yuan X, Yuan M, Huang L, Wang S, Liu C, Duan C. Effects of Heavy Metals on Stomata in Plants: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9302. [PMID: 37298252 PMCID: PMC10252879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomata are one of the important structures for plants to alleviate metal stress and improve plant resistance. Therefore, a study on the effects and mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity to stomata is indispensable in clarifying the adaptation mechanism of plants to heavy metals. With the rapid pace of industrialization and urbanization, heavy metal pollution has been an environmental issue of global concern. Stomata, a special physiological structure of plants, play an important role in maintaining plant physiological and ecological functions. Recent studies have shown that heavy metals can affect the structure and function of stomata, leading to changes in plant physiology and ecology. However, although the scientific community has accumulated some data on the effects of heavy metals on plant stomata, the systematic understanding of the effects of heavy metals on plant stomata remains limited. Therefore, in this review, we present the sources and migration pathways of heavy metals in plant stomata, analyze systematically the physiological and ecological responses of stomata on heavy metal exposure, and summarize the current mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity on stomata. Finally, the future research perspectives of the effects of heavy metals on plant stomata are identified. This paper can serve as a reference for the ecological assessment of heavy metals and the protection of plant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolai Guo
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Xinqi Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Mengxiang Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Lv Huang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Sichen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Chang’e Liu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Changqun Duan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.); (M.Y.); (L.H.); (S.W.); (C.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Degraded Environment Restoration, Kunming 650000, China
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Yang S, Zhang J, Chen L. Growth and physiological responses of Pennisetum sp. to cadmium stress under three different soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14867-14881. [PMID: 33222062 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pennisetum sp. was employed as a model species to detect the growth and physiological response to cadmium (Cd) stress at different Cd concentrations (0, 20, 50, and 100 mg kg-1) in three types of soils (yellow brown soil, yellow soil, and red soil). Results showed that the growth of Pennisetum sp. was not significantly influenced by Cd in 20 mg kg-1, but significantly inhibited at higher Cd concentrations in three types of soils. Besides, the higher Cd concentrations, the lower root, stem, and leaf biomass. With Cd concentration of soil increasing, Cd content of root, stem, and leaf increased. Compared with no Cd, high Cd concentrations (50 and 100 mg kg-1) induced the physiological indices (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate) and biochemical indices (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase activities) decreasing, but the concentration of NO3- and NH4+ increasing. The activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT) was disrupted and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increasing. Pennisetum sp. could protect cells from damage and maintain normal physiological metabolism via increasing the production of soluble sugar and soluble protein, but soluble proteins and soluble sugars were limited in high concentrations of Cd (50 and 100 mg kg-1). Moreover, the growth and physiological response to Cd are different in the three types of soils. The growth of Pennisetum sp. in yellow brown soil was better than that in other two soils, and the gas exchange rate, antioxidant enzyme activity, and nitrogen metabolism in yellow soil and red soil were more affected by Cd stress than that in yellow brown soil. Overall, Pennisetum sp. had certain tolerance and biosorption ability to Cd in different Cd concentrations and different types of soil. Hence, Pennisetum sp. was a suitable choice for Cd remediation, especially in yellow brown soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Yang
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lianghua Chen
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Qi X, Tam NFY, Li WC, Ye Z. The role of root apoplastic barriers in cadmium translocation and accumulation in cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different Cd-accumulating characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114736. [PMID: 32417578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The radial translocation of cadmium (Cd) from the root to the shoot is one of the major processes affecting Cd accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains, but few studies have focused on Cd apoplastic transport in rice. The aim of this study was to determine how apoplastic barriers affect Cd translocation via the apoplastic pathway, Cd accumulation levels in upper parts (shoot and grains) of rice cultivars, and the possible mechanism involved. Hydroponic and soil pot trials were conducted to study the development and chemical constituents of apoplastic barriers and their permeability to bypass flow, and to determine Cd localization in the roots of rice cultivars with different Cd-accumulating characteristics. The Cd accumulation in upper parts was positively correlated with bypass flow in the root and the apparent Cd concentration in the xylem, indicating that the apoplastic pathway may play an important role in Cd root-shoot translocation in rice. Apoplastic barriers were deposited closer to the root tip and were thicker in low Cd-accumulating cultivars than in high Cd-accumulating cultivars. The amounts and rates of increase in lignin and suberin were significantly higher in ZD14 (a low Cd-accumulating cultivar) than in FYXZ (a high Cd-accumulating cultivar) under Cd stress, indicating that stronger barriers were induced by Cd in ZD14. The stronger and earlier formation of barriers in the low Cd-accumulating cultivar decreased bypass flow more efficiently, so that more Cd was retained in the root during apoplastic translocation. This was confirmed by localization analyses of Cd in root transverse sections. These results suggest that apoplastic barriers reduce Cd root-to-shoot translocation via the apoplastic pathway, leading to lower Cd accumulation in the upper parts of rice plants. Bypass flow may have the potential to be used as a rapid screening indicator for low Cd-accumulating rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Nora Fung-Yee Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Chin Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhihong Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Manquián-Cerda K, Escudey M, Zúñiga G, Arancibia-Miranda N, Molina M, Cruces E. Effect of cadmium on phenolic compounds, antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative stress in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plantlets grown in vitro. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:316-26. [PMID: 27485373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd(2+)) can affect plant growth due to its mobility and toxicity. We evaluated the effects of Cd(2+) on the production of phenolic compounds and antioxidant response of Vaccinium corymbosum L. Plantlets were exposed to Cd(2+) at 50 and 100µM for 7, 14 and 21 days. Accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the antioxidant enzyme SOD was determined. The profile of phenolic compounds was evaluated using LC-MS. The antioxidant activity was measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power test (FRAP). Cd(2+) increased the content of MDA, with the highest increase at 14 days. The presence of Cd(2+) resulted in changes in phenolic compounds. The main phenolic compound found in blueberry plantlets was chlorogenic acid, whose abundance increased with the addition of Cd(2+) to the medium. The changes in the composition of phenolic compounds showed a positive correlation with the antioxidant activity measured using FRAP. Our results suggest that blueberry plantlets produced phenolic compounds with reducing capacity as a selective mechanism triggered by the highest activity of Cd(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Manquián-Cerda
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenue B. O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - M Escudey
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenue B. O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - G Zúñiga
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenue B. O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile
| | - N Arancibia-Miranda
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenue B. O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - M Molina
- Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenue Santa María #6.400, Vitacura, Santiago 7660251, Chile
| | - E Cruces
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
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Fernández R, Bertrand A, Reis R, Mourato MP, Martins LL, González A. Growth and physiological responses to cadmium stress of two populations of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 244-245:555-562. [PMID: 23183345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two clones of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter from contrasting populations, DV-A (metallicolous) and DV-W (non-metallicolous), were studied to compare Cd accumulation and tolerance. After 10 days of hydroponic culture with 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg Cd L(-1), metal accumulation and plant growth were measured as well as other stress markers such as decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation, phenols, H(2)O(2), and free proline. We also analyzed the activity of the antioxidant enzymes guaiacol and ascorbate peroxidases, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase as well as their isoform patterns. Our results confirmed a high Cd tolerance and accumulation in both clones of D. viscosa, which suggests that these traits are constitutive in this species. However, when the Cd concentration in solution exceeded 10 mg Cd L(-1), DV-A was more tolerant than DV-W. The physiological mechanisms involved in Cd tolerance also differed between them, although phenols and guaiacol peroxidase played an important role in both clones. The effective Cd detoxification of DV-A consisted mainly in a promoted ascorbate peroxidase activity and better efficiency of catalase and glutathione reductase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fernández
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
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Lu Y, Li X, He M, Zeng F. Behavior of native species Arrhenatherum elatius (Poaceae) and Sonchus transcaspicus (Asteraceae) exposed to a heavy metal-polluted field: plant metal concentration, phytotoxicity, and detoxification responses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2013; 15:924-937. [PMID: 23819286 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2012.735288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of vegetation cover for the phytomanagement of heavy metal-polluted soils needs prior investigation on the suitability of plant species. In this study, behaviors of Arrhenatherum elatius and Sonchus transcaspicus, two native perennial grasses that currently grow in a mine tailing, were investigated through plant metal concentration, phytotoxicity and their detoxification responses. Both of the species accumulated Ni, Cu, Cd, Co, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Zn in shoots far below criterion concentration as a hyperaccumulators; thus, neither of them were found to be hyperaccumulators. A. elatius accumulated metals in roots and then in shoots, on the contrary, in S. transcaspicus metals were preferentially accumulated in shoots. Plants exposure to such metals resulted in oxidative stress in the considered organs as indicated by the changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll contents, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and antioxidative enzyme activities. A. elatius seemed to be more affected by metal-induced oxidative stress than S. transcaspicus. Correspondingly, S. transcaspicus showed a greater capacity to adapt to metal-induced oxidative stress, depending on more effective antioxidative defense mechanisms to protect itself from oxidative damage. These findings allowed us to conclude that both of these plant species could be suitable for the phytostabilization of metal-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.
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Yu F, Liu K, Li M, Zhou Z, Deng H, Chen B. Effects of cadmium on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative defences of rice (Oryza sativa L.). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2013; 15:513-521. [PMID: 23819293 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2012.702807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 60-d cadmium (Cd) exposure on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative system of Oryza sativa L. seedlings at tillering stage were studied using soil culture experiment. Research findings showed that chlorophyll content of Oryza sativa L. declined with the increase in soil metal concentration. Cd pollution induced the antioxidant stress by inducing O2(-1) and H2O2, which increased in plants; at the same time, MDA as the final product of peroxidation of membrane lipids, accumulated in plant. The antioxidant enzyme system was initiated under the Cd exposure, i.e. almost all the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase were elevated both in leaves and roots. The non-protein thiols including phytochelatins and glutathione to scavenge toxic free radicals caused by Cd stress was also studied. The contents of phytochelatins and glutathione were about 3.12-6.65-fold and 3.27-10.73-fold in leaves, against control; and the corresponding values were about 3.53-9.37-fold and 1.41-5.11-fold in roots, accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Yu
- College of Resource and Environment, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
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