1
|
Hassan AEA, Abou-Elkhair RAI, Maaroof HM, Secrist JA. Synthesis of 9-(6-Deoxy-α-L-Talofuranosyl)-6-Methylpurine and 9-(6-Deoxy-β-D-Allofuranosyl)-6-Methylpurine Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 81:e105. [PMID: 32255553 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
6-Methylpurine (MeP) is a cytotoxic adenine analog that does not exhibit selectivity when administered systemically and could be very useful in a gene therapy approach to cancer treatment involving Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). 9-(6-Deoxy-β-D-allofuranosyl)-6-methylpurine [methyl(allo)-MePR, 18] and 9-(6-deoxy-α-L-talofuranosyl)-6-methylpurine [methyl(talo)-MePR, 21] were synthesized as potential prodrugs for MeP in the E. coli PNP/prodrug cancer gene therapy approach. The detailed syntheses of [methyl(allo)-MePR] and [methyl(talo)-MePR] are described. The glycosyl donors, 1,2-di-O-acetyl-3,5-di-O-benzyl-α-D-allofuranose (12) and 1-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-2,5-di-O-benzoyl-α-L-talofuranose (16) were prepared from 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose (4) in nine and eleven steps, respectively. Vorbrüggen coupling of the latter glycosyl donors with 6-methylpurine (3), followed by deprotection of the sugar hydroxyl groups, gave the title compounds in good overall yields. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of 6-methylpurine Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of the D-allofuranose derivative (12) Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of 6-deoxy-α-L-talofuranoside Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of methyl(allo)-MePR (18) Basic Protocol 5: Preparation of methyl(talo)-MePR (21).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla E A Hassan
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama.,Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | | | - Hend M Maaroof
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malnuit V, Slavětínská LP, Nauš P, Džubák P, Hajdúch M, Stolaříková J, Snášel J, Pichová I, Hocek M. 2-Substituted 6-(Het)aryl-7-deazapurine Ribonucleosides: Synthesis, Inhibition of Adenosine Kinases, and Antimycobacterial Activity. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1079-93. [PMID: 25882678 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 6-(hetero)aryl- or 6-methyl-7-deazapurine ribonucleosides bearing a substituent at position 2 (Cl, F, NH2, or CH3) were prepared by cross-coupling reactions at position 6 and functional group transformations at position 2. Cytostatic, antiviral, and antimicrobial activity assays were performed. The title compounds were observed to be potent and selective inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis adenosine kinase (ADK), but not human ADK; moreover, they were found to be non-cytotoxic. The antimycobacterial activities against M. tuberculosis, however, were only moderate. The reason for this could be due to either poor uptake through the cell wall or to parallel biosynthesis of adenosine monophosphate by the salvage pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Malnuit
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic) http://www.uochb.cas.cz/hocekgroup
| | - Lenka Poštová Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic) http://www.uochb.cas.cz/hocekgroup
| | - Petr Nauš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic) http://www.uochb.cas.cz/hocekgroup
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská 5, 77515 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská 5, 77515 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Jiřina Stolaříková
- Laboratory for Mycobacterial Diagnostics and Tuberculosis, Regional Institute of Public Health in Ostrava, Partyzánské nám. 7, 70200 Ostrava (Czech Republic)
| | - Jan Snášel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic) http://www.uochb.cas.cz/hocekgroup
| | - Iva Pichová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic) http://www.uochb.cas.cz/hocekgroup
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic) http://www.uochb.cas.cz/hocekgroup. .,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2 (Czech Republic).
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiong S, Wang Y, Wang X, Wang J, Li J, Zhang G, Zhang R, Xie L, Wang H. Enzymatic synthesis of 2'-deoxyuridine by whole cell catalyst co-expressing uridine phosphorylase and thymidine phosphorylase through auto-induction system. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:723-7. [PMID: 24910260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genes encoding uridine phosphorylase (UP) and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) from Escherichia coli K12 were cloned and recombined respectively into plasmids pET-21a(+) and pET-28a(+). The recombinant plasmids BL21/pET21a-UP and BL21/pET28a-TP were co-transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) to construct highly effective BTU strain (BL21/pET28a-TP, pET21a-UP) overexpressing both of UP and TP. BTU was cultivated in ZYM-Fe-5052 medium for 10 h and used as catalyst to synthesize 2'-deoxyuridine (dUR). It was found to increase the productivity of dUR by 8-9 fold when compared to wild E. coli K12 and E. coli BL21(DE3) strains. A series of experiments were carried out to find out the optimal conditions for synthesis of dUR. At 50°C, with 0.25‰ dry wt./v to catalyze the reaction of 2:1 β-thymidine: uracil (60 mM β-thymidine, 30 mM uracil), the conversion rate of dUR would reach 61.6% at 1 h, which was much higher than the rates obtained by BTU strain cultured in LB medium and induced by IPTG. This result proved co-expression and auto-induction were efficient methods in enhancing the expression quantity and activity of nucleoside phosphorylases, and they also had significant implications for large-scale industrial production of dUR and synthesis of other nucleoside derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingbin Wang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guiyou Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liping Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hassan AEA, Abou-Elkhair RAI, Riordan JM, Allan PW, Parker WB, Khare R, Waud WR, Montgomery JA, Secrist JA. Synthesis and evaluation of the substrate activity of C-6 substituted purine ribosides with E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase: palladium mediated cross-coupling of organozinc halides with 6-chloropurine nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 47:167-74. [PMID: 22112758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of C-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl-9-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)purines were synthesized and their substrate activities with Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (E. coli PNP) were evaluated. (Ph(3)P)(4)Pd-mediated cross-coupling reactions of 6-chloro-9-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-ribofuranosyl)-purine (6) with primary alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu, isoBu) zinc halides followed by treatment with NH(3)/MeOH gave the corresponding 6-alkyl-9-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)purine derivatives 7-11, respectively, in good yields. Reactions of 6 with cycloalkyl(propyl, butyl, pentyl)zinc halides and aryl (phenyl, 2-thienyl)zinc halides gave under similar conditions the corresponding 6-cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, and thienyl -9-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)purine derivatives 12-16, respectively in high yields. E. coli PNP showed a high tolerance to the steric and hydrophobic environment at the 6-position of the synthesized purine ribonucleosides. Significant cytotoxic activity was observed for 8, 12, 15, and 16. Evaluation of 12 and 16 against human tumor xenografts in mice did not demonstrate any selective antitumor activity. In addition, 6-methyl-9-(β-d-arabinofuranosyl)purine (18) was prepared and evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla E A Hassan
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255-5305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Probing the reactivity of nebularine N1-oxide. A novel approach to C-6 C-substituted purine nucleosides. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
6
|
Guo HM, Zhang Y, Niu HY, Wang DC, Chu ZL, Qu GR. Microwave promoted C6-alkylation of purines through S(N)Ar-based reaction of 6-chloropurines with 3-alkyl-acetylacetone. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2065-8. [PMID: 21340084 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01213k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
C6-Alkylated purine analogues were obtained in good to excellent isolated yields by S(N)Ar reaction of 6-chloropurine derivatives with 3-alkyl-acetylacetone. 3-Alkyl-acetylacetones were employed as alkylating agents and C6-alkylated purines were obtained highly selectively within short reaction time under microwave irradiation conditions. This work is complementary to the classical coupling reactions for the synthesis of C6-alkylated purine analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ming Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions of Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Enzymatic synthesis of 2′-deoxyadenosine and 6-methylpurine-2′-deoxyriboside by Escherichia coli DH5α overexpressing nucleoside phosphorylases from Escherichia coli BL21. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:165-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
8
|
Hassan AEA, Parker WB, Allan PW, Secrist JA. Regioselective metalation of 6-methylpurines: synthesis of fluoromethyl purines and related nucleosides for suicide gene therapy of cancer. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 28:642-56. [PMID: 20183607 DOI: 10.1080/15257770903091938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metalation of 6-methyl-9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)purine (10) with lithiating agents of varying basicities such as n-BuLi and LiHMDS in THF at -78 degrees C resulted in metalation at both of the 6-CH(3) moiety and the 8-CH position, irrespective of the molar equivalence of the base. On the other hand, a regioselective metalation at the 6-CH(3) moiety of 10 was observed with NaHMDS or KHMDS, under similar conditions. Treatment of the potassium salts of 10 and of the protected riboside derivative 6-methyl-9-(beta-D-2,3,5-tri-O-tert-butyldimethylsilylribofuranosyl)purine (22) with N-fluorobenzenesulfonamide (NFSI) at -78 degrees C gave the corresponding 6-fluoromethylpurine derivatives 11 and 23, respectively, in good yields. Deprotection of 11 and 23 under standard conditions gave 6-fluoromethylpurine (6-FMeP, 3) and 6-fluoromethyl-9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)purine (6-FMePR, 4), respectively, in high yield. Both 3 and 4 demonstrated cytotoxic activity against CCRF-CEM cells in culture. 6-FMePR is a good substrate for E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (E. coli PNP) with a comparable substrate activity to that of the parent nucleoside, 6-methyl-9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)purine (6-MePR, 21). The cytotoxic activity of 6-FMeP along with the substrate activity of 6-FMePR with E. coli PNP meet the fundamental requirements for using 6-FMeP as a potential toxin in PNP/prodrug based cancer gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla E A Hassan
- Southern Research Institute, Drug Discovery Division, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qu GR, Mao ZJ, Niu HY, Wang DC, Xia C, Guo HM. Straightforward and Highly Efficient Catalyst-Free One-Step Synthesis of 2-(Purin-6-yl)acetoacetic Acid Ethyl Esters, (Purin-6-yl)acetates, and 6-Methylpurines through SNAr-Based Reactions of 6-Halopurines with Ethyl Acetoacetate. Org Lett 2009; 11:1745-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9002256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Rong Qu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal
University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology,
Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Mao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal
University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology,
Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hong-Ying Niu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal
University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology,
Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Dong-Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal
University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology,
Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Chao Xia
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal
University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology,
Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal
University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology,
Xinxiang 453003, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Beckman J, Kincaid K, Hocek M, Spratt T, Engels J, Cosstick R, Kuchta RD. Human DNA polymerase alpha uses a combination of positive and negative selectivity to polymerize purine dNTPs with high fidelity. Biochemistry 2007; 46:448-60. [PMID: 17209555 PMCID: PMC2515318 DOI: 10.1021/bi061243s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA polymerases accurately replicate DNA by incorporating mostly correct dNTPs opposite any given template base. We have identified the chemical features of purine dNTPs that human pol alpha uses to discriminate between right and wrong dNTPs. Removing N-3 from guanine and adenine, two high-fidelity bases, significantly lowers fidelity. Analogously, adding the equivalent of N-3 to low-fidelity benzimidazole-derived bases (i.e., bases that pol alpha rapidly incorporates opposite all four natural bases) and to generate 1-deazapurines significantly strengthens the ability of pol alpha to identify the resulting 1-deazapurines as wrong. Adding the equivalent of the purine N-1 to benzimidazole or to 1-deazapurines significantly decreases the rate at which pol alpha polymerizes the resulting bases opposite A, C, and G while simultaneously enhancing polymerization opposite T. Conversely, adding the equivalent of adenine's C-6 exocyclic amine (N-6) to 1- and 3-deazapurines also enhances polymerization opposite T but does not significantly decrease polymerization opposite A, C, and G. Importantly, if the newly inserted bases lack N-1 and N-6, pol alpha does not efficiently polymerize the next correct dNTP, whereas if it lacks N-3, one additional nucleotide is added and then chain termination ensues. These data indicate that pol alpha uses two orthogonal screens to maximize its fidelity. During dNTP polymerization, it uses a combination of negative (N-1 and N-3) and positive (N-1 and N-6) selectivity to differentiate between right and wrong dNTPs, while the shape of the base pair is essentially irrelevant. Then, to determine whether to add further dNTPs onto the just added nucleotide, pol alpha appears to monitor the shape of the base pair at the primer 3'-terminus. The biological implications of these results are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Beckman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215
| | - Kristi Kincaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215
| | - Michal Hocek
- Centre for New Antivirals and Antineoplastics, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Spratt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey PA 17033
| | - Joachim Engels
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Marie Curie Strasse 11, D-60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard Cosstick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX
| | - Robert D. Kuchta
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. . Phone: 303-492-7027. FAX: 303-492-5894
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Silamkoti AV, Allan PW, Hassan AEA, Fowler AT, Sorscher EJ, Parker WB, Secrist JA. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-fluoro adenine and 6-methyl purine nucleoside analogs as prodrugs for suicide gene therapy of cancer. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 24:881-5. [PMID: 16248054 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200059237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 6-methylpurine nucleoside derivatives with substitutions at 5-position have been synthesised These compounds bear a 5'-heterocycle such as triazole or a imidazole with a two carbon chain, and an ether, thio ether or amine. To extend the SAR study of 2-fluoroadenine and 6-methyl purine nucleosides, their corresponding alpha-linker nucleosides with L-xylose and L-lyxose were also synthesized. All of these compounds have been evaluated for their substrate activity with E. coli PNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Silamkoti
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35255-5305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rose JD, Parker WB, Secrist JA. Bis(tBuSATE) phosphotriester prodrugs of 8-azaguanosine and 6-methylpurine riboside; bis(pom) phosphotriester prodrugs of 2'-deoxy-4'-thioadenosine and its corresponding 9alpha anomer. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 24:809-13. [PMID: 16248041 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200061889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As an extension of previous work with bis(POM) nucleotide prodrugs, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation in tumor cell culture of the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) phosphotriester prodrug of slightly cytotoxic 2'-deoxy-4'-thioadenosine and its alpha-anomer. We have experienced need for an alternative phosphate masking group, particularly with purine nucleosides. Accordingly, we report synthesis and biological evaluation of the bis(tBuSA TE) phosphotriester prodrugs of 8-azaguanosine and 6-methylpurine riboside, nucleoside analogs with moderate to significant cytotoxicity. All four prodrugs were examined in tumor cell culture in parallel with the parent nucleosides. Synthetic routes and biological data are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Rose
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bharara S, Sorscher EJ, Gillespie GY, Lindsey JR, Hong JS, Curlee KV, Allan PW, Gadi VK, Alexander SA, Secrist JA, Parker WB, Waud WR. Antibiotic-mediated chemoprotection enhances adaptation of E. coli PNP for herpes simplex virus-based glioma therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:339-47. [PMID: 15812229 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The E. coli PNP suicide gene sensitizes solid tumors to nucleoside prodrugs, such as 6-methylpurine-2'-deoxyriboside (MeP-dR). In this study using lentiviral, MuLv, and HSV-based gene transfer, we quantified thresholds for inhibition of tumor growth and bystander killing by E. coli PNP and tested the role of intestinal flora in this process. Regressions of human glioma tumors following retroviral transduction exhibited dose dependence on both the level of PNP expression and the dose of MeP-dR administered, including strong tumor inhibition when 90-99% bystander cells comprised the tumor mass. A replication competent, non-neurovirulent herpes simplex virus (HSV) deficient in both copies of the gamma-1 34.5 gene was next engineered to express E. coli PNP under the egr-1 promoter (HSV-PNP). HSV-PNP injected intratumorally (17 million pfu/0.05 ml) in nude mice bearing 300 mg human glioma flank tumors produced a delay in tumor growth (approximately 24 days delay to one doubling). MeP-dR treatment after antibiotic therapy (to eliminate enteric flora encoding PNP enzymes) resulted in antitumor enhancement, with arrest of tumor growth (delay to doubling >50 days). Bystander killing of the magnitude described here has been difficult to accomplish with other suicide genes, such as HSV-tk or cytosine deaminase. The results establish a model for applying E. coli PNP to HSV treatment of glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Bharara
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bennett EM, Anand R, Allan PW, Hassan AEA, Hong JS, Levasseur DN, McPherson DT, Parker WB, Secrist JA, Sorscher EJ, Townes TM, Waud WR, Ealick SE. Designer gene therapy using an Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase/prodrug system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:1173-81. [PMID: 14700625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of prodrugs by Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) provides a method for selectively killing tumor cells expressing a transfected PNP gene. This gene therapy approach requires matching a prodrug and a known enzymatic activity present only in tumor cells. The specificity of the method relies on avoiding prodrug cleavage by enzymes already present in the host cells or the intestinal flora. Using crystallographic and computer modeling methods as guides, we have redesigned E. coli PNP to cleave new prodrug substrates more efficiently than does the wild-type enzyme. In particular, the M64V PNP mutant cleaves 9-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-talofuranosyl)-6-methylpurine with a kcat/Km over 100 times greater than for native E. coli PNP. In a xenograft tumor experiment, this compound caused regression of tumors expressing the M64V PNP gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bråthe A, Gundersen LL, Nissen-Meyer J, Rise F, Spilsberg B. Cytotoxic activity of 6-alkynyl- and 6-alkenylpurines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:877-80. [PMID: 12617912 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
6-Alkynyl- and 6-alkenylpurines have been screened for cytotoxic activity against a human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line; K-562 cells using a [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation assay. Most alkynes displayed cytotoxicity comparable to, or better than, the known anticancer drugs 6-mercaptopurine and fludarabine. The 6-alkenylpurines, which are promising plant growth stimulators and 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors, exhibited only low toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bråthe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hocek M. Syntheses of Purines Bearing Carbon Substituents in Positions 2, 6 or 8 by Metal‐ or Organometal‐Mediated C−C Bond‐Forming Reactions. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200390025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, Fax: (internat.) + 420‐2/33331271
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hocek M, Holý A, Votruba I, Dvořáková H. Cytostatic 6-Arylpurine Nucleosides III. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Study in Cytostatic Activity of 6-Aryl-, 6-Hetaryl- and 6-Benzylpurine Ribonucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20010483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A series of fifteen 6-aryl-, 6-hetaryl- and 6-benzylpurine ribonucleosides has been prepared by Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 6-chloro-9-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)- purine with arylboronic acids, hetarylzinc halides, hetarylstannanes or benzylzinc halides followed by deprotection. Structure-activity relationship study revealed that besides 6-(4-substituted phenyl)purine nucleosides, also some 6-hetaryl- and 6-benzylpurine ribonucleosides possess considerable cytostatic activity.
Collapse
|