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Aladdin M, Jian J, Yang Q, Chen LC, Finkelman RB, Huang X. Laboratory studies of the impact of calcite on in vitro and in vivo effects of coal dust: a potential preventive agent for coal workers' pneumoconiosis? Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:292-9. [PMID: 22976941 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioavailable iron (BAI) in coal, which may play a key role in causing coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), is present at relatively high levels in Appalachian coals. Calcite decreases BAI and is more plentiful in Western coals than in Appalachian coals, possibly explaining the lower CWP prevalence among Western miners. METHODS We measured effects of calcite on BAI in non-cellular and cellular systems involving Pennsylvania (PA) coal dust. We also tested in vivo effects of calcite on transferrin receptor and markers of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inflammation in mice exposed to PA coal. RESULTS Calcite rapidly eliminated BAI in an aqueous suspension of PA coal. Ferritin induction in human lung epithelial cells exposed to PA coal was effectively eliminated by calcite. Mouse lung tissue markers indicated increased EMT after exposure to PA coal dust, but not after exposure to PA coal plus calcite. Markers of inflammation increased following exposure to PA coal alone, but not following exposure to PA coal plus calcite. CONCLUSION Additional research may lead to the use of supplemental calcite in coal mining as a safe and effective way to prevent CWP among Appalachian coal miners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Aladdin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Diler SB, Ergene S. Nuclear anomalies in the buccal cells of calcite factory workers. Genet Mol Biol 2010; 33:374-8. [PMID: 21637497 PMCID: PMC3036877 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572010005000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The micronucleus (MN) assay on exfoliated buccal cells is a useful and minimally invasive method for monitoring genetic damage in humans. To determine the genotoxic effects of calcite dust that forms during processing, MN assay was carried out in exfoliated buccal cells of 50 (25 smokers and 25 non-smokers) calcite factory workers and 50 (25 smokers and 25 non-smokers) age- and sex-matched control subjects. Frequencies of nuclear abnormalities (NA) other than micronuclei, such as binucleates, karyorrhexis, karyolysis and 'broken eggs', were also evaluated. Micronuclei and the other aforementioned anomalies were analysed by two way analysis of covariance. The linear correlations between the types of micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities were determined by Spearman's Rho. There was a positive correlation between micronuclei and other types of nuclear abnormalities in accordance with the Spearman's Rho test. Results showed statistically significant difference between calcite fabric workers and control groups. MN and NA frequencies in calcite fabric workers were significantly higher than those in control groups (p < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that calcite fabric workers are under risk of significant cytogenetic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serap Ergene
- University of Mersin, Science and Letters, MersinTurkey
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Yokohira M, Kuno T, Yamakawa K, Hashimoto N, Ninomiya F, Suzuki S, Saoo K, Imaida K. An intratracheal instillation bioassay system for detection of lung toxicity due to fine particles in f344 rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2009; 22:1-10. [PMID: 22271973 PMCID: PMC3246015 DOI: 10.1293/tox.22.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is an urgent priority to establish in vivo bioassays for detection
of hazards related to fine particles, which can be inhaled into deep lung tissue by
humans. In order to establish an appropriate bioassay for detection of lung damage after
particle inhalation, several experiments were performed in rats using quartz as a typical
lung toxic particle. The results of pilot experiments suggest that Days 1 and 28 after
intratracheal instillation of 2 mg of fine test particles in vehicle are most appropriate
for detection of acute and subacute inflammatory changes, respectively. Furthermore, the
BrdU incorporation on Day 1 and the iNOS level on Day 28 proved to be suitable end-point
markers for this purpose. An examination of the toxicity of a series of particles was
performed with the developed bioassay. Although some materials, including nanoparticles,
demonstrated toxicity that was too strong for sensitive assessment, a ranking order could
be clarified. The bioassay thus appears suitable for rapid hazard identification with a
possible ranking of the toxicity of various particles at single concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Yokohira
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Yokohira M, Kuno T, Yamakawa K, Hosokawa K, Matsuda Y, Hashimoto N, Suzuki S, Saoo K, Imaida K. Lung Toxicity of 16 Fine Particles on Intratracheal Instillation in a Bioassay Model Using F344 Male Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:620-31. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623308318214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a bioassay model to estimate toxicity of fine particles in the lungs at an early stage after intratracheal instillation ( Yokohira et al. 2005 ; Yokohira et al. 2007 ). The present experiment was conducted to improve the model by estimating appropriate doses based on dose-dependent toxicity of instilled quartz (4 mg to 0 mg) as a positive control and assessing the impact of powdered particles without suspension (Experiment 1). In addition, examination of the toxicity of a series of particles was performed with the developed bioassay (Experiments 2A, 2B, and 2C). The materials chosen were sixteen particles, including nanoparticles and diesel powder. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were performed after exposure of the lungs. A dose of 2 mg quartz suspended in 0.2 mL saline was suggested to be most appropriate for sensitive detection of acute and subchronic inflammatory changes. Although some materials, including nanoparticles, demonstrated toxicity that was too strong for sensitive assessment, the ranking order could be given as follows: CuO > quartz > neutralized Na2PdCl4 > NiO > hydrotalcite > MnO2 > diesel > titanium dioxide (in Experiment 2B) > β-cyclodextrin > diesel standard > titanium dioxide (in Experiment 2A) > CaCO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Yokohira
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kuno
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamakawa
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hosokawa
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hashimoto
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kousuke Saoo
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imaida
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Huang X, Finkelman RB. Understanding the chemical properties of macerals and minerals in coal and its potential application for occupational lung disease prevention. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:45-67. [PMID: 18176887 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701600552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent increases in oil price further strengthen the argument that coal and coal products will play an increasingly important role in fulfilling the energy needs of our society. Coal is an aggregate of heterogeneous substances composed of organic (macerals) and inorganic (minerals) materials. The objective of this review was to assess whether some chemical parameters in coal play a role in producing environmental health problems. Basic properties of coal--such as chemical forms of the organic materials, structure, compositions of minerals--vary from one coal mine region to another as well as from coals of different ranks. Most importantly, changes in chemical properties of coals due to exposure to air and humidity after mining--a dynamic process--significantly affect toxicity attributed to coal and environmental fate. Although coal is an extremely complex and heterogeneous material, the fundamental properties of coal responsible for environmental and adverse health problems are probably related to the same inducing components of coal. For instance, oxidation of pyrite (FeS2) in the coal forms iron sulfate and sulfuric acid, which produces occupational lung diseases (e.g., pneumoconiosis) and other environmental problems (e.g., acid mine drainage and acid rain). Calcite (CaCO3) contained in certain coals alters the end products of pyrite oxidation, which may make these coals less toxic to human inhalation and less hazardous to environmental pollution. Finally, knowledge gained on understanding of the chemical properties of coals is illustrated to apply for prediction of toxicity due to coal possibly before large-scale mining and prevention of occupational lung disease during mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA.
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