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de Souza IR, Iulini M, Galbiati V, Rodrigues AC, Gradia DF, Andrade AJM, Firman JW, Pestana C, Leme DM, Corsini E. The evaluation of skin sensitization potential of the UVCB substance diisopentyl phthalate by in silico and in vitro methods. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03738-x. [PMID: 38806720 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Diisopentyl phthalate (DiPeP) is primarily used as a plasticizer or additive within the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and has many additional industrial applications. Its metabolites were recently found in urinary samples of pregnant women; thus, this substance is of concern as relates to human exposure. Depending upon the nature of the alcohol used in its synthesis, DiPeP may exist either as a mixture consisting of several branched positional isomers, or as a single defined structure. This article investigates the skin sensitization potential and immunomodulatory effects of DiPeP CAS No. 84777-06-0, which is currently marketed and classified as a UVCB substance, by in silico and in vitro methods. Our findings showed an immunomodulatory effect for DiPeP in LPS-induced THP-1 activation assay (increased CD54 expression). In silico predictions using QSAR TOOLBOX 4.5, ToxTree, and VEGA did not identify DiPeP, in the form of a discrete compound, as a skin sensitizer. The keratinocyte activation (Key Event 2 (KE2) of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization) was evaluated by two different test methods (HaCaT assay and RHE assay), and results were discordant. While the HaCaT assay showed that DiPeP can activate keratinocytes (increased levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1α, and ILA gene expression), in the RHE assay, DiPeP slightly increased IL-6 release. Although inconclusive for KE2, the role of DiPeP in KE3 (dendritic cell activation) was demonstrated by the increased levels of CD54 and IL-8 and TNF-α in THP-1 cells (THP-1 activation assay). Altogether, findings were inconclusive regarding the skin sensitization potential of the UVCB DiPeP-disagreeing with the results of DiPeP in the form of discrete compound (skin sensitizer by the LLNA assay). Additional studies are needed to elucidate the differences between DiPeP isomer forms, and to better understand the applicability domains of non-animal methods in identifying skin sensitization hazards of UVCB substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Iulini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ana Carolina Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fiori Gradia
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Anderson J M Andrade
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - James W Firman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cynthia Pestana
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
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de Souza IR, Iulini M, Galbiati V, Silva EZM, Sivek TW, Rodrigues AC, Gradia DF, Pestana CB, Leme DM, Corsini E. An integrated in silico-in vitro investigation to assess the skin sensitization potential of 4-Octylphenol. Toxicology 2023; 493:153548. [PMID: 37207816 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in chemical toxicity testing is the possibility to protect human health against adverse effects with non-animal methods. In this paper, 4-Octylphenol (OP) was tested for skin sensitization and immunomodulatory effects using an integrated in silico-in vitro test approach. In silico tools (QSAR TOOLBOX 4.5, ToxTree and VEGA) were used together with several in vitro tests including HaCaT cells (quantification of IL-6; IL-8; IL-1α and IL-18 by ELISA and expression of genes TNF, IL1A, IL6 and IL8 by RT- qPCR), RHE model (quantification of IL-6; IL-8; IL-1α and IL-18 by ELISA) and THP-1 activation assay (CD86/CD54 expression and IL-8 release). Additionally, the immunomodulatory effect of OP was investigated using lncRNAs MALAT1 and NEAT1 expression and LPS-induced THP-1 activation (CD86/CD54 expression and IL-8 release). The in silico tools predicted OP as a sensitizer. In vitro tests are also concordant with the in silico prediction. OP increased IL-6 expression (HaCaT cells); IL-18 and IL-8 expressions (RHE model). An irritant potential was also shown by a great expression of IL-1α (RHE model); and increased expression of CD54 marker and IL-8 in THP-1 cells. Immunomodulatory effects of OP were demonstrated by the downregulation of NEAT1, MALAT1 (epigenetic markers), IL6 and IL8; and an increase in LPS-induced CD54 and IL-8 expressions. Overall, results indicate that OP is a skin sensitizer, being positive in three key events of the AOP for skin sensitization, also showing immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Martina Iulini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Enzo Zini Moreira Silva
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tainá Wilke Sivek
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fiori Gradia
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Bomfim Pestana
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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De I, Pahuja M, Ud Din Wani HM, Dey A, Dube T, Ghosh R, Kankan N, Mishra J, Panda JJ, Maruyama T, Ghosh K, Singh M. In-vitro toxicity assessment of a textile dye Eriochrome Black T and its nano-photocatalytic degradation through an innovative approach using Mf-NGr-CNTs-SnO 2 heterostructures. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:113985. [PMID: 36027712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the in-vitro toxicity of a popular azodye, Eriochrome Black T (EBT) which may be an environmental hazard causing water pollution if released by textile industries as waste effluents to nearby water ponds. We explored the toxic potential of EBT at 200, 400 and 800 μg/ml concentrations, which were selected based on quantification of EBT present in the pond water near carpet industries. We investigated the permeability of EBT across the organ barriers and found it to be 6.48 ± 0.44% at the highest concentration. EBT also showed up to 26.46 ± 0.533% hemolytic potential on human RBCs. MTT assay revealed toxicity of up to 64.9 ± 10.12%. A dose-dependent increase in intracellular ROS levels and Caspase 3/7 activity was observed and confocal microscopy also demonstrated a similar trend of cellular apoptosis indicating ROS mediated induction of apoptosis as a mechanism of EBT induced cytotoxicity. After establishing the toxicity of EBT, an innovative nano-photocatalytic approach for dye remediation was applied by using as synthesized Mf-NGr-CNTs-SnO2 heterostructures. This catalyst showed dye degradation potential of up to 82% in 2 h in the presence of sun light. The degraded dye products were tested to have up to 30% reduced cellular toxicity as compared to the parent compound. This work successfully establishes the toxicity of EBT along with devising an innovative approach towards dye degradation where the catalyst is adhered on melamine foam and not being mixed in the effluents directly, thereby, reducing the possibility of catalyst being leached out into the river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil De
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City-Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Mansi Pahuja
- Quantum Materials & Devices Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City-Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Henna Mohi Ud Din Wani
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City-Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India; Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Akashdeep Dey
- Quantum Materials & Devices Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City-Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Taru Dube
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City-Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Rishita Ghosh
- Quantum Materials & Devices Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City-Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India
| | | | - Jibanananda Mishra
- AAL Biosciences Research Pvt. Ltd, Sector 14, Panchkula, Haryana 134113, India
| | - Jiban Jyoti Panda
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City-Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Takahiro Maruyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Quantum Materials & Devices Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City-Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Manish Singh
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City-Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India.
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Thá EL, Gagosian VSC, Canavez ADPM, Schuck DC, Brohem CA, Gradia DF, de Freitas RA, Prado KB, Cestari MM, Lorencini M, Leme DM. In vitro evaluation of the inhalation toxicity of the cosmetic ingredient aluminum chlorohydrate. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:2016-2029. [PMID: 35883269 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) is a major aerosol component frequently used as the active ingredient in antiperspirants, and in vivo studies have raised a concern about its inhalation toxicity. Still, few studies have addressed its effects on the human respiratory tract. Therefore, we developed a study on ACH inhalation toxicity using an in vitro human alveolar cell model (A549 cells) with molecular and cellular markers of oxidative stress, immunotoxicity, and epigenetic changes. The chemical characterization of ACH suspensions indicated particle instability and aggregation; however, side-scatter analysis demonstrated significant particle uptake in cells exposed to ACH. Exposure of A549 cells to non-cytotoxic concentrations of ACH (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml) showed that ACH induced reactive oxygen species. Moreover, ACH upregulated TNF, IL6, IL8, and IL1A genes, but not the lncRNAs NEAT1 and MALAT1. Finally, no alterations on the global DNA methylation pattern (5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine) or the phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) were observed. Our data suggest that ACH may induce oxidative stress and inflammation on alveolar cells, and A549 cells may be useful to identify cellular and molecular events that may be associated with adverse effects on the lungs. Still, further research is needed to ensure the inhalation safety of ACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanoela Lundgren Thá
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics-Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carla Abdo Brohem
- Product Safety Management-Q&PP, Grupo Boticário, São José dos Pinhais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karin Braun Prado
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Lorencini
- Product Safety Management-Q&PP, Grupo Boticário, São José dos Pinhais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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Rodrigues de Souza I, Savio de Araujo-Souza P, Morais Leme D. Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:43-95. [PMID: 34979876 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.2013372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The skin is an immune-competent organ and this function may be impaired by exposure to chemicals, which may ultimately result in immune-mediated dermal disorders. Interindividual variability to chemical-induced skin immune reactions is associated with intrinsic individual characteristics and their genomes. In the last 30-40 years, several genes influencing susceptibility to skin immune reactions were identified. The aim of this review is to provide information regarding common genetic variations affecting skin immunotoxicity. The polymorphisms selected for this review are related to xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYPA1 and CYPB1 genes), antioxidant defense (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes), aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway (AHR and ARNT genes), skin barrier function transepidermal water loss (FLG, CASP14, and SPINK5 genes), inflammation (TNF, IL10, IL6, IL18, IL31, and TSLP genes), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and neuroendocrine system peptides (CALCA, TRPV1, ACE genes). These genes present variants associated with skin immune responses and diseases, as well as variants associated with protecting skin immune homeostasis following chemical exposure. The molecular and association studies focusing on these genetic variants may elucidate their functional consequences and contribution in the susceptibility to skin immunotoxicity. Providing information on how genetic variations affect the skin immune system may reduce uncertainties in estimating chemical hazards/risks for human health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
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Thá EL, Matos M, Avelino F, Lomonaco D, Rodrigues-Souza I, Gagosian VSC, Cestari MM, Magalhães WLE, Leme DM. Safety aspects of kraft lignin fractions: Discussions on the in chemico antioxidant activity and the induction of oxidative stress on a cell-based in vitro model. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:977-986. [PMID: 33887289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer present in plant cell walls and a by-product of the cellulose pulping industry. Lignin has functional properties, such as antioxidant activity, that make it a potential natural active ingredient for health-care products. However, not all safety aspects of lignin fractions have been adequately investigated. Herein, we evaluated the antioxidant and genotoxic potential of two hardwood kraft lignins (F3 and F5). The chemical characterization of F3 and F5 demonstrated their thermal stability and the presence of different phenolic units, while the DPPH assay confirmed the antioxidant activity of these lignin fractions. Despite being antioxidants in the DPPH assay, F3 and F5 were capable of generating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently causing oxidative DNA damage (Comet assay) in HepG2 cells. The biological relevance of the DPPH assay might be uncertain in some cases; therefore, we suggest combining in chemico tests with biological system-based tests to determine efficacy and safety levels of lignins and define appropriate applications of lignins for consumer products. Moreover, kraft lignins obtained by acid precipitation may pose risks to human health; however, as genotoxicity is not the sole endpoint of toxicity required in hazard assessments, additional toxicological evaluations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanoela Lundgren Thá
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mailson Matos
- Graduate Program in Engineering and Materials Science (PIPE), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Francisco Avelino
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará (IFCE), Iguatu, CE, Brazil
| | - Diego Lomonaco
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry - Federal University of Ceará (UFCE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Isisdoris Rodrigues-Souza
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Washington Luiz Esteves Magalhães
- Graduate Program in Engineering and Materials Science (PIPE), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Embrapa Florestas, Colombo, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Rahimi S, Singh MP, Gupta J. Adverse effects of textile dyes on antioxidant enzymes and cholinesterase activities in Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R +). Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1131-1139. [PMID: 32838564 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1809671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effluents from textile dyeing industry are causing water pollution and may transform into more toxic and carcinogenic chemical species by environmental conditions. Therefore systemic toxicity of textile dyes is major health concern. Hence, this study sought to examine the toxic effect of disperse textile dyes on important systemic enzymes in the larvae of wild type Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+). Drosophila larvae were fed with corn-sugar-yeast diets containing two disperse dyes, Disperse blue-124 and Disperse black-9 (1, 10 and 100 mg/mL) for 2 days (48 h) and subsequent the enzymatic estimations were carried out using larval homogenate. In silico molecular docking studies were also performed to analyze the binding interaction of these dyes with acetyl choline esterase enzyme. Disperse black 9 shows more strong binding by occupying a groove and forming one hydrogen bond with Tyr465 of acetyl choline esterase enzyme while Disperse blue-124 shows surface binding without forming any hydrogen bond. Drosophila larvae fed on these dyes exhibited a dose-dependent increase in acetyl choline esterase enzymatic activity (1.8 fold increase with Disperse black-9, 100 mg/mL) while 4.4-folds Disperse blue-124, 100 mg/mL). Both Disperse Blue and Disperse Black dyes altered the activities of antioxidant enzymes Catalase (CAT, increased more than 2.5 fold), Superoxide dismutase (SOD, increased more than two folds) and showed a dose-dependent increase in Xanthine oxidase and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels (more than 3 folds). Therefore both the disperse dyes were found to dysregulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes which may be the underlying mechanism for their toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Rahimi
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Phagwara, India
| | - Mahendra P Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Phagwara, India
| | - Jeena Gupta
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Phagwara, India
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Zanoni BV, Brasil Romão G, Andrade RS, Barretto Cicarelli RM, Trovatti E, Chiari-Andrèo BG, Iglesias M. Cytotoxic effect of protic ionic liquids in HepG2 and HaCat human cells: in vitro and in silico studies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:447-458. [PMID: 31160977 PMCID: PMC6505392 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00338f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are innovative chemical compounds, which due to their peculiar nature and amazing physico-chemical properties, have been studied as potential sustainable solvents in many areas of modern science, such as in the industrial fields of textile dyeing, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, energy and many others. Due to their more than probable large-scale use in a short space of time, a wider analysis in terms of ecotoxicity and biological safety to humans has been attracting significant attention, once many ionic liquids were found to be "a little less than green compounds" towards cells and living organisms. The aim of this study is to investigate the cytotoxicity of 13 recently synthesized PILs, as well as to reinforce knowledge in terms of key thermodynamic magnitudes. All the studied compounds were tested for their in vitro toxic activities on two human cell lines (normal keratinocytes HaCaT and hepatocytes HepG2). In addition, due to the enormous number of possible combinations of anions and cations that can form ionic liquids, a group contribution QSAR model has been tested in order to predict their cytotoxicity. The estimated and experimental values were adequately correlated (correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.9260). The experimental obtained results showed their remarkable low toxicity for the studied in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Varela Zanoni
- Universidade de Araraquara - UNIARA , R. Carlos Gomes , 1217 , CEP 14801-340 , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
| | - Gabriela Brasil Romão
- Universidade Federal da Bahia , Rua Aristides Novis , 2 , Federação , CEP 40210-630 , Salvador , BA , Brazil
| | - Rebecca S Andrade
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia , Av. Centenário , 697 , Sim , CEP 44042-280 , Feira de Santana , BA , Brazil .
| | - Regina Maria Barretto Cicarelli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Rod.Araraquara - Jaú , Km 1 , CEP 14800-903 , Araraquara , Brazil
| | - Eliane Trovatti
- Universidade de Araraquara - UNIARA , R. Carlos Gomes , 1217 , CEP 14801-340 , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
| | - Bruna Galdorfini Chiari-Andrèo
- Universidade de Araraquara - UNIARA , R. Carlos Gomes , 1217 , CEP 14801-340 , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Rod.Araraquara - Jaú , Km 1 , CEP 14800-903 , Araraquara , Brazil
| | - Miguel Iglesias
- Universidade Federal da Bahia , Rua Aristides Novis , 2 , Federação , CEP 40210-630 , Salvador , BA , Brazil
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