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Awashra M, Młynarz P. The toxicity of nanoparticles and their interaction with cells: an in vitro metabolomic perspective. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2674-2723. [PMID: 37205285 PMCID: PMC10186990 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00534d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanomaterials (NMs) are widely present in daily life due to their significant benefits, as demonstrated by their application in many fields such as biomedicine, engineering, food, cosmetics, sensing, and energy. However, the increasing production of NMs multiplies the chances of their release into the surrounding environment, making human exposure to NMs inevitable. Currently, nanotoxicology is a crucial field, which focuses on studying the toxicity of NMs. The toxicity or effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on the environment and humans can be preliminary assessed in vitro using cell models. However, the conventional cytotoxicity assays, such as the MTT assay, have some drawbacks including the possibility of interference with the studied NPs. Therefore, it is necessary to employ more advanced techniques that provide high throughput analysis and avoid interferences. In this case, metabolomics is one of the most powerful bioanalytical strategies to assess the toxicity of different materials. By measuring the metabolic change upon the introduction of a stimulus, this technique can reveal the molecular information of the toxicity induced by NPs. This provides the opportunity to design novel and efficient nanodrugs and minimizes the risks of NPs used in industry and other fields. Initially, this review summarizes the ways that NPs and cells interact and the NP parameters that play a role in this interaction, and then the assessment of these interactions using conventional assays and the challenges encountered are discussed. Subsequently, in the main part, we introduce the recent studies employing metabolomics for the assessment of these interactions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Awashra
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University 02150 Espoo Finland
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wroclaw Poland
| | - Piotr Młynarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wroclaw Poland
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Karkehabadi H, Rahmati A, Abbasi R, Farmany A, Najafi R, Behroozi R, Rezaei-Soufi L, Abbaspourrokni H. Effect of copper oxide nanoparticles and light-emitting diode irradiation on the cell viability and osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of human stem cells from the apical papilla. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:249. [PMID: 37118787 PMCID: PMC10148393 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This experimental study aimed to assess the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) and light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation on the cell viability and osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of human SCAPs. METHODS After the culture of SCAPs, the effects of different concentrations of CuONPs on cell viability were evaluated by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay after 24 and 48 h, and the optimal concentration was determined (n = 12). SCAPs were then divided into four groups based on the type of treatment: (I) no-treatment control group, (II) exposure to CuONPs, (III) LED irradiation (635 nm, 200 mW/cm2) for 30 s, and (IV) exposure to CuONPs combined with LED irradiation. CuONPs were synthesized by a green technique, which was based on reduction and simultaneous stability of copper ions by using the pomegranate peel extract. After treatments, the expression of osteogenic/odontogenic markers including dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1) was evaluated in all four groups using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (n = 16). Also, osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs was evaluated qualitatively by alizarin red staining (ARS) to assess the matrix mineralization (n = 4). SPSS version 18 was used for data evaluation. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the groups. RESULTS Exposure to 1 µg/mL CuONPs resulted in maximum viability of SCAPs. Concentrations of CuONPs over 10 µg/mL significantly decreased the viability of SCAPs. Real-time PCR showed that the expression of DMP1, BSP, ALP, and DSPP in CuONPs + LED and LED groups was significantly higher than that in CuONPs and control groups at both 24 and 48 h (P < 0.05). The density of ARS increased in all experimental groups after 24 h, and in CuONPs + LED and CuONPs groups after 48 h, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Addition of CuONPs and LED irradiation of SCAPs in the culture medium significantly enhanced their osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Karkehabadi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental Research Center, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Rahmati
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Roshanak Abbasi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Farmany
- Dental Research Center, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Department of Medical Molecular & Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Loghman Rezaei-Soufi
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Research Center, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hadiseh Abbaspourrokni
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Rossner P, Cervena T, Echalar B, Palacka K, Milcova A, Novakova Z, Sima M, Simova Z, Vankova J, Holan V. Metal Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Properties: The Toxicity Response in Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells. TOXICS 2023; 11:253. [PMID: 36977018 PMCID: PMC10057305 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Some metal nanoparticles (NP) are characterized by antimicrobial properties with the potential to be used as alternative antibiotics. However, NP may negatively impact human organism, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), a cell population contributing to tissue growth and regeneration. To address these issues, we investigated the toxic effects of selected NP (Ag, ZnO, and CuO) in mouse MSC. MSC were treated with various doses of NP for 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h and multiple endpoints were analyzed. Reactive oxygen species were generated after 48 h CuO NP exposure. Lipid peroxidation was induced after 4 h and 24 h treatment, regardless of NP and/or tested dose. DNA fragmentation and oxidation induced by Ag NP showed dose responses for all the periods. For other NP, the effects were observed for shorter exposure times. The impact on the frequency of micronuclei was weak. All the tested NP increased the sensitivity of MSC to apoptosis. The cell cycle was most affected after 24 h, particularly for Ag NP treatment. In summary, the tested NP induced numerous adverse changes in MSC. These results should be taken into consideration when planning the use of NP in medical applications where MSC are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rossner
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Cervena
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Echalar
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Palacka
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Milcova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Novakova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Sima
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Simova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jolana Vankova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Holan
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Raghav PK, Mann Z, Ahlawat S, Mohanty S. Mesenchymal stem cell-based nanoparticles and scaffolds in regenerative medicine. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 918:174657. [PMID: 34871557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells owing to their regenerative potential and multilineage potency. MSCs have wide-scale applications either in their native cellular form or in conjugation with specific biomaterials as nanocomposites. Majorly, these natural or synthetic biomaterials are being used in the form of metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles (NPs) to encapsulate MSCs within hydrogels like alginate or chitosan or drug cargo loading into MSCs. In contrast, nanofibers of polymer scaffolds such as polycaprolactone (PCL), poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), silk fibroin, collagen, chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid (HA), and cellulose are used to support or grow MSCs directly on it. These MSCs based nanotherapies have application in multiple domains of biomedicine including wound healing, bone and cartilage engineering, cardiac disorders, and neurological disorders. This study focused on current approaches of MSCs-based therapies and has been divided into two major sections. The first section elaborates on MSC-based nano-therapies and their plausible applications including exosome engineering and NPs encapsulation. The following section focuses on the various MSC-based scaffold approaches in tissue engineering. Conclusively, this review mainly focused on MSC-based nanocomposite's current approaches and compared their advantages and limitations for building effective regenerative medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Raghav
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Zoya Mann
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Swati Ahlawat
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Mancuso L, Manis C, Murgia A, Isola M, Salis A, Piras F, Caboni P, Cao G. Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles on Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Viability, Morphology, Particles Uptake, Cell Cycle and Metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in nanoparticles (NPs), the evaluation of their safety use has to be deeply considered, but standardized procedures for the evaluation of their toxicity have not been defined. In vitro methods are ideal in toxicology research because they can rapidly provide reproducible results while preventing the use of animals. Primary cells are considered a better option as model systems for predicting toxicological behavior, although several cell types do not survive enough in culture and isolated cells can have substantial variability when obtained from different donors. Recently, a new test for acute toxicity based on the use of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) has been developed and successfully tested in our laboratory following the ICCVAM (Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods) guidelines [1]. Along these lines, the aim of this study is to evaluate the acute cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles using the new toxicity test based on hBMMSCs, while comparing their behavior with respect to the toxicity of ZnO micrometer ones. For this reason, we assessed the citotoxicity by performing Neutral Red assay, the cellular uptake by transmission electron microscopy and the effects on hBMMSCs cycle by FACS analysis. Furthermore, we also analyzed by means of GC-MS the polar metabolite profile of hBMMSCs samples treated with ZnO micro- and nanoparticles. Our results show that despite the slight differences in terms of cytotoxicity, nano and microparticles show a very different behavior with respect to their effects on hBMMSCs cycle, metabolite profile and cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mancuso
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Manis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Murgia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michela Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Citadel of Monserrato - University of Cagliari, S.S. 554 - Bivio for Sestu, 09042-Monserrato-Cagliari- Italy
| | - Andrea Salis
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University Citadel of Monserrato - University of Cagliari -CSGI and CNBS, S.S. 554 - Bivio for Sestu, 09042-Monserrato-Cagliari- Italy
| | - Federica Piras
- P.O. Armando Businco. Servizio di diagnistica citofluorimetrica e trattamento delle cellule staminali. SC Ematologia e Centro Trapianti Midollo Osseo; Via Edward Jenner 09121 Cagliari
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cao
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, Cagliari, Italy
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Adamson SXF, Wang R, Wu W, Cooper B, Shannahan J. Metabolomic insights of macrophage responses to graphene nanoplatelets: Role of scavenger receptor CD36. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207042. [PMID: 30403754 PMCID: PMC6221354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are novel two-dimensional engineered nanomaterials consisting of planar stacks of graphene. Although human exposures are increasing, our knowledge is lacking regarding immune-specific responses to GNPs and mechanisms of interactions. Our current study utilizes a metabolite profiling approach to evaluate macrophage responses to GNPs. Furthermore, we assessed the role of the scavenger receptor CD36 in mediating these GNP-induced responses. GNPs were purchased with dimensions of 2 μm × 2 μm × 12 nm. Macrophages were exposed to GNPs at different concentrations of 0, 25, 50, or 100 μg/ml for 1, 3, or 6 h. Following exposure, no cytotoxicity was observed, while GNPs readily associated with macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. After the 1h-pretreatment of either a CD36 competitive ligand sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO) or a CD36 specific antibody, the cellular association of GNPs by macrophages was significantly reduced. GNP exposure was determined to alter mitochondrial membrane potential while the pretreatment with a CD36 antibody inhibited these changes. In a separate exposure, macrophages were exposed to GNPs at concentrations of 0, 50, or 100 μg/mL for 1 or 3h or 100 μM SSO (a CD36 specific ligand) for 1h and collected for metabolite profiling. Principal component analysis of identified compounds determined differential grouping based on exposure conditions. The number of compounds changed following exposure was determined to be both concentration- and time-dependent. Identified metabolites were determined to relate to several metabolism pathways such as glutathione metabolism, Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, Sphingolipid metabolism, Purine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism and others. Lastly, a number of metabolites were found in common between cells exposed to the CD36 receptor ligand, SSO, and GNPs suggesting both CD36-dependent and independent responses to GNP exposure. Together our data demonstrates GNP-macrophage interactions, the role of CD36 in the cellular response, and metabolic pathways disrupted due to exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruoxing Wang
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Wenzhuo Wu
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Bruce Cooper
- Metabolite Profiling Facility in Bindley Biosciences Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abdal Dayem A, Lee SB, Cho SG. The Impact of Metallic Nanoparticles on Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E761. [PMID: 30261637 PMCID: PMC6215285 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has a wide range of medical and industrial applications. The impact of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) on the proliferation and differentiation of normal, cancer, and stem cells is well-studied. The preparation of NPs, along with their physicochemical properties, is related to their biological function. Interestingly, various mechanisms are implicated in metallic NP-induced cellular proliferation and differentiation, such as modulation of signaling pathways, generation of reactive oxygen species, and regulation of various transcription factors. In this review, we will shed light on the biomedical application of metallic NPs and the interaction between NPs and the cellular components. The in vitro and in vivo influence of metallic NPs on stem cell differentiation and proliferation, as well as the mechanisms behind potential toxicity, will be explored. A better understanding of the limitations related to the application of metallic NPs on stem cell proliferation and differentiation will afford clues for optimal design and preparation of metallic NPs for the modulation of stem cell functions and for clinical application in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Soo Bin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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SERPINB2 is a novel indicator of stem cell toxicity. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:724. [PMID: 29925837 PMCID: PMC6010432 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological evaluation of potential drug candidates is very important in the preclinical phase of drug development. Toxic materials may cause serious decline in stem cell function and loss of stemness. Indeed, we found that toxic exposure more profoundly suppressed the growth of stem cells than terminally differentiated fibroblasts. Importantly, toxic exposure suppressed stem cell migration and multi-lineage differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, early-response genes involved in stem cell properties such as self-renewal and differentiation capabilities can be used as specific markers to predict toxicity. In the present study, we also identified a labile toxic response gene, SERPINB2, which is significantly increased in response to various toxic agents in human stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, self-renewal, migration, and multi-lineage differentiation potential were markedly decreased following SERPINB2 overexpression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to focus on the functions of SERPINB2 on the regenerative potential of stem cells in response to various existing chemicals, and the findings will facilitate the development of promising toxicity test platforms for newly developed chemicals.
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Corrêa NCR, Kuligovski C, Paschoal ACC, Abud APR, Rebelatto CLK, Leite LMB, Senegaglia AC, Dallagiovanna B, Aguiar AMD. Human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) and human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC) as cellular substrates of a toxicity prediction assay. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Fröhlich E. Role of omics techniques in the toxicity testing of nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:84. [PMID: 29157261 PMCID: PMC5697164 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is regarded as a key technology of the twenty-first century. Despite the many advantages of nanotechnology it is also known that engineered nanoparticles (NPs) may cause adverse health effects in humans. Reports on toxic effects of NPs relay mainly on conventional (phenotypic) testing but studies of changes in epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome induced by NPs have also been performed. NPs most relevant for human exposure in consumer, health and food products are metal, metal oxide and carbon-based NPs. They were also studied quite frequently with omics technologies and an overview of the study results can serve to answer the question if screening for established targets of nanotoxicity (e.g. cell death, proliferation, oxidative stress, and inflammation) is sufficient or if omics techniques are needed to reveal new targets. Regulated pathways identified by omics techniques were confirmed by phenotypic assays performed in the same study and comparison of particle types and cells by the same group indicated a more cell/organ-specific than particle specific regulation pattern. Between different studies moderate overlap of the regulated pathways was observed and cell-specific regulation is less obvious. The lack of standardization in particle exposure, in omics technologies, difficulties to translate mechanistic data to phenotypes and comparison with human in vivo data currently limit the use of these technologies in the prediction of toxic effects by NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Murgia A, Caboni P, Cadoni E, Serra M, Marongiu F, Laconi E. A GC–MS untargeted metabolomics analysis in the plasma and liver of rats lacking dipeptidyl-peptidase type IV enzyme activity. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:575-582. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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