1
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Abildgaard AB, Nielsen SV, Bernstein I, Stein A, Lindorff-Larsen K, Hartmann-Petersen R. Lynch syndrome, molecular mechanisms and variant classification. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:726-734. [PMID: 36434153 PMCID: PMC9978028 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with the heritable cancer disease, Lynch syndrome, carry germline variants in the MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 genes, encoding the central components of the DNA mismatch repair system. Loss-of-function variants disrupt the DNA mismatch repair system and give rise to a detrimental increase in the cellular mutational burden and cancer development. The treatment prospects for Lynch syndrome rely heavily on early diagnosis; however, accurate diagnosis is inextricably linked to correct clinical interpretation of individual variants. Protein variant classification traditionally relies on cumulative information from occurrence in patients, as well as experimental testing of the individual variants. The complexity of variant classification is due to (1) that variants of unknown significance are rare in the population and phenotypic information on the specific variants is missing, and (2) that individual variant testing is challenging, costly and slow. Here, we summarise recent developments in high-throughput technologies and computational prediction tools for the assessment of variants of unknown significance in Lynch syndrome. These approaches may vastly increase the number of interpretable variants and could also provide important mechanistic insights into the disease. These insights may in turn pave the road towards developing personalised treatment approaches for Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Abildgaard
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie V Nielsen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Inge Bernstein
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Amelie Stein
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Hartmann-Petersen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. In recent decades, extraordinary effort has been devoted to defining the molecular and pathophysiological characteristics of the diseased heart and vasculature. Mouse models have been especially powerful in illuminating the complex signaling pathways, genetic and epigenetic regulatory circuits, and multicellular interactions that underlie cardiovascular disease. The advent of CRISPR genome editing has ushered in a new era of cardiovascular research and possibilities for genetic correction of disease. Next-generation sequencing technologies have greatly accelerated the identification of disease-causing mutations, and advances in gene editing have enabled the rapid modeling of these mutations in mice and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. The ability to correct the genetic drivers of cardiovascular disease through delivery of gene editing components in vivo, while still facing challenges, represents an exciting therapeutic frontier. In this review, we provide an overview of cardiovascular disease mechanisms and the potential applications of CRISPR genome editing for disease modeling and correction. We also discuss the extent to which mice can faithfully model cardiovascular disease and the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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3
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Shukla N, Levine MF, Gundem G, Domenico D, Spitzer B, Bouvier N, Arango-Ossa JE, Glodzik D, Medina-Martínez JS, Bhanot U, Gutiérrez-Abril J, Zhou Y, Fiala E, Stockfisch E, Li S, Rodriguez-Sanchez MI, O'Donohue T, Cobbs C, Roehrl MHA, Benhamida J, Iglesias Cardenas F, Ortiz M, Kinnaman M, Roberts S, Ladanyi M, Modak S, Farouk-Sait S, Slotkin E, Karajannis MA, Dela Cruz F, Glade Bender J, Zehir A, Viale A, Walsh MF, Kung AL, Papaemmanuil E. Feasibility of whole genome and transcriptome profiling in pediatric and young adult cancers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2485. [PMID: 35585047 PMCID: PMC9117241 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The utility of cancer whole genome and transcriptome sequencing (cWGTS) in oncology is increasingly recognized. However, implementation of cWGTS is challenged by the need to deliver results within clinically relevant timeframes, concerns about assay sensitivity, reporting and prioritization of findings. In a prospective research study we develop a workflow that reports comprehensive cWGTS results in 9 days. Comparison of cWGTS to diagnostic panel assays demonstrates the potential of cWGTS to capture all clinically reported mutations with comparable sensitivity in a single workflow. Benchmarking identifies a minimum of 80× as optimal depth for clinical WGS sequencing. Integration of germline, somatic DNA and RNA-seq data enable data-driven variant prioritization and reporting, with oncogenic findings reported in 54% more patients than standard of care. These results establish key technical considerations for the implementation of cWGTS as an integrated test in clinical oncology. Cancer whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing (cWGTS) has been challenging to implement in clinical settings. Here, the authors develop a workflow to deliver robust cWGTS analyses and reports within clinically-relevant timeframes for paediatric, adolescent and young adult solid tumour patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M F Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Gundem
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Domenico
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Spitzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Bouvier
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J E Arango-Ossa
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Glodzik
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J S Medina-Martínez
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - U Bhanot
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Precision Pathology Biobanking Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Gutiérrez-Abril
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Fiala
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Stockfisch
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - T O'Donohue
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Cobbs
- Integrated Genomics Operation Core, Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M H A Roehrl
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Precision Pathology Biobanking Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Benhamida
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - F Iglesias Cardenas
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Ortiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Kinnaman
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Modak
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Farouk-Sait
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M A Karajannis
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - F Dela Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Glade Bender
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Viale
- Integrated Genomics Operation Core, Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M F Walsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - E Papaemmanuil
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Shah SM, Demidova EV, Lesh RW, Hall MJ, Daly MB, Meyer JE, Edelman MJ, Arora S. Therapeutic implications of germline vulnerabilities in DNA repair for precision oncology. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 104:102337. [PMID: 35051883 PMCID: PMC9016579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair vulnerabilities are present in a significant proportion of cancers. Specifically, germline alterations in DNA repair not only increase cancer risk but are associated with treatment response and clinical outcomes. The therapeutic landscape of cancer has rapidly evolved with the FDA approval of therapies that specifically target DNA repair vulnerabilities. The clinical success of synthetic lethality between BRCA deficiency and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition has been truly revolutionary. Defective mismatch repair has been validated as a predictor of response to immune checkpoint blockade associated with durable responses and long-term benefit in many cancer patients. Advances in next generation sequencing technologies and their decreasing cost have supported increased genetic profiling of tumors coupled with germline testing of cancer risk genes in patients. The clinical adoption of panel testing for germline assessment in high-risk individuals has generated a plethora of genetic data, particularly on DNA repair genes. Here, we highlight the therapeutic relevance of germline aberrations in DNA repair to identify patients eligible for precision treatments such as PARP inhibitors (PARPis), immune checkpoint blockade, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and combined treatment. We also discuss emerging mechanisms that regulate DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya M. Shah
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Science Scholars Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elena V. Demidova
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Randy W. Lesh
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, United States
| | - Michael J. Hall
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mary B. Daly
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joshua E. Meyer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Martin J. Edelman
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Correspondence: Sanjeevani Arora, PhD, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, OR Martin J Edelman, MD, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497,
| | - Sanjeevani Arora
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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5
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D'Arcy BM, Arrington J, Weisman J, McClellan SB, Vandana , Yang Z, Deivanayagam C, Blount J, Prakash A. PMS2 variant results in loss of ATPase activity without compromising mismatch repair. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1908. [PMID: 35189042 PMCID: PMC9034662 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary cancer syndromes account for approximately 5%-10% of all diagnosed cancer cases. Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer condition that predisposes individuals to an elevated lifetime risk for developing colorectal, endometrial, and other cancers. LS results from a pathogenic mutation in one of four mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2). The diagnosis of LS is often challenged by the identification of missense mutations, termed variants of uncertain significance, whose functional effect on the protein is not known. Of the eight PMS2 variants initially selected for this study, we identified a variant within the N-terminal domain where asparagine 335 is mutated to serine, p.Asn335Ser, which lacked ATPase activity, yet appears to be proficient in MMR. To expand our understanding of this functional dichotomy, we performed biophysical and structural studies, and noted that p.Asn335Ser binds to ATP but is unable to hydrolyze it to ADP. To examine the impact of p.Asn335Ser on MMR, we developed a novel in-cell fluorescent-based microsatellite instability reporter that revealed p.Asn335Ser maintained genomic stability. We conclude that in the absence of gross structural changes, PMS2 ATP hydrolysis is not necessary for proficient MMR and that the ATPase deficient p.Asn335Ser variant is likely benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. D'Arcy
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Jennifer Arrington
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Justin Weisman
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Steven B. McClellan
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource LabMitchell Cancer InstituteMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Vandana
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Zhengrong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsSchool of Medicine University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Champion Deivanayagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsSchool of Medicine University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | | | - Aishwarya Prakash
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
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6
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Guo H, Liu L, Nishiga M, Cong L, Wu JC. Deciphering pathogenicity of variants of uncertain significance with CRISPR-edited iPSCs. Trends Genet 2021; 37:1109-1123. [PMID: 34509299 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants play an important role in conferring risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). With the rapid development of next-generation sequencing (NGS), thousands of genetic variants associated with CVDs have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but the function of more than 40% of genetic variants is still unknown. This gap of knowledge is a barrier to the clinical application of the genetic information. However, determining the pathogenicity of a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) is challenging due to the lack of suitable model systems and accessible technologies. By combining clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), unprecedented advances are now possible in determining the pathogenicity of VUS in CVDs. Here, we summarize recent progress and new strategies in deciphering pathogenic variants for CVDs using CRISPR-edited human iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Guo
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lichao Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Masataka Nishiga
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Le Cong
- Department of Pathology and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE One of the most important serious malignancies is gastric cancer (GC) with a high mortality globally. In this way, beside the environmental factors, genetic parameter has a remarkable effective fluctuation in GC. Correspondingly, telomeres are nucleoprotein structures measuring the length of telomeres and they have special potential in diagnosis of various types of cancers. Defect protection of the telomeric length initiates the instability of the genome during cancer, including gastric cancer. The most common way of maintaining telomere length is the function of the telomerase enzyme that replicates the TTAGGG to the end of the 3' chromosome. METHODS In this review, we want to discuss the alterations of hTERT repression on the modification of TERRA gene expression in conjunction with the importance of telomere and telomerase in GC. RESULTS The telomerase enzyme contains two essential components called telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and RNA telomerase (hTR, hTERC). Deregulation of hTERT plays a key role in the multistage process of tumorigenicity and anticancer drug resistance. The direct relationship between telomerase activity and hTERT has led to hTERT to be considered a key target for cancer treatment. Recent results show that telomeres are transcribed into telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) in mammalian cells and are long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) identified in different tissues. In addition, most chemotherapy methods have a lot of side effects on normal cells. CONCLUSION Telomere and telomerase are useful therapeutic goal. According to the main roles of hTERT in tumorigenesis, growth, migration, and cancer invasion, hTERT and regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of hTERT are attractive therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.
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Clausen L, Stein A, Grønbæk-Thygesen M, Nygaard L, Søltoft CL, Nielsen SV, Lisby M, Ravid T, Lindorff-Larsen K, Hartmann-Petersen R. Folliculin variants linked to Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome are targeted for proteasomal degradation. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009187. [PMID: 33137092 PMCID: PMC7660926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) tumor suppressor gene are linked to Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, a dominantly inherited genetic disease characterized by predisposition to fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts, and renal cancer. Most BHD-linked FLCN variants include large deletions and splice site aberrations predicted to cause loss of function. The mechanisms by which missense variants and short in-frame deletions in FLCN trigger disease are unknown. Here, we present an integrated computational and experimental study that reveals that the majority of such disease-causing FLCN variants cause loss of function due to proteasomal degradation of the encoded FLCN protein, rather than directly ablating FLCN function. Accordingly, several different single-site FLCN variants are present at strongly reduced levels in cells. In line with our finding that FLCN variants are protein quality control targets, several are also highly insoluble and fail to associate with the FLCN-binding partners FNIP1 and FNIP2. The lack of FLCN binding leads to rapid proteasomal degradation of FNIP1 and FNIP2. Half of the tested FLCN variants are mislocalized in cells, and one variant (ΔE510) forms perinuclear protein aggregates. A yeast-based stability screen revealed that the deubiquitylating enzyme Ubp15/USP7 and molecular chaperones regulate the turnover of the FLCN variants. Lowering the temperature led to a stabilization of two FLCN missense proteins, and for one (R362C), function was re-established at low temperature. In conclusion, we propose that most BHD-linked FLCN missense variants and small in-frame deletions operate by causing misfolding and degradation of the FLCN protein, and that stabilization and resulting restoration of function may hold therapeutic potential of certain disease-linked variants. Our computational saturation scan encompassing both missense variants and single site deletions in FLCN may allow classification of rare FLCN variants of uncertain clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Clausen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amelie Stein
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Grønbæk-Thygesen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Nygaard
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie L. Søltoft
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie V. Nielsen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Lisby
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tommer Ravid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Hartmann-Petersen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Hammouz RY, Kostanek JK, Dudzisz A, Witas P, Orzechowska M, Bednarek AK. Differential expression of lung adenocarcinoma transcriptome with signature of tobacco exposure. J Appl Genet 2020; 61:421-437. [PMID: 32564237 PMCID: PMC7413900 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-020-00569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Smoking accounts for almost 80-90% of lung cancer cases, which is also the most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths in humans. With over 60 carcinogens in tobacco smoke, cells dividing at the time of carcinogen exposure are at particular risk of neoplasia. The present study aimed to investigate global gene expression differences in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumour samples of current smokers and non-smokers, in an attempt to elucidate biological mechanisms underlying divergent smoking effects. Current and non-smoker tumour samples were analysed using bioinformatics tools, examining differences in molecular drivers of cancer initiation and progression, as well as evaluating the effect of smoking and sex on epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). As a result, we identified 1150 differentially expressed genes showing visible differences in the expression profiles between the smoking subgroups. The genes were primarily involved in cell cycle, DNA replication, DNA repair, VEGF, GnRH, ErbB and T cell receptor signalling pathways. Our results show that smoking clearly affected E2F transcriptional activity and DNA repair pathways including mismatch repair, base excision repair and homologous recombination. We observed that sex could modify the effects of PLA2G2A and PRG4 in LUAD tumour samples, whereas sex and smoking status might possibly have a biological effect on the EMT-related genes: HEY2, OLFM1, SFRP1 and STRAP. We also identified potential epigenetic changes smoking solely might have on EMT-related genes, which may serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raneem Y. Hammouz
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna K. Kostanek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Dudzisz
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Witas
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Orzechowska
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej K. Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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10
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da Costa E Silva Carvalho S, Cury NM, Brotto DB, de Araujo LF, Rosa RCA, Texeira LA, Plaça JR, Marques AA, Peronni KC, Ruy PDC, Molfetta GA, Moriguti JC, Carraro DM, Palmero EI, Ashton-Prolla P, de Faria Ferraz VE, Silva WA. Germline variants in DNA repair genes associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome: analysis of a 21 gene panel in the Brazilian population. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:21. [PMID: 32039725 PMCID: PMC7011249 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) occurs in families with a history of breast/ovarian cancer, presenting an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are high penetrance genes associated with an increased risk of up to 20-fold for breast and ovarian cancer. However, only 20–30% of HBOC cases present pathogenic variants in those genes, and other DNA repair genes have emerged as increasing the risk for HBOC. In Brazil, variants in ATM, ATR, CHEK2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, POLQ, PTEN, and TP53 genes have been reported in up to 7.35% of the studied cases. Here we screened and characterized variants in 21 DNA repair genes in HBOC patients. Methods We systematically analyzed 708 amplicons encompassing the coding and flanking regions of 21 genes related to DNA repair pathways (ABRAXAS1, ATM, ATR, BARD1, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, CDH1, CHEK2, MLH1, MRE11, MSH2, MSH6, NBN, PALB2, PMS2, PTEN, RAD50, RAD51, TP53 and UIMC1). A total of 95 individuals with HBOC syndrome clinical suspicion in Southeast Brazil were sequenced, and 25 samples were evaluated for insertions/deletions in BRCA1/BRCA2 genes. Identified variants were assessed in terms of population allele frequency and their functional effects were predicted through in silico algorithms. Results We identified 80 variants in 19 genes. About 23.4% of the patients presented pathogenic variants in BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53, a frequency higher than that identified among previous studies in Brazil. We identified a novel variant in ATR, which was predicted as pathogenic by in silico tools. The association analysis revealed 13 missense variants in ABRAXAS1, BARD1, BRCA2, CHEK2, CDH1, MLH1, PALB2, and PMS2 genes, as significantly associated with increased risk to HBOC, and the patients carrying those variants did not present large insertions or deletions in BRCA1/BRCA2 genes. Conclusions This study embodies the third report of a multi-gene analysis in the Brazilian population, and addresses the first report of many germline variants associated with HBOC in Brazil. Although further functional analyses are necessary to better characterize the contribution of those variants to the phenotype, these findings would improve the risk estimation and clinical follow-up of patients with HBOC clinical suspicion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone da Costa E Silva Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Center for Medical Genomics at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Regional Blood Center at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Moreno Cury
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Regional Blood Center at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Barbosa Brotto
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Regional Blood Center at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiza Ferreira de Araujo
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Regional Blood Center at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Cruz Alves Rosa
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Center for Medical Genomics at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Alves Texeira
- Division of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Rodrigues Plaça
- Regional Blood Center at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Aparecida Marques
- Regional Blood Center at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kamila Chagas Peronni
- Regional Blood Center at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia de Cássia Ruy
- Center for Medical Genomics at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Greice Andreotti Molfetta
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Center for Medical Genomics at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Moriguti
- Division of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Dirce Maria Carraro
- International Research, Center/CIPE, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edenir Inêz Palmero
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Victor Evangelista de Faria Ferraz
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Center for Medical Genomics at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Wilson Araujo Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. .,Center for Medical Genomics at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. .,Regional Blood Center at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Arora S, Velichinskii R, Lesh RW, Ali U, Kubiak M, Bansal P, Borghaei H, Edelman MJ, Boumber Y. Existing and Emerging Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Immunotherapy in Solid Tumors. Adv Ther 2019; 36:2638-2678. [PMID: 31410780 PMCID: PMC6778545 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-01051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, immunotherapy has transformed the way we treat solid tumors, including melanoma, lung, head neck, breast, renal, and bladder cancers. Durable responses and long-term survival benefit has been experienced by many cancer patients, with favorable toxicity profiles of immunotherapeutic agents relative to chemotherapy. Cures have become possible in some patients with metastatic disease. Additional approvals of immunotherapy drugs and in combination with other agents are anticipated in the near future. Multiple additional immunotherapy drugs are in earlier stages of clinical development, and their testing in additional tumor types is under way. Despite considerable early success and relatively fewer side effects, the majority of cancer patients do not respond to checkpoint inhibitors. Additionally, while the drugs are generally well tolerated, there is still the potential for significant, unpredictable and even fatal toxicity with these agents. Improved biomarkers may help to better select patients who are more likely to respond to these drugs. Two key biologically important predictive tissue biomarkers, specifically, PD-L1 and mismatch repair deficiency, have been FDA-approved in conjunction with the checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab. Tumor mutation burden, another promising biomarker, is emerging in several tumor types, and may also soon receive approval. Finally, several other tissue and liquid biomarkers are emerging that could help guide single-agent immunotherapy and in combination with other agents. Of these, one promising investigational biomarker is alteration or deficiency in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, with altered DDR observed in a broad spectrum of tumors. Here, we provide a critical overview of current, emerging, and investigational biomarkers in the context of response to immunotherapy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevani Arora
- Program in Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Rodion Velichinskii
- Program in Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Randy W Lesh
- Program in Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Usman Ali
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michal Kubiak
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Centegra Health System, McHenry Hospital and Rosalind Franklin University, Mchenry, IL, USA
| | | | - Hossein Borghaei
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Martin J Edelman
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yanis Boumber
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
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12
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Maiuri T, Suart CE, Hung CLK, Graham KJ, Barba Bazan CA, Truant R. DNA Damage Repair in Huntington's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:948-956. [PMID: 31364066 PMCID: PMC6985310 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies of Huntington's disease (HD) primarily highlighted genes involved in DNA damage repair mechanisms as modifiers of age at onset and disease severity, consistent with evidence that more DNA repair genes are being implicated in late age-onset neurodegenerative diseases. This provides an exciting opportunity to advance therapeutic development in HD, as these pathways have already been under intense investigation in cancer research. Also emerging are the roles of other polyglutamine disease proteins in DNA damage repair mechanisms. A potential universal trigger of oxidative DNA damage shared in these late age-onset diseases is the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human aging, defining an age-related mechanism that has defied other hypotheses of neurodegeneration. We discuss the potential commonality of DNA damage repair pathways in HD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Potential targets for therapy that may prove beneficial across many of these diseases are also identified, defining nodes in the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) complex, mismatch repair, and poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maiuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, HSC 4N54, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - C E Suart
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, HSC 4N54, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - C L K Hung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, HSC 4N54, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - K J Graham
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, HSC 4N54, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - C A Barba Bazan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, HSC 4N54, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - R Truant
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, HSC 4N54, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada.
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Bellacosa A, Yen T. Illuminating the route of precision medicine and inhibitor discovery: real-time measurement of DNA repair capacity with molecular beacons. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36818-36819. [PMID: 30627317 PMCID: PMC6305151 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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14
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Ma N, Zhang J, Itzhaki I, Zhang SL, Chen H, Haddad F, Kitani T, Wilson KD, Tian L, Shrestha R, Wu H, Lam CK, Sayed N, Wu JC. Determining the Pathogenicity of a Genomic Variant of Uncertain Significance Using CRISPR/Cas9 and Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Circulation 2018; 138:2666-2681. [PMID: 29914921 PMCID: PMC6298866 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progression toward low-cost and rapid next-generation sequencing has uncovered a multitude of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in both patients and asymptomatic "healthy" individuals. A VUS is a rare or novel variant for which disease pathogenicity has not been conclusively demonstrated or excluded, and thus cannot be definitively annotated. VUS, therefore, pose critical clinical interpretation and risk-assessment challenges, and new methods are urgently needed to better characterize their pathogenicity. METHODS To address this challenge and showcase the uncertainty surrounding genomic variant interpretation, we recruited a "healthy" asymptomatic individual, lacking cardiac-disease clinical history, carrying a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)-associated genetic variant (NM_000258.2:c.170C>A, NP_000249.1:p.Ala57Asp) in the sarcomeric gene MYL3, reported by the ClinVar database to be "likely pathogenic." Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were derived from the heterozygous VUS MYL3(170C>A) carrier, and their genome was edited using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate 4 isogenic iPSC lines: (1) corrected "healthy" control; (2) homozygous VUS MYL3(170C>A); (3) heterozygous frameshift mutation MYL3(170C>A/fs); and (4) known heterozygous MYL3 pathogenic mutation (NM_000258.2:c.170C>G), at the same nucleotide position as VUS MYL3(170C>A), lines. Extensive assays including measurements of gene expression, sarcomere structure, cell size, contractility, action potentials, and calcium handling were performed on the isogenic iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). RESULTS The heterozygous VUS MYL3(170C>A)-iPSC-CMs did not show an HCM phenotype at the gene expression, morphology, or functional levels. Furthermore, genome-edited homozygous VUS MYL3(170C>A)- and frameshift mutation MYL3(170C>A/fs)-iPSC-CMs lines were also asymptomatic, supporting a benign assessment for this particular MYL3 variant. Further assessment of the pathogenic nature of a genome-edited isogenic line carrying a known pathogenic MYL3 mutation, MYL3(170C>G), and a carrier-specific iPSC-CMs line, carrying a MYBPC3(961G>A) HCM variant, demonstrated the ability of this combined platform to provide both pathogenic and benign assessments. CONCLUSIONS Our study illustrates the ability of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 genome-editing of carrier-specific iPSCs to elucidate both benign and pathogenic HCM functional phenotypes in a carrier-specific manner in a dish. As such, this platform represents a promising VUS risk-assessment tool that can be used for assessing HCM-associated VUS specifically, and VUS in general, and thus significantly contribute to the arsenal of precision medicine tools available in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joe Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ilanit Itzhaki
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sophia L. Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Haodong Chen
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Francois Haddad
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tomoya Kitani
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kitchener D. Wilson
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rajani Shrestha
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Haodi Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chi Keung Lam
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nazish Sayed
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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15
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TBL1Y: a new gene involved in syndromic hearing loss. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:466-474. [PMID: 30341416 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hearing loss (HHL) is an extremely heterogeneous disorder with autosomal dominant, recessive, and X-linked forms. Here, we described an Italian pedigree affected by HHL but also prostate hyperplasia and increased ratio of the free/total PSA levels, with the unusual and extremely rare Y-linked pattern of inheritance. Using exome sequencing we found a missense variant (r.206A>T leading to p.Asp69Val) in the TBL1Y gene. TBL1Y is homologous of TBL1X, whose partial deletion has described to be involved in X-linked hearing loss. Here, we demonstrate that it has a restricted expression in adult human cochlea and prostate and the variant identified induces a lower protein stability caused by misfolded mutated protein that impairs its cellular function. These findings indicate that TBL1Y could be considered a novel candidate for HHL.
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Kang J, Kim KT, Lee JH, Kim EK, Kim TH, Yoo KH, Lee JS, Kim WJ, Kim JH, Oh YM. Predicting treatable traits for long-acting bronchodilators in patients with stable COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:3557-3565. [PMID: 29263660 PMCID: PMC5732547 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s151909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose There is currently no measure to predict a treatability of long-acting β-2 agonist (LABA) or long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to build prediction models for the treatment response to these bronchodilators, in order to determine the most responsive medication for patients with COPD. Methods We performed a prospective open-label crossover study, in which each long-acting bronchodilator was given in a random order to 65 patients with stable COPD for 4 weeks, with a 4-week washout period in between. We analyzed 14 baseline clinical traits, expression profiles of 31,426 gene transcripts, and damaged-gene scores of 6,464 genes acquired from leukocytes. The gene expression profiles were measured by RNA microarray and the damaged-gene scores were obtained after DNA exome sequencing. Linear regression analyses were performed to build prediction models after using factor and correlation analyses. Results Using a prediction model for a LABA, traits found associated with the treatment response were post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second, bronchodilator reversibility (BDR) to salbutamol, expression of three genes (CLN8, PCSK5, and SKP2), and damage scores of four genes (EPG5, FNBP4, SCN10A, and SPTBN5) (R2=0.512, p<0.001). Traits associated with the treatment response to a LAMA were COPD assessment test score, BDR, expression of four genes (C1orf115, KIAA1618, PRKX, and RHOQ) and damage scores of three genes (FBN3, FDFT1, and ZBED6) (R2=0.575, p<0.001). The prediction models consisting only of clinical traits appeared too weak to predict the treatment response, with R2=0.231 for the LABA model and R2=0.121 for the LAMA model. Conclusion Adding the expressions of genes and damaged-gene scores to the clinical traits may improve the predictability of treatment response to long-acting bronchodilators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kang
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Ki Tae Kim
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics and Systems Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam
| | - Eun Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri
| | - Kwang Ha Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics and Systems Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Yeon-Mok Oh
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
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