An examination of patience and well-being

Factors affecting nurses' compassion fatigue: A path analysis study

BACKGROUND

Nurses often experience compassion fatigue as a result of exposure to chronic work-related stress. It is thought that nurses' mindfulness levels and patience attitudes might be effective on compassion fatigue.

AIM

Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to examine the relationship between nurses' compassion fatigue, mindfulness levels and patience levels.

METHODS

The study was carried out in a descriptive and relation-seeking type and was completed with the participation of 469 nurses. Data Form of Demographic and Professional Characteristics, Compassion Fatigue-Short Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and The Patience Scale were used as data collection tools.

FINDINGS

As a result of the research, it was determined that there was a relationship between the mindfulness and patience levels of nurses and compassion fatigue. As the mindfulness and patience levels of nurses increase, compassion fatigue decreases (p < 0.05). As the mindfulness levels of the nurses increase, their patience levels increase as well (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Accordingly, it is recommended to increase the level of patience and reduce compassion fatigue by applying interventions that will increase the mindfulness levels of nurses.

Virtue in Pursuit of Goals: A Goals-Based Approach to Patience Measurement

In this paper, we provide a contextualized assessment of virtue through validation of a goals-based approach to measuring patience, the Goals-Based Virtue-Patience Scale (GBV-P). To assess virtue in a way congruent with its definition requires consideration of situational and contextual factors; however, most extant measures of virtue instead assess virtue at a decontextualized, global level (Ng & Tay, 2020). As such, we developed a contextualized and motivationally attuned goals-based assessment of the virtue of patience, the ability to remain calm in the face of frustration, suffering, or delay in goal pursuit. We engaged multilevel structural equation modeling to validate a new measure of patience in pursuit of goals nested within people. Across three studies (N = 798) assessing the GBV-P, data were consistent with reliability and structural validity tests, and associations of the new measure with other regulatory virtues or constructs (e.g., global patience, self-control, conscientiousness, perseverance, emotion regulation) as well as well-being (e.g., life satisfaction, goal orientation, meaning) and ill-being outcomes (e.g., depression and anxiety symptoms, loneliness, stress) provided evidence of convergent validity. Likewise, patience was differentially engaged depending on the goal domain and type; approach (vs. avoidance), interpersonal (vs. intrapersonal), and generativity goals were pursued with more patience.

Patience with foster children as a major problem for grandparents in the role of kinship carers aged 60 + and the psychosocial determinants of this deficit

Kinship care represents the most prevalent form of foster care in Poland. Most commonly, the role of kinship carers is taken on by grandparents, who may struggle with various problems, needs and deficits in this role. The aim of this study was to investigate the problem of patience in kinship carers aged 60 + and its impact on deficits in the performance of roles and duties.Methods Seventy-five foster grandparents (63 female, 84%) aged from 61 to 97 years (M = 69,12; SD = 6.22) were investigated in north-western Poland in 2018 and 2019. The study was based on the diagnostic survey method.Results Psychological disposition, functioning, health problems and parental needs and deficits were assessed using standardised psychometric scales and tools self-constructed for this research study. A lack of patience with foster children was reported by 46.7% (n = 35) of the respondents. Patience deficits corresponded with a significantly lower sense of coherence, especially in the manageability domain (p < 0.001) and such stress coping strategies as lower positive reappraisal (p = 0.016) and seeking of emotional support (p = 0.025), as well as a greater tendency for suppression of activities (p = 0.014) and venting of emotions (p = 0.035). Relatively permanent personality traits and general self-efficacy were not differentiated by patience with children.Conclusions The results suggest that patience - so important for biological and foster parents - is related to psychological competencies that can be improved through psychoeducation and skills-training, which may be beneficial for improving foster carers' effectiveness.

Patience and its relationship to stress tolerance in relation to demographic factors of the medical system in Bethlehem Governorate during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective

The present study aims to identify the relationship between patience and stress tolerance in the medical system in Bethlehem Governorate during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to identify the impact of several demographic variables on it.

Methods

A random sample of 160 members/workers of the medical staff completed the Patience Scale and Coping Processes Scale questionnaire.

Results

It showed there is a significant positive effect for patience on stress tolerance and there were statistically significant differences in the level of patience in favor of males and single workers. It was also found that there is no difference in the specific duties of a health care worker and no variance of statistical evidence was found in the level of patience due to work with COVID patients but there were differences in stress tolerance in favor of those who do not work with COVID patients. It was also found that there is a significance in the level of stress tolerance in favor of the National Center in regard to bearing pressure. The study findings indicate there was a negative correlation with statistical significance between stress tolerance and age. The nature of stress changes with age, from episodic to chronic, which in turn affects appraisal and coping processes.

Conclusion

This study, which was conducted on a sample of Palestinian medical workers in the Bethlehem area, showed that at the beginning of the pandemic, the medical system in Palestine was not ready to handle COVID-19, and had no precautions to prevent the disease. In spite of that, the doctors and nurses who were undergoing psychological pressure were able to stand at the front line and face the outbreak of the coronavirus.

Better forbearance, lower depression: Evidence based on heart rate variability

Background

The relationship between forbearance, a psychological resource, and depression has to date remained inconclusive. The present study investigated heart rate variability (HRV) reactivity to acute stressor tasks in participants with different levels of forbearance to discover how forbearance influences depressive emotions when facing adversity.

Method

The study examined the relationship between forbearance and depression, comparing HRV reactivity to stressor tasks in participants with different levels of forbearance. The levels of reported forbearance were assessed by the Forbearance Scale (FS). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to assessed depression severity. HRV reactivity was evaluated at five stages: baseline, the active stressor task, the period of recovery after the active stressor task, the passive stressor task, the period of recovery after the passive stressor task.

Results

FS scores had a significant negative correlation with PHQ-9 and a significant positive correlation with HRV; significant differences existed between the basal HRV in the higher and lower FS groups. In the passive stressor task and the period of recovery after the active stressor task, significantly different HRV responses were identified between the two groups.

Discussion

Forbearance was correlated with depression and HRV. The present research found differences in HRV among subjects with different levels of forbearance in the baseline as well as stressor and recovery periods, suggesting that self-regulation dysfunction may exist among persons with lower levels of forbearance. Because of the higher levels of forbearance, the negative emotions of individuals caused by adversity are mitigated.

Relationship between nurses' professional values, empathy, and patience: A descriptive cross-sectional study

AIM

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between the nurses' professional values and their empathy and patience levels, and the factors affecting them.

METHODS

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 215 nurses working at a university hospital between February and April 2021. Data were collected using the "Nurse Information Form," "Nurses' Professional Values Scale," "Patience Scale," and "The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire."

FINDINGS

Results of our study revealed that nurses had high scores for the perception of professional values, empathy levels, and patience levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Nurses had high scores for perceptions of professional values, empathy levels, and patience levels. Nurses' demographic characteristics influenced the scores.

Achieving Long-term Goals Amidst Uncertainty: An Integrative Model for the Psychological Resources of Grit

This article proposes an integrative model for the psychological resources of grit. The growing body of work in nursing on the topic of grit indicates considerable interest in achieving long-term goals, especially amidst uncertainty from the COVID-19 pandemic. Motivational behaviors are thought to influence engagement in continuing education in nursing, thereby improving clinical practice and patient outcomes. The model was informed by a comprehensive review of the literature. Sixteen attributes for acquiring and strengthening four psychological resources of grit were identified. Each attribute is discussed along with interrelationships and implications for professional nursing development. Given the complex demands placed on health professionals, this model is both timely and relevant for all nurse and education providers interested in enhancing personal characteristics that may mitigate against stress and build capabilities for goal achievement. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2022;53(8):355-363.].

Development of a Scale to Measure the Psychological Resources of Grit in Adults

Grit, a personality trait characterized by  having passion and perseverance for long‐term goals, has been linked to increased performance, retention, and well‐being in various fields. In the 15 years since the original grit scale was published, many studies have investigated factors that promote grit. However, a scale has not yet been developed measuring characteristics that can contribute to higher levels of grit. This study aimed to develop a novel scale to measure the psychological resources of grit. The Delphi technique was used to obtain consensus from a national and international panel of academics and practitioners who are experts in grit and related constructs. A total of 30 participants rated 100 scale items over three rounds of online surveys. Experts agreed that items selected for the final scale (n = 20) were essential, with 85% rating them as important or very important. The scale, called the Grit Psychological Resources Scale, has promise as a helpful tool for practitioners involved in staff development and building capabilities that contribute to goal achievement.

Theorizing the notion of well-being in Islam: An update of Ryff's theory of eudaimonic psychological well-being

Prior studies suggest that knowledge about workers' psychological well-being is overly focused on materialism or biologically-based understanding, not taking into account the role of spirituality in one's well-being. Drawing on Ryff's (1989) psychological well-being framework and using an interdisciplinary approach, this paper offers a model of 'well-being in Islam' through theorizing this concept from an Islamic lens and contextually studying the implications of Islamic practices and spiritual facilities for employees' psychological well-being in workplaces. Drawing on qualitative data collected from 22 employees, our model (findings) shows that worshipping Allah, contemplative practices, and patience are key elements of one's well-being. This paper also points towards the important role of specific spiritual provisions (e.g., designated rooms for prayer, prayer time and ablution facilities) and contemplative practices (e.g., ritualistic-cyclic, creative process, generative, movement practices, stillness, activist, relational) for Ryff's six dimensions of employees' eudaimonic well-being. This study is unique as it integrates the notion of well-being in Islam into management and organization studies and offers a novel and contextual extension of Ryff's theory by integrating a spiritual notion of well-being. In the end, theoretical and practical implications are offered.

Advancing a Three-Tier Personality Framework for Posttraumatic Growth

Adversity has been assumed to foster positive personality change under certain conditions. In this article, we examine this assumption within the context of the three-tier personality framework integrating traits, characteristic adaptations, and narrative identity to provide a comprehensive understanding of personality growth. We first review findings on how adverse events affect personality on each of these three levels. Second, we summarize knowledge on event-based and person-based predictors of personality change in the face of adversity. Third, we specify affective, behavioral, and cognitive processes that explain personality change across levels of personality. Innovatively, our proposed process model addresses change at all three levels of personality, as well as similarities and differences in processes across the levels. We conclude by discussing unresolved issues, asking critical questions, and posing challenging hypotheses for testing this framework.

The EThIC Model of Virtue-Based Allyship Development: A New Approach to Equity and Inclusion in Organizations

As organizations take on grand challenges in gender equality, anti-racism, LGBTQ+ protections and workplace inclusion, many well-intentioned individuals from dominant groups (e.g., cisgender men, Caucasian, heterosexual) are stepping forward as allies toward underrepresented or marginalized group members (e.g., cisgender women, People of Color, LGBTQ+ identified employees). Past research and guidance assume an inevitable need for external motivation, reflected in the 'business case' for diversity and in top-down policies to drive equity and inclusion efforts. This qualitative study explored internal motivations in the form of morally motivated virtues of 25 peer-nominated exemplary allies serving in leadership positions. In-depth life/career story interviews were used to identify the virtues that supported their allyship journeys. Findings demonstrated that they tapped into several virtues that served distinct functions in a 4-stage allyship development process: Stage 1-Energizing psychological investment (compassion, fairness); Stage 2-Thinking through allyship-relevant complexities (intellectual humility, perspective-taking, wisdom); Stage 3-Initiating action (prudence, moral courage, honesty); Stage 4-Committing to allyship (perseverance, patience). We call this the 'EThIC model of virtue-based allyship development.' This study has implications for theory and research on a virtue-based approach to diversity, equity and inclusion.

Stress at Work: Can the Spiritual Dimension Reduce It? An Approach From the Banking Sector

Stress at work motivated by pressures and labour control can alter the behaviour of workers. Since the 2008 economic crisis, banking in Spain has suffered a series of massive lay-offs to adjust to the new market situation. This new financial restructuring has meant greater labour pressure to achieve the required results. Faced with this adversity, employees have experienced greater stress at work. This work analyses the effect of reinforcing employees' spiritual dimension to transcend and correctly manage work pressure and stress at work. In so doing, 601 employees from 294 financial entities of five large IBEX banks participated in this pilot project. Through a participatory methodology based on a review of the literature, the study indicators have been delimited. The data obtained have been treated using the SEM-PLS method. The results propose the incorporation of a series of tools to reinforce values and transcendent employee behaviour.

The Future of Evidence-Based Temperance Interventions

Positive psychology has accumulated a large and ever-growing body of scientific knowledge about human strengths and virtues. However, research on positive psychology interventions (PPIs) to develop such is still in its infancy. In this brief position paper, we summarize the status of PPIs in one of the positive psychology's most important virtues: temperance. Temperance refers to the capacity to manage habits and protect against excess and is composed of forgiveness, humility, and (we include) patience. Specifically, we examine the current state-of-the-science in the conceptualization of temperance, explore the efficacy of temperance interventions, and reflect upon what the future may hold in this research domain. In this paper, we first highlight the challenges and opportunities for expanding the theoretical conceptualization of temperance and reflect upon the challenges in temperance-related PPIs. For each aspect of temperance, we propose a specific research agenda. Second, we explore what is needed for PPIs to promote temperance and how growth in temperance intervention research can be fostered. Generally, while forgiveness interventions are well established, we recommended that both humility and patience interventions need more viable evidence-based research on existing and new interventions. Third, we advanced several recommendations regarding how to promote more research in new interventions. These recommendations included attracting more funders to the area, developing new interventions, and employing new technology. Because intervention research in temperance is in its infancy, the future looks rosy for PPI researchers as we move into a second generation of positive psychology research.

Mixed Results on the Efficacy of the CharacterMe Smartphone App to Improve Self-Control, Patience, and Emotional Regulation Competencies in Adolescents

Unprecedented levels of access to adolescents' time and attention provide opportunities to convert traditional character and socioemotional competencies interventions into behavioral intervention technologies. However, these new tools must be evaluated rather than assuming previously validated activities will be efficacious when converted to a mobile platform. Thus, we sought to design and provide initial data on the effectiveness of the CharacterMe smartphone app to build self-control and patience, which are built on underlying social-emotional regulation competencies, in a sample of 618 adolescents (M_age = 16.07, Female = 56.6%). We also sought to examine whether framing the app activities as having a transcendent (spiritual connection or moral/prosocial) rather than instrumental purpose would increase engagement and change in self-control, patience, and emotion regulation. Finally, we tested the impact of framing activities as building strengths vs. fixing weaknesses. Results highlight the difficulty of translating psychological interventions to behavioral intervention technologies. Overall, the CharacterMe smartphone app was unsuccessful in increasing self-control, patience, or emotion regulation in adolescents, with analyses showing no significant mean changes over time. Framing conditions and user engagement were largely not significant predictors of change in self-control, patience, and emotion regulation.

PSYCHOLOGY OF PATIENCE IN AL-MISBĀH EXEGESIS

Shihab from Indonesia, especially to describe and analyze the relationship of patience with the personality in tafsīr al-Misbāh. Methodology: This research is library research using text study methods. In the study of interpretive texts, one of them is the method of interpretation of mauḍū'i. The method of tafsīrmauḍū'i is a method of interpretation that discusses a particular theme, then seeks the view of the al-Qur’an on the matter by grouping verses, analyzing, discussing and understanding verse by verse, then gathering general verses into specific verses. In analyzing, text studies utilize library sources as a study material. The method used tafsīrthematic, which means to collect verses of the Qur'an correlated to the theme and discusses and analyzes the contents of the verse. The verses in the Qur'an collecting by its relation to the topic of patience and in the end, we take the conclusion as the answer from the al-Qur'an. Main Findings: Patience in the al-Misbāh Exegesis brings a personality model to the thought that the value of life hangs on patience as religiousness, ethics, and meaningful life. The personality model grows an involvement of psychological well being on the foundation of ideal humanitarian ethics in the Quran, which is the highest outcome of the patients. Applications of this study: This study can be utilized by educators, in teaching and learning and psychologists. Novelty/Originality of this study: The personality model of patience in the-Misbāh Exegesisis positive. This personality model will minimize a person falling in the concept of terrorism, and increases to realizing psychological well-being, especially related to meaningfulness in life and self-mastery.

Transcendent motivations and virtue development in adolescent marathon runners

OBJECTIVE

To understand how health, prosocial, and spiritual motivations correspond to changes in the virtues of self-control, patience, and interpersonal generosity among adolescents and emerging adults.

METHOD

Participants included adolescent and emerging adult athletes (N = 396; 12-22 years, M = 18.42, SD = 2.03) on marathon training teams fundraising for a faith-based charity. Participants completed self-report questionnaires four times over six months. Participants were 63% female and identified as 61% Caucasian, 17% Latino/a, 10% African American, 6% Asian American, and 6% other.

RESULTS

Bivariate latent growth curve models showed positive relations between baseline levels of transcendent motivations (spiritual, prosocial) and all three virtues (self-control, patience, interpersonal generosity) as well as baseline health motivation and self-control. Linear slopes in all three motivations were positively correlated with change in patience, and greater decreases in these motivations from wave 1 to wave 2 before recovering motivation in subsequent waves correlated with less change in patience. Only the linear slope in prosocial motivation positively correlated with change in generosity. None of the motivation slopes correlated with change in self-control.

CONCLUSIONS

More than just sport participation is required to cultivate virtue in adolescents; instead, transcendent and non-transcendent motivations are concurrently developing for athletes who increase in prosocial virtues.

Mindfulness and Suicide Ideation in Iranian Cardiovascular Patients: Testing the Mediating Role of Patience

The aim of the present study was to explore the mediating role of patience on the relationship between mindfulness and suicide ideation. To do so, 110 patients with cardiovascular diseases were recruited from the outpatient Clinic of Imam Reza in the city of Shiraz in Iran. These patients completed The Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire, Patience Scale, and Suicide Ideation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results indicated a significant positive relationship between mindfulness and patience ( r = .32, p < .001). There was a significant negative relationship between patience and suicide ideation ( r = −.36, p < .001). The results of mediating model showed that patience functioned as a mediator in the relationship between mindfulness and suicide ideation among patients with cardiovascular diseases ( β = −.33, p = .005). According to these findings, it can be claimed that mindfulness affects patients’ suicidal thoughts negatively through patience.

The role of patience as a decision-making heuristic in leadership

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to address the gap in the literature by providing a precise conceptualization of the concept of patience in the context of leadership.

Design/methodology/approach

The current study was conducted using a qualitative approach as it aimed to explore leaders’ perceptions and experiences with patience and eventually build a theoretical model in relation to the role of patience in leadership. Because the aim of the study was to obtain insight into the experiences of the participants in their own words, this study adopted a grounded theory research design.

Findings

The grounded theory study resulted in an emergent theoretical model for understanding the decision-making process of leaders who exhibit patience as a character strength and how those leaders promote organizational success. Through an inductive approach, this grounded theory study identified the behaviors that participating leaders viewed as patient, as well as the outcomes and the contextual conditions for the effectiveness of such behaviors.

Research limitations/implications

A major contribution of this study is that leaders epitomized by patience are guided by a decision-making framework that can contribute to more favorable decision making outcomes.

Practical implications

The proposed model for patience leadership has implications for developing the leadership capacity.

Originality/value

Patience, as a leadership quality, has been overlooked virtue in the social and psychological sciences. In order to explore the potential nexus between patience and leadership, the study has offered an emergent theoretical model and indicated the specific ways in which leaders may effectively practice patience.

Patience and Mental Health in Iranian Students

BACKGROUND

While the role of some personality traits has been comprehensively explored, scientific study of others, such as patience has been neglected. Psychologists have paid scant attention to patience as a personality trait, character strength or virtue.

OBJECTIVES

The current study examined the relationship between patience and life satisfaction, mental health, and personality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A sample of 252 Iranian college students (129 females and 123 males) completed the 3-factor patience scale, satisfaction with life scale, general health questionnaire, anxiety and depression scales and mini international personality item pool-big five.

RESULTS

The three types of patience (interpersonal, life hardship, and daily hassles) were associated with higher levels of life satisfaction and lower levels of depression, anxiety and psychological dysfunction. Patience also showed moderate relationship with the Big-Five factors of personality. After controlling the personality factors, patience managed to explain additional unique variance in life satisfaction and mental health indicators.

CONCLUSIONS

Patience is a unique predictor of mental well-being. It is suggested that long-term patience is more important for depression and general health, whereas short-term patience is more beneficial for hedonic well-being.