Pattern of protein retention in growing boars of different breeds, and estimation of maximum protein retention

Assessment of the Contribution of Poultry and Pig Production to Greenhouse Gas Emissions in South Korea Over the Last 10 Years (2005 through 2014)

The goal of this study was to estimate the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), namely methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from poultry and pig production in South Korea over the last 10 years (2005 through 2014). The calculations of GHG emissions were based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. Over the study period, the CH₄ emission from manure management decreased in layer chickens, nursery to finishing pigs and gestating to lactating sows, but there was a gradual increase in CH₄ emission from broiler chickens and male breeding pigs. Both sows and nursery to finishing pigs were associated with greater emissions from enteric fermentation than the boars, especially in 2009. Layer chickens produced lower direct and indirect N₂O emissions from 2009 to 2014, whereas the average direct and indirect N₂O emissions from manure management for broiler chickens were 12.48 and 4.93 Gg CO₂-eq/yr, respectively. Annual direct and indirect N₂O emissions for broiler chickens tended to decrease in 2014. Average CO₂ emission from direct on-farm energy uses for broiler and layer chickens were 46.62 and 136.56 Gg CO₂-eq/yr, respectively. For pig sectors, the N₂O emission from direct and indirect sources gradually increased, but they decreased for breeding pigs. Carbon dioxide emission from direct on-farm energy uses reached a maximum of 53.93 Gg CO₂-eq/yr in 2009, but this total gradually declined in 2010 and 2011. For boars, the greatest CO₂ emission occurred in 2012 and was 9.44 Gg CO₂-eq/yr. Indirect N₂O emission was the largest component of GHG emissions in broilers. In layer chickens, the largest contributing factor to GHG emissions was CO₂ from direct on-farm energy uses. For pig production, the largest component of GHG emissions was CH₄ from manure management, followed by CO₂ emission from direct on-farm energy use and CH₄ enteric fermentation emission, which accounted for 8.47, 2.85, and 2.82 Gg-CO₂/yr, respectively. The greatest GHG emission intensity occurred in female breeding sows relative to boars. Overall, it is an important issue for the poultry and pig industry of South Korea to reduce GHG emissions with the effective approaches for the sustainability of agricultural practices.