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Bester R, Stander Z, Mason S, Keane KM, Howatson G, Clifford T, Stevenson EJ, Loots DT. The metabolic recovery of marathon runners: an untargeted 1H-NMR metabolomics perspective. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1117687. [PMID: 37215177 PMCID: PMC10192615 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1117687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Extreme endurance events may result in numerous adverse metabolic, immunologic, and physiological perturbations that may diminish athletic performance and adversely affect the overall health status of an athlete, especially in the absence of sufficient recovery. A comprehensive understanding of the post-marathon recovering metabolome, may aid in the identification of new biomarkers associated with marathon-induced stress, recovery, and adaptation, which can facilitate the development of improved training and recovery programs and personalized monitoring of athletic health/recovery/performance. Nevertheless, an untargeted, multi-disciplinary elucidation of the complex underlying biochemical mechanisms involved in recovery after such an endurance event is yet to be demonstrated. Methods: This investigation employed an untargeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics approach to characterize the post-marathon recovering metabolome by systematically comparing the pre-, immediately post, 24, and 48 h post-marathon serum metabolite profiles of 15 athletes. Results and Discussion: A total of 26 metabolites were identified to fluctuate significantly among post-marathon and recovery time points and were mainly attributed to the recovery of adenosine triphosphate, redox balance and glycogen stores, amino acid oxidation, changes to gut microbiota, and energy drink consumption during the post-marathon recovery phase. Additionally, metabolites associated with delayed-onset muscle soreness were observed; however, the mechanisms underlying this commonly reported phenomenon remain to be elucidated. Although complete metabolic recovery of the energy-producing pathways and fuel substrate stores was attained within the 48 h recovery period, several metabolites remained perturbed throughout the 48 h recovery period and/or fluctuated again following their initial recovery to pre-marathon-related levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Bester
- Human Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Zinandré Stander
- Human Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shayne Mason
- Human Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Karen M. Keane
- Department of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J. Stevenson
- Human and Exercise Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Hernando C, Hernando C, Panizo N, Collado-Boira E, Folch-Ayora A, Martínez-Navarro I, Hernando B. Renal Function Recovery Strategies Following Marathon in Amateur Runners. Front Physiol 2022; 13:812237. [PMID: 35295572 PMCID: PMC8918951 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.812237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long distance races have a physiological impact on runners. Up to now, studies analyzing these physiological repercussions have been mainly focused on muscle and cardiac damage, as well as on its recovery. Therefore, a limited number of studies have been done to explore acute kidney failure and recovery after performing extreme exercises. Here, we monitored renal function in 76 marathon finishers (14 females) from the day before participating in a marathon until 192 h after crossing the finish line (FL). Renal function was evaluated by measuring serum creatinine (sCr) and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We randomly grouped our cohort into three intervention groups to compare three different strategies for marathon recovery: total rest (REST), continuous running at their ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) intensity (RUN), and elliptical workout at their VT1 intensity (ELLIPTICAL). Interventions in the RUN and ELLIPTICAL groups were performed at 48, 96, and 144 h after marathon running. Seven blood samples (at the day before the marathon, at the FL, and at 24, 48, 96, 144, and 192 h post-marathon) and three urine samples (at the day before the marathon, at the finish line, and at 48 h post-marathon) were collected per participant. Both heart rate monitors and triaxial accelerometers were used to control the intensity effort during both the marathon race and the recovery period. Contrary to our expectations, the use of elliptical machines for marathon recovery delays renal function recovery. Specifically, the ELLIPTICAL group showed a significantly lower ∆GFR compared to both the RUN group (p = 4.5 × 10−4) and the REST group (p = 0.003). Hence, we encourage runners to carry out an active recovery based on light-intensity continuous running from 48 h after finishing the marathon. In addition, full resting seems to be a better strategy than performing elliptical workouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hernando
- Sport Service, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
- Department of Education and Specific Didactics, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carlos Hernando,
| | - Carla Hernando
- Department of Mathematics, Carlos III University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nayara Panizo
- Nephrology Service, University Clinical Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ana Folch-Ayora
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Navarro
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas-Nisa 9 de Octubre Hospital, Valencia, Spain
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Lecina M, Castellar C, Pradas F, López-Laval I. 768-km Multi-Stage Ultra-Trail Case Study-Muscle Damage, Biochemical Alterations and Strength Loss on Lower Limbs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020876. [PMID: 35055697 PMCID: PMC8776162 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of case studies aimed to evaluate muscular fatigue in running a 768-km ultra-trail race in 11 days. Four non-professional athletes (four males) were enrolled. Muscle damage blood biomarkers (creatine kinase (CK), lactodeshydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lower limb strength were evaluated by using Bosco jumps test; squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and Abalakov jump (ABA) were assessed before (pre), after the race (post) and for two and nine days during the recovery period (rec2 and rec9), respectively. Results showed: pre-post SJ = −28%, CMJ = −36% and ABA = −21%. Values returned to basal during rec9: SJ = −1%, CMJ = −2% or even exceeded pre-values ABA = +3%. On the contrary, muscle damage blood biomarkers values increased at post; CK = +888%, LDH = +172%, AST = +167% and ALT = +159% and the values returned gradually to baseline at rec9 except for AST = +226% and ALT = +103% which remained higher. Nonparametric bivariate Spearman’s test showed strong correlations (Rs ≥ 0.8) between some jumps and muscle damage biomarkers at post (SJ-LDH Rs = 0.80, SJ-AST Rs = 0.8, ABA-LD H Rs = 0.80 and ABA-AST Rs = 0.80), at rec2 (SJ-CK Rs = 0.80 and SJ-ALT Rs = 0.80) and even during rec9 (ABA-CK). Similarly, some parameters such as accumulated elevation and training volume showed a strong correlation with LDH values after finishing the ultra-trail race. The alteration induced by completing an ultra-trail event in the muscle affects lower limb strength and may in some circumstances result in serious medical conditions including post- exertional rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lecina
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Carlos Castellar
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (C.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (C.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
- Movimiento Humano Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Andrade MS, Ferrer CRL, Vancini RL, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B, Rosemann T, Bachi ALL, Seffrin A, de Lira CAB. The Effect of Muscle Strength on Marathon Race-Induced Muscle Soreness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111258. [PMID: 34769776 PMCID: PMC8583638 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle soreness after a competition or a training session has been a concern of runners due to its harmful effect on performance. It is not known if stronger individuals present a lower level of muscle soreness after a strenuous physical effort. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the pre-race muscle strength or the V˙O2max level can predict muscle soreness 24, 48 and 72 h after a full marathon in men. METHODS Thirty-one marathon runners participated in this study (age, 40.8 ± 8.8 years old; weight, 74.3 ± 10.4 kg; height, 174.2 ± 7.6 cm; maximum oxygen uptake, V˙O2max, 57.7 ± 6.8 mL/kg/min). The isokinetic strength test for thigh muscles and the V˙O2max level was performed 15-30 days before the marathon and the participants were evaluated for the subjective feeling of soreness before, 24, 48 and 72 h after the marathon. RESULTS The participants presented more pain 24 h after the race (median = 3, IQR = 1) than before it (median = 0, IQR = 0) (p < 0.001), and the strength values for the knee extensor muscles were significantly associated with muscle soreness assessed 24 h after the race (p = 0.028), but not 48 (p = 0.990) or 72 h (p = 0.416) after the race. The V˙O2max level was not associated with the muscle pain level at any moment after the marathon. CONCLUSIONS Marathon runners who presented higher muscular strength for the knee extensor muscles presented lower muscle soreness 24 h after the race, but not after 48 h or 72 h after the race. Therefore, the muscle soreness level 3 days after a marathon race does not depend on muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Santos Andrade
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.S.A.); (C.R.L.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Carolina Ribeiro Lopes Ferrer
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.S.A.); (C.R.L.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil;
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00; Fax: +41-(0)-71-226-93-01
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo 04829-300, Brazil
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.S.A.); (C.R.L.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil;
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Martínez-Navarro I, Collado E, Hernando C, Hernando B, Hernando C. Inflammation, muscle damage and postrace physical activity following a mountain ultramarathon. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1668-1674. [PMID: 33555667 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed at exploring whether muscle membrane disruption, as a surrogate for muscle damage, and inflammation recovery following a mountain ultramarathon (MUM) was related with race performance and postrace physical activity. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from thirty-four athletes (29 men and 5 women) before a 118-km MUM, immediately after and three- and seven-days postrace. Creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were compared between faster (FR) and slower (SR) runners. Physical activity performed during the week following the MUM was objectively analyzed using accelerometers and compared between FR and SR. RESULTS CK was significantly higher in FR at 3 days postrace (P<0.012, d=1.17) and LDH was significantly higher in FR at 3- and 7-days postrace (P=0.005, d=1.01; P<0.015, d=1.05 respectively), as compared to SR. No significant differences were identified in postrace physical activity levels between FR and SR. Significant relationships were found between race time and CK and LDH concentrations at 3 days postrace (r<inf>s</inf>=-0.41, P=0.017; r<inf>s</inf>=-0.52, P=0.002 respectively) and 7 days postrace (r<inf>s</inf>=-0.36, P=0.039; r<inf>s</inf>=-0.46. P=0.007 respectively). However, postrace physical activity was not associated with muscle damage and inflammation recovery, except for light intensity and CRP at 3 days postrace (r<inf>s</inf>=-0.40, P=0.025). CONCLUSIONS Race time appeared to have a higher influence on muscle damage recovery than the intensity of physical activities performed in the week after running a MUM. Inflammatory activity takes longer to normalize than muscle damage following a MUM, it is not related with race time and lightly related with postrace physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martínez-Navarro
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain - .,Unit of Sports Health -
| | | | - Carla Hernando
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Hernando
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain.,Sport Service, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
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