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Sitko S, Cirer-Sastre R, López-Laval I. An Update Of The Allen & Coggan Equation To Predict 60-Min Power Output In Cyclists Of Different Performance Levels. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:983-987. [PMID: 37802084 DOI: 10.1055/a-2079-1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The Allen & Coggan protocol suggests that 95% of the power output during a 20-min time trial is a valid surrogate for 60-min maximal power. The validity of this concept has not been studied previously in cyclists with different performance levels. As a result, we classified 120 cyclists in our study as recreationally trained, trained, well trained or professional, based on their maximal oxygen consumption. Participants performed a functional threshold power testing protocol based on a 20-min time trial and a 60-min time trial, separated by a 72-hour rest. Sixty-minute maximal power was successfully modeled with 20-min maximal power and performance group using 2/3 of the dataset (R2=0.77, 95% CrI [0.74, 0.79]) with different coefficients for each group: Professional: PO60min=PO20min × 0.96; well trained: PO60min=PO20min × 0.95; trained: PO60min=PO20min × 0.92 and recreationally trained: PO60min=PO20min × 0.88. The predictions of the original equation and our model were assessed using the remaining third of the data. The predictive performance of the updated equation was better (original: R2=0.51, mean absolute error=27 W, mean bias=-12 W; updated: R2=0.54, mean absolute error=25 W, mean bias=-7 W).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sitko
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafel Cirer-Sastre
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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López-Laval I, Cirer-Sastre R, Sitko S, Corbi F, Vaquera A, Calleja-González J. RELACIÓN ENTRE METODOLOGÍAS DE CONTROL DE LA CARGA EN EL BALONCESTO PROFESIONAL. RIMCAFD 2022. [DOI: 10.15366/rimcafd2022.87.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la relación existente entre diferentes metodologías de medición de la carga de entrenamiento en un equipo profesional de baloncesto. 12 jugadores de un mismo equipo fueron sometidos a estructuras de entrenamiento iguales en cuanto a diseño y fueron monitorizados diariamente con frecuencia cardiaca, GPS y percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo. Los resultados indicaron diferencias significativas entre todas las metodologías de control utilizadas. RPE (x2=12.4; P=.015), sRPE (x2=21.5; P<.001), TRIMP (x2=23.5; P<.001), SHRZ (x2=19.3; P<.001) y distancia (x2=21.7; P<.001). Se observó una correlación entre todas ellas exceptuando la variable distancia recorrida; Borg (p=.19; P=79), sRPE (p=.14; P=.299) y sHR-Z (p=.17; P=.197). Estos resultados sugieren que los diferentes métodos de evaluación utilizados para el control de la carga de entrenamiento determinan resultados variables en un equipo de baloncesto profesional. Se consideró que el ratio de esfuerzo percibido por sesión resulta el instrumento más eficaz para el control de la carga de entrenamiento.
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Sitko S, Cirer-Sastre R, López-Laval I. Time to exhaustion at estimated functional threshold power in road cyclists of different performance levels. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:783-786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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López-Laval I, Sitko S, Cantonero J, Corbi F, Cirer-Sastre R. The Effectiveness of Shoulder Mobility and Strength Programs in Competitive Water-Polo Players. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050758. [PMID: 35629424 PMCID: PMC9145995 DOI: 10.3390/life12050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Water-polo is the water sport with the highest incidence of injuries, with shoulder pain being the most common one. The understanding of risk factors and guidance on preventive measures is essential in this sport discipline. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a specific 6-week training plan on range of motion (ROM) and joint strength levels in a group of professional water-polo players. Methods: Quasi-experimental study with a sample of 28 participants (age: 20.1 ± 2.5 years; height: 176.9 ± 6.2 cm; body mass: 74.6 ± 8.1 kg). Three study groups, which consisted of one control group and two experimental groups, were established. Two repeated measurements, pre and post intervention, were performed. During these measurements, ROM of the glenohumeral joint was analyzed both in external (ER) and internal (IR) rotation, as well as the maximal isometric strength. Conclusions: The application of a training program improved glenohumeral joint ROM. ER and IR evolve differently in both shoulders. ER improved only in the throwing arm only in the group undergoing intervention but for the non-dominant side, improvements were observed in both ER and IR, regardless of whether or not they had followed the intervention plan. No improvements were observed in either the isometric strength or contralateral asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac López-Laval
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain; (S.S.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sebastian Sitko
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain; (S.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Jaime Cantonero
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain; (S.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Francisco Corbi
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), 25192 Lleida, Spain; (F.C.); (R.C.-S.)
| | - Rafel Cirer-Sastre
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), 25192 Lleida, Spain; (F.C.); (R.C.-S.)
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Lecina M, Castellar-Otín C, López-Laval I, Carrasco Páez L, Pradas F. Acute Kidney Injury and Hyponatremia in Ultra-Trail Racing: A Systematic Review. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022; 58:medicina58050569. [PMID: 35629986 PMCID: PMC9146822 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ultra-trail races can cause episodes of acute kidney injury (AKI) and exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in healthy subjects without previous renal pathology. This systematic review aims to review the incidence of these two syndromes together and separately taking into account the length and elevation of the ultra-trail race examined. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted through electronic search in four electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science and Alcorze). Results: A total of 1127 articles published between January 2006 and December 31, 2021 were included, 28 of which met the inclusion criteria. The studies were categorized according to the length and stages of the race in four categories: medium (42 to 69 km), long (70 to 99 km), extra (>100 km) and multi-stage if they included various stages. A total of 2950 runners (666 females and 2284 males) were extracted from 28 publications. The AKI incidence found was 42.04% (468 cases of 1113), and 195 of 2065 were diagnosed with EAH, accounting for 9.11%. The concurrence of both pathologies together reached 11.84% (27 individuals) from a total of 228 runners with AKI and EAH simultaneously analyzed. Sorted by race category, the AKI+EAH cases were distributed as follows: 18 of 27 in the extra (13.63% and n = 132), 4 in the large (5.79% and n = 69) and 5 in the medium category (18.15% and n = 27). Conclusions: According to these results, extra and medium races showed a similar incidence of AKI+EAH. These findings underline the importance of the duration and intensity of the race and may make them responsible for the etiology of these medical conditions. Due to their variable incidence, EAH and AKI are often underdiagnosed, leading to poorer prognosis, increased condition seriousness and hindered treatment. The results of this review urge participants, coaches and race organizers to take measures to improve the early diagnosis and urgent treatment of possible EAH and AKI cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lecina
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Carlos Castellar-Otín
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Luis Carrasco Páez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
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Lecina M, Castellar C, Pradas F, López-Laval I. 768-km Multi-Stage Ultra-Trail Case Study-Muscle Damage, Biochemical Alterations and Strength Loss on Lower Limbs. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19020876. [PMID: 35055697 PMCID: PMC8776162 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of case studies aimed to evaluate muscular fatigue in running a 768-km ultra-trail race in 11 days. Four non-professional athletes (four males) were enrolled. Muscle damage blood biomarkers (creatine kinase (CK), lactodeshydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lower limb strength were evaluated by using Bosco jumps test; squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and Abalakov jump (ABA) were assessed before (pre), after the race (post) and for two and nine days during the recovery period (rec2 and rec9), respectively. Results showed: pre-post SJ = −28%, CMJ = −36% and ABA = −21%. Values returned to basal during rec9: SJ = −1%, CMJ = −2% or even exceeded pre-values ABA = +3%. On the contrary, muscle damage blood biomarkers values increased at post; CK = +888%, LDH = +172%, AST = +167% and ALT = +159% and the values returned gradually to baseline at rec9 except for AST = +226% and ALT = +103% which remained higher. Nonparametric bivariate Spearman’s test showed strong correlations (Rs ≥ 0.8) between some jumps and muscle damage biomarkers at post (SJ-LDH Rs = 0.80, SJ-AST Rs = 0.8, ABA-LD H Rs = 0.80 and ABA-AST Rs = 0.80), at rec2 (SJ-CK Rs = 0.80 and SJ-ALT Rs = 0.80) and even during rec9 (ABA-CK). Similarly, some parameters such as accumulated elevation and training volume showed a strong correlation with LDH values after finishing the ultra-trail race. The alteration induced by completing an ultra-trail event in the muscle affects lower limb strength and may in some circumstances result in serious medical conditions including post- exertional rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lecina
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Carlos Castellar
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (C.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (C.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
- Movimiento Humano Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Sitko S, Cirer-Sastre R, Corbi F, López-Laval I. Functional Threshold Power as an Alternative to Lactate Thresholds in Road Cycling. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:3179-3183. [PMID: 34127613 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sitko, S, Cirer-Sastre, R, Corbi, F, and López-Laval, I. Functional threshold power as an alternative to lactate thresholds in road cycling. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-This study assessed the relationship between functional threshold power (FTP) and 7 lactate landmarks (Dmax, modified Dmax, fixed blood lactate concentrations of 2 and 4 mmol·L-1, lactate increases of 1 and 2 mmol·L-1 above baseline, and lactate increases of 1.5 mmol·L-1 above the point of minimum ratio between lactate and work rate) in a sample of 46 road cyclists with a wide range of fitness levels (age 38 ± 9 years, height 177 ± 9 cm, body mass 71.4 ± 8.6 kg, body mass index 22.7 ± 2.2 kg·m-1, fat mass 7.8 ± 4%, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max = 61.1 ± 9.1 ml·min-1·kg-1). The cyclists performed a graded exercise test in which power outputs (POs) at the lactate landmarks were identified. Functional threshold power was established as 95% of the PO during a 20-minute test. Significance was set as p < 0.05. Statistical analyses revealed large to very large correlations between PO, relative PO (RPO), and cadence at FTP and lactate thresholds (LTs) established through Dmax, modified Dmax, and fixed lactate concentrations of 4 mmol·L-1 (r = 0.68-0.93). Significant differences (p < 0.001) were also observed for PO and RPO at FTP, fixed blood lactate concentrations of 2 mmol·L-1, and lactate increases of 1 mmol·L-1 above baseline. Therefore, although FTP estimated from a 20-minute test is strongly related to several lactate landmarks, caution is required when substituting this concept for LTs. This information will allow coaches, cyclists, and scientists to better choose assessments when attempting to estimate LT through power-based field testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sitko
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain; and National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
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Cirer-Sastre R, Legaz-Arrese A, Corbi F, López-Laval I, George K, Reverter-Masia J. Influence of maturational status in the exercise-induced release of cardiac troponin T in healthy young swimmers. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:116-121. [PMID: 32680701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the influence of maturational status on the release of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) induced by a bout of 30min, high-intensity, continuous exercise. DESIGN Quasi-experimental, cross-sectional study. METHODS Seventy male, young, well trained swimmers (age range 7-18 years, training experience 1-11 years) were classified by maturational stages: Tanner stage I (n=14), II (n=15), III (n=15), IV (n=13), and V (n=13). Participants underwent a distance-trial of 30min continuous swimming, and cTnT was measured before, immediately after and 3h after exercise. Changes in cTnT over time were compared among groups, and associated with exercise load. RESULTS Basal cTnT was higher in Tanner-V (3.8-8.1ng/L) compared with I (1.5-5.5ng/L, p<0.001), II (1.5-4.5ng/L, p<0.001) and III (1.5-6.8ng/L, p=0.003), and in IV (1.5-6.3ng/L) compared with II (p=0.036). Maximal elevations of cTnT from baseline were notable (p<0.001) and comparable among maturational stages (p=0.078). The upper reference limit for myocardial injury was exceeded in 35.7% of the participants, without differences among groups (p=0.18). Baseline cTnT correlated with participant characteristics, and maximal cTnT elevations from baseline with exercise internal load (%HRpeak, rs=0.34, p= 0.003; %HRmean, rs=0.28, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Maturational status influences positively absolute pre- and post-exercise cTnT but not its elevation after a bout of 30min, high-intensity, continuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafel Cirer-Sastre
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Spain; Grup de Recerca Moviment Humà, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Spain.
| | | | - Francisco Corbi
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Spain; Grup de Recerca Moviment Humà, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Spain
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquín Reverter-Masia
- Grup de Recerca Moviment Humà, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Spain; Section of Physical Education, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Spain
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Calleja-Romero A, López-Laval I, Sitko S, Hernando D, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Bailón R, Garatachea N. Effects of a 75-km mountain ultra-marathon on heart rate variability in amateur runners. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1401-1407. [PMID: 32550715 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the effects of a mountain ultra-marathon (MUM) on the activity of the autonomous nervous system through heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring and determined whether this variable related to final performance. METHODS Heart rate and HRV were measured in eight male amateur runners (aged 37-60 years). Measurements were recorded before and after the event, in resting conditions, as well as continuously throughout the whole MUM. In addition, percentage (%) of heart rate reserve (HR<inf>res</inf>) and partial and total times during the race were analyzed. RESULTS Average heart rate (HR<inf>avg</inf>) measured at rest was increased after the event (+37%). Standard deviation of successive differences (SDSD) and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD) were reduced after the MUM (-56% and -59%, respectively). There was a positive relationship between the frequency-domain index normalized low frequency power (PLFn) measured at rest before the event and race time (0.79) while there was a negative relationship between race time and the difference in HR<inf>avg</inf> before and after the event. In the last half of the event, there was a high correlation (Spearman coefficient of correlation >0.9) between race time and the standard deviation of the NN intervals (SDNN) registered during the race. CONCLUSIONS Autonomous cardiac regulation can be related to the performance in a mountain ultra-marathon. HRV monitoring could represent a practical tool for the evaluation of the relationship between the autonomous nervous system activity and performance in a mountain ultra-marathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Calleja-Romero
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain -
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Sebastian Sitko
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - David Hernando
- BSICoS Group, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER- Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER-Obn), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Bailón
- BSICoS Group, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER- Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Garatachea
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER-Obn), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain.,National Sports Council, Madrid, Spain
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Bueno-Antequera J, Mayolas-Pi C, Reverter-Masià J, López-Laval I, Oviedo-Caro MÁ, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Ruidíaz-Peña M, Legaz-Arrese A. Exercise Addiction and Its Relationship with Health Outcomes in Indoor Cycling Practitioners in Fitness Centers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17114159. [PMID: 32545197 PMCID: PMC7312881 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied the prevalence and possible association between exercise addiction and health in indoor cycling practitioners. In 1014 (492 women) adult indoor cyclists and 926 (597 women) controls with low levels of physical activity according to the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, we examined the risk of exercise addiction according to the Exercise Addiction Inventory and several health outcomes through a web-based experiment. The prevalence of a high risk of exercise addiction in cyclists was 13.3%, and it was higher in men than in women (16.5% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.002). Women cyclists with a high risk of exercise addiction had higher levels of physical activity (p < 0.001; effect size = −0.62, 95% CI: (−0.91, −0.32)) and anxiety symptom severity (p = 0.001; Effect Size (ES) = −0.59 (−0.89, −0.30)) than those with a low risk. For both sexes, cyclists with a low risk of exercise addiction had better social function, emotional role, and anxiety symptom severity compared with the controls (all p < 0.002; ES ranged from 0.25 to 0.47). Higher anxiety symptom severity and cardiorespiratory fitness were the main determinants of exercise addiction in cyclists (both p < 0.001). Our data suggest the importance of considering exercise addiction in indoor cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bueno-Antequera
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ES-41013 Seville, Spain; (J.B.-A.); (D.M.-I.)
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
| | - Carmen Mayolas-Pi
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports ES-28029, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquin Reverter-Masià
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Social Work, University of Lleida, ES-25001 Lleida, Spain
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports ES-28029, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Oviedo-Caro
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ES-41013 Seville, Spain; (J.B.-A.); (D.M.-I.)
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954-977-589
| | - Diego Munguía-Izquierdo
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ES-41013 Seville, Spain; (J.B.-A.); (D.M.-I.)
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center on Frailty and Healthy Aging, ES-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ruidíaz-Peña
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports ES-28029, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Legaz-Arrese
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports ES-28029, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Oviedo-Caro MA, Mayolas-Pi C, López-Laval I, Reverter-Masia J, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Bueno-Antequera J, Guillén-Correas R, Lapetra-Costa S, Legaz-Arrese A. Amateur endurance cycling practice and adult's physical and psychosocial health: a cross-sectional study of the influence of training volume. Res Sports Med 2020; 28:383-396. [PMID: 32091243 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1731689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the association between amateur cycling training volume and physical and psychosocial health. A cross-sectional study was developed, via self-reported survey, among 1669 cyclists and 1039 controls, where analysis of variance and hierarchical multiple linear regression test were developed. Independent of gender, high volumes of amateur endurance cycling practice benefited cyclists' body mass index and male cyclists' physical conditioning, while psychosocial health did not differ among the training volume groups. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis highlighted the contribution of training volume to lower cyclists' body mass index and better male cyclists' physical conditioning. All cyclist groups presented better physical and psychosocial health than controls. High volumes of amateur endurance cycling training were associated with better physical health without jeopardizing psychosocial health. The practice of amateur endurance cycling, both in low and high volumes, was associated with better physical and psychosocial health compared with inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Oviedo-Caro
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University Pablo de Olavide , Seville, Spain.,Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Mayolas-Pi
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Reverter-Masia
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain.,Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Social Work, University of Lleida , Lleida, Spain
| | - Diego Munguía-Izquierdo
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University Pablo de Olavide , Seville, Spain.,Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Healthy Aging , Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bueno-Antequera
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University Pablo de Olavide , Seville, Spain.,Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Roberto Guillén-Correas
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Susana Lapetra-Costa
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Legaz-Arrese
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Cirer-Sastre R, Legaz-Arrese A, Corbi F, López-Laval I, Puente-Lanzarote JJ, Hernández-González V, Reverter-Masia J. Cardiac Troponin T Release after Football 7 in Healthy Children and Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E956. [PMID: 32033112 PMCID: PMC7037606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the release of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) after a football 7 match between two cohorts of children and adult players. Thirty-six male football players (children = 24, adult = 12) played a football 7 match, and cTnT was measured before, and 3 h after exercise. Concentrations of cTnT were compared between groups and time, and correlated with participants' characteristics, as well as internal and external exercise load. Cardiac troponin T was elevated in all participants (p < 0.001), and exceeded the upper reference limit for myocardial infarction in 25 (~70%) of them. Baseline concentrations were higher in adults (p < 0.001), but the elevation of cTnT was comparable between the groups (p = 0.37). Age (p < 0.001), body mass (p = 0.001) and height (p < 0.001), and training experience (p = 0.001) were associated to baseline cTnT values, while distance (p < 0.001), mean speed (p < 0.001), and peak (p = 0.013) and mean (p = 0.016) heart rate were associated to the elevation of cTnT. The present study suggests that a football 7 match evoked elevations of cTnT during the subsequent hours in healthy players regardless of their age. However, adults might present higher resting values of cTnT than children. In addition, results suggest that the exercise-induced elevations of cTnT might be mediated by exercise load but not participant characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafel Cirer-Sastre
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Partida la Caparrella s/n, E-25192 Lleida, Spain;
- Research Group Human Movement (RGHM), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain; (V.H.-G.); (J.R.-M.)
| | - Alejandro Legaz-Arrese
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.-A.); (I.L.-L.)
| | - Francisco Corbi
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Partida la Caparrella s/n, E-25192 Lleida, Spain;
- Research Group Human Movement (RGHM), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain; (V.H.-G.); (J.R.-M.)
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.-A.); (I.L.-L.)
| | | | - Vicenç Hernández-González
- Research Group Human Movement (RGHM), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain; (V.H.-G.); (J.R.-M.)
- Section of Physical Education, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquin Reverter-Masia
- Research Group Human Movement (RGHM), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain; (V.H.-G.); (J.R.-M.)
- Section of Physical Education, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain
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López-Laval I, Sitko S, Muñiz-Pardos B, Cirer-Sastre R, Calleja-González J. Relationship Between Bench Press Strength and Punch Performance in Male Professional Boxers. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:308-312. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cirer-Sastre R, Legaz-Arrese A, Corbi F, López-Laval I, Puente-Lanzarote J, Hernández-González V, Reverter-Masià J. Effect of Training Load on Post-Exercise Cardiac Troponin T Elevations in Young Soccer Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E4853. [PMID: 31810338 PMCID: PMC6926666 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Training load (TL) metrics are usually assessed to estimate the individual, physiological and psychological, acute, and adaptive responses to training. Cardiac troponins (cTn) reflect myocardial damage and are routinely analyzed for the clinical diagnosis of myocardial injury. The association between TL and post-exercise cTn elevations is scarcely investigated in young athletes, especially after playing common team sports such as soccer. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between TL measurements during a small-sided soccer game and the subsequent increase in cTn in young players. Twenty male soccer players (age 11.9 ± 2 years, height 151 ± 13 cm, weight 43 ± 13 kg) were monitored during a 5 × 5 small-sided game and had blood samples drawn before, immediately after, and 3 h after exercise for a posterior analysis of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT). Internal, external, and mixed metrics of TL were obtained from the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and GPS player tracking. The results show that the concentration of hs-cTnT peaked at 3 h post-exercise in all participants. The magnitude of hs-cTnT elevation was mainly explained by the exercise duration in the maximal heart rate zone (Maximum Probability of Effect (MPE) = 92.5%), time in the high-speed zone (MPE = 90.4 %), and distance in the high-speed zone (MPE = 90.45%). Our results support the idea that common metrics of TL in soccer, easily obtained using player tracking systems, are strongly associated with the release of hs-cTnT in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafel Cirer-Sastre
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Partida la Caparrella s/n, E-25192 Lleida, Spain;
- Research Group Human Movement (RGHM), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain; (V.H.-G.); (J.R.-M.)
| | - Alejandro Legaz-Arrese
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.-A.); (I.L.-L.)
| | - Francisco Corbi
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Partida la Caparrella s/n, E-25192 Lleida, Spain;
- Research Group Human Movement (RGHM), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain; (V.H.-G.); (J.R.-M.)
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.-A.); (I.L.-L.)
| | | | - Vicenç Hernández-González
- Research Group Human Movement (RGHM), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain; (V.H.-G.); (J.R.-M.)
- Section of Physical Education, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquín Reverter-Masià
- Research Group Human Movement (RGHM), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain; (V.H.-G.); (J.R.-M.)
- Section of Physical Education, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Plaça de Víctor Siurana, 25003 Lleida, Spain
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López-Laval I, Legaz-Arrese A, George K, Serveto-Galindo O, González-Rave JM, Reverter-Masia J, Munguía-Izquierdo D. Cardiac troponin I release after a basketball match in elite, amateur and junior players. Clin Chem Lab Med 2016; 54:333-8. [PMID: 26136302 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Available scientific data related to cardiac troponin I (cTnI) release after intermittent exercise is limited. It is also of interest to determine what personal or environmental factors mediate the exercise-induced release of cTnI. This study had two objectives: 1) to examine the individual release of cTnI to a basketball match; and 2) to establish the influence of athlete status as well as biological age on cTnI release. METHODS Thirty-six basketball players (12 adult elite [PBA]: 27.3±4.1 years, 12 adult amateur [ABA]: 29.6±2.9 years, and 12 junior elite [JBA]: 16.6±0.9 years) participated in a simulated basketball match with serial assessment of cTnI at rest, immediately post- and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h post-exercise. RESULTS The basketball match increased cTnI levels (pre: median [range]; 0.006 [0.001-0.026]; peak post: 0.024 [0.004-0.244] μg/L; p=0.000), with substantial individual variability in peak values. PBA and JBA players showed higher baseline and post-exercise cTnI values than ABA (all p<0.05). Peak cTnI exceeded the upper reference limit (URL) in the 26% of players (3 PBA; 6 JBA). CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest that intermittent exercise can promote the appearance of cTnI and that this is potentially mediated by athlete status.
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Legaz-Arrese A, López-Laval I, George K, Puente-Lanzarote JJ, Moliner-Urdiales D, Ayala-Tajuelo VJ, Mayolas-Pi C, Reverter-Masià J. Individual variability in cardiac biomarker release after 30 min of high-intensity rowing in elite and amateur athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:951-8. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study had two objectives: (i) to examine individual variation in the pattern of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) release in response to high-intensity rowing exercise, and (ii) to establish whether individual heterogeneity in biomarker appearance was influenced by athletic status (elite vs. amateur). We examined cTnI and NT-proBNP in 18 elite and 14 amateur rowers before and 5 min, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after a 30-min maximal rowing test. Compared with pre-exercise levels, peak postexercise cTnI (pre: 0.014 ± 0.030 μg·L–1; peak post: 0.058 ± 0.091 μg·L–1; p = 0.000) and NT-proBNP (pre: 15 ± 11 ng·L–1; peak post: 31 ± 19 ng·L–1; p = 0.000) were elevated. Substantial individual heterogeneity in peak and time-course data was noted for cTnI. Peak cTnI exceeded the upper reference limit (URL) in 9 elite and 3 amateur rowers. No rower exceeded the URL for NT-proBNP. Elite rowers had higher baseline (0.019 ± 0.038 vs. 0.008 ± 0.015 μg·L–1; p = 0.003) and peak postexercise cTnI (0.080 ± 0.115 vs. 0.030 ± 0.029 μg·L–1; p = 0.022) than amateur rowers, but the change with exercise was similar between groups. There were no significant differences in baseline and peak postexercise NT-proBNP between groups. In summary, marked individuality in the cTnI response to a short but high-intensity rowing bout was observed. Athletic status did not seem to affect the change in cardiac biomarkers in response to high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Legaz-Arrese
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Diego Moliner-Urdiales
- Department of Education, University Jaume I, Avenida Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Mayolas-Pi
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Reverter-Masià
- Research Group Human Movement, University of Lleida, C/Partida Caparrella s/n, 25192 Lleida, Spain
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Legaz-Arrese A, López-Laval I, George K, José Puente-Lanzarote J, Castellar-Otín C, Reverter-Masià J, Munguía-Izquierdo D. Individual variability of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin levels after aerobic exercise is not mediated by exercise mode. Biomarkers 2015; 20:219-24. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1068851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Legaz-Arrese A, López-Laval I, George K, Puente-Lanzarote JJ, Mayolas-Pi C, Serrano-Ostáriz E, Revilla-Martí P, Moliner-Urdiales D, Reverter-Masià J. Impact of an endurance training program on exercise-induced cardiac biomarker release. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H913-20. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00914.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the influence of a 14-wk endurance running program on the exercise-induced release of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and NH2-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Fifty-eight untrained participants were randomized to supervised endurance exercise (14 wk, 3–4 days/wk, 120–240 min/wk, 65–85% of maximum heart rate) or a control group. At baseline and after the training program, hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP were assessed before and 5 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after a 60-min maximal running test. Before training, hs-cTnT was significantly elevated in both groups with acute exercise ( P < 0.0001) with no between-group differences. There was considerable heterogeneity in peak hs-cTnT concentration with the upper reference limit exceeded in 71% of the exercise tests. After training, both baseline and postexercise hs-cTnT were significantly higher compared with pretraining and the response of the control group ( P = 0.008). Acute exercise led to a small but significant increase in NT-proBNP, but this was not mediated by training ( P = 0.121). In summary, a controlled endurance training intervention resulted in higher pre- and postexercise values of hs-cTnT with no changes in NT-proBNP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Keith George
- Resarch Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carmen Mayolas-Pi
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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