Sleep pattern and staging in elite adolescent rugby players during the in-season competitive phase compared to an age matched non-athlete population

No match, more sleep: Greater weekend catch-up sleep in youth soccer players on free weekends

This study aimed to compare young soccer players' week and weekend sleep behaviors in two different microcycle types: with and without an official match (no sporting commitments). Twenty-three youth male players (mean ± SD; age: 17.2 ± 0.6 years) from the same U19 soccer team had their sleep objectively monitored for eight weeks. Questionnaires for subjective sleep quality, sleepiness, and to identify individual chronotype were completed at the beginning of the study. External training and match loads were monitored using global positioning systems. Overall, all players slept less than 8 h throughout the study and 16 slept less than 7 h. On weekdays, total sleep time (TST) was reduced (390 ± 60 min). A significant (p < 0.05) main effect of the microcycle type, night of the week, and an interaction between the two were observed for TST, bedtime, and wake-up time, indicating that weekend sleep adjustments were dependent on whether a match was played or not. Specifically, weekends without a match showed higher TST (+34 min, p < 0.001), and later bed and wake-up times (+48 min, p < 0.001; and +1.06 h, p < 0.001; respectively) compared with weekends that included a match. While players seem to try to compensate their week sleep debt when possible, sleep adjustments were more predominant on weekends without a match, despite still relatively short sleep durations observed.

Are Adolescent Athletes Sleeping Enough? An Observational Study of Sleep Parameters during Schooldays and Holidays

Background: Inconsistent sleep schedules, frequent awakening after sleep onset (WASO), and decreased sleep efficiency (SE) are common issues among adolescent team sports athletes. Moreover, research indicates that sleep problems are enhanced across schooldays. The aim of the present study was to assess sleep patterns of adolescent athletes and compare sleep parameters between schooldays and holidays. Methods: The chronotype and sleep quality of twelve adolescent basketball players (mean age: 15.58 ± 0.67 years) were assessed. Objective sleep parameters were then analyzed using actigraphy over a 12-day period, which included six days during the school period and six days during holidays. Results: Data showed that total sleep time (TST), SE, and WASO (382.48 min, 81.81%, and 66.70 min, respectively) did not meet international recommendations for sleep quantity and quality. During school weekdays, time in bed (TIB), TST, and SE significantly decreased compared to weekends (p < 0.001, d = -1.49; p < 0.001, d = -1.64; and p = 0.01, d = -0.89, respectively). On weekdays, TIB, TST, and WASO were significantly lower on schooldays compared to holidays (p < 0.001, d = -1.83; p < 0.01, d = -1.01; and p = 0.02, d = -0.77, respectively). While no significant difference was observed in social jetlag, the mid-point of sleep was significantly later on holiday weekdays compared to school weekdays (p < 0.05, d = 0.65). Conclusions: Adolescent athletes experience insufficient sleep, especially on school weekdays, which is partially improved during weekends and holidays. Although sleep duration was longer during holidays, our results suggest that adolescent athletes' sleep was more fragmented. Consequently, it remains crucial to implement strategies to enhance their sleep health (e.g., napping).

Association between Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Impaired Sleep Quality in Young Rugby Players

Low energy availability (LEA) has been associated with several physiological consequences, but its impact on sleep has not been sufficiently investigated, especially in the context of young athletes. This study examined the potential association between energy availability (EA) status and objective sleep quality in 42 male rugby players (mean age: 16.2 ± 0.8 years) during a 7-day follow-up with fixed sleep schedules in the midst of an intensive training phase. Participants' energy intake was weighed and recorded. Exercise expenditure was estimated using accelerometry. Portable polysomnography devices captured sleep on the last night of the follow-up. Mean EA was 29.3 ± 9.14 kcal·kg FFM-1·day-1, with 47.6% of athletes presenting LEA, 35.7% Reduced Energy Availability (REA), and 16.7% Optimal Energy Availability (OEA). Lower sleep efficiency (SE) and N3 stage proportion, along with higher wake after sleep onset (WASO), were found in participants with LEA compared to those with OEA (p = 0.04, p = 0.03 and p = 0.005, respectively, with large effect sizes). Segmented regression models of the EA-sleep outcomes (SE, sleep onset latency [SOL]), WASO and N3) relationships displayed two separate linear regions and produced a best fit with a breakpoint between 21-33 kcal·kg FFM-1·day-1. Below these thresholds, sleep quality declines considerably. It is imperative for athletic administrators, nutritionists, and coaches to conscientiously consider the potential impact of LEA on young athletes' sleep, especially during periods of heavy training.

Monitoring load, wellness, and psychological variables in female and male youth national team football players during international and domestic playing periods

Aim

To study differences in total load exposure, wellness, and psychological variables in youth female (N = 19) and male (N = 20) national team football players during domestic and international playing periods, respectively.

Procedures

The players filled out questionnaires on well-being, stress, and resilience before and after both playing periods lasting 8 days each. The Hooper index was used to monitor daily wellness levels during both playing periods. The number of training sessions and matches were recorded, and the session rating of perceived exertion was collected. Training load, monotony, and strain were calculated. Daily measurements were used to evaluate in-period changes, and composite scores were used to describe differences between periods.

Results

The international compared to the domestic playing period was for both groups characterized by more matches played, longer field training session durations, and of fewer gym-based sessions (P < 0.05). The male players increased total exposure time (25%; P < 0.05), monotony (P < 0.001), and strain (P < 0.001), which was not changed in the female players. Well-being decreased (P < 0.05) during the international playing period in male players. Stress levels were higher (P < 0.05) for both genders during the international compared to the domestic playing period. During the international playing period, positive correlations were found between the initial levels of stress, and the change in stress (P = 0.03; r2 = 0.12), and between the changes in total load and changes in well-being (P = 0.02; r2 = 0.12), whereas a negative correlation was found between the changes in wellness and stress (P = 0.03; r2 = 0.14).

Conclusion

A playing period characterized by increased match focus, longer field training sessions, and fewer gym-based training activities may lead to changes in the physical and mental profiles of youth national team football players. Alterations to load exposure and wellness may influence mental health. Players with high initial stress levels may be subjected to greater changes compared to other players. Sports scientists and medical staff may benefit from initiating structured monitoring systems to track alterations in physical load and mental health in youth national team players.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Athens insomnia scale for non-clinical application in Chinese athletes

Purpose

This study aimed to revise and examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Athens Insomnia Scale for Non-clinical Application (AIS-NCA) among Chinese athletes. Additionally, the study tested the scale in non-athlete individuals with similar sleep management practices to further analyze its cultural specificity among Chinese athletes and make preliminary inferences about its applicability in other Chinese populations.

Methods

Four hundred twenty-six Chinese professional athletes and 779 high school students participated in this research. Both athletes and students were divided into two parallel groups for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Additionally, three athlete samples and one student sample were established for reliability and validity assessments. Among athletes, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale were employed to evaluate convergent and discriminant validity. Re-test reliability was evaluated at intervals of 1 and 2 weeks. In the case of students, convergent and discriminant validity were tested using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the General Self-Efficacy Scale, with re-test reliability assessed at two-week intervals.

Results

The Chinese version of the AIS-NCA consists of six items, categorized into two dimensions: sleep problems and daytime functioning. This structure explained 65.08% (athletes) and 66.22% (students) of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed good model fit, with values of χ2/df = 2.217, CFI = 0.975, AGFI = 0.929, TLI = 0.953, and RMSEA = 0.076 among athletes, and χ2/df = 3.037, CFI = 0.979, AGFI = 0.947, TLI = 0.961, and RMSEA = 0.072 among students. The scale demonstrated a reasonable degree of measurement invariance. The overall scale and two subscales exhibited strong reliability and validity among athletes. Similar results in terms of reliability and validity were also observed within the student sample.

Conclusion

The Chinese version of the AIS-NCA shows promise as an assessment tool for evaluating the sleep quality of Chinese athletes. It effectively captures both sleep-related concerns and daytime functionality within the athlete population. The scale demonstrates solid reliability and validity in professional athletes and holds potential for application across various other demographic groups in China.

A Delayed Evening Meal Enhances Sleep Quality in Young Rugby Players

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of delayed evening mealtime on sleep quality in young athletes. Twelve rugby players (age 15.8 ± 0.7 years) participated in a crossover within-participant design. Adolescents spent five consecutive days in each of two conditions, separated by a 2-week washout period: routine dinner (3.5 hr before bedtime) and late dinner (LD, 1.5 hr before bedtime). Other mealtimes as well as bedtime and wake-up time were usual and remained the same in both conditions. Their schedules, dietary intakes, and physical activity were controlled and kept constant throughout the study. Sleep was assessed using polysomnography on the first and the last nights in the individual rooms of the boarding school. An increase in total sleep time by 24 min (p = .001, d = 1.24) and sleep efficiency by 4.8% was obtained during LD (p = .001, d = 1.24). Improvement in sleep efficiency was mainly due to a lower wake after sleep onset (-25 min, p = .014, d = -3.20), a decrease of microarousals (-25%, p = .049, d = -0.64), and awakenings ≥90 s (-30%, p < .01, d = -0.97) in LD compared to routine dinner. There were no significant differences in sleep architecture except for a shorter slow-wave sleep (N3) latency (-6.9 min, p = .03, d = -0.778) obtained during LD. In this study, evening dinner 1.5 hr before bedtime leads to better quality and less fragmented sleep compared to evening dinner 3.5 hr before bedtime in young athletes.