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Öztel T, Eskenazi T, Balcı F. Temporal error monitoring with directional error magnitude judgements: a robust phenomenon with no effect of being watched. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:2069-2078. [PMID: 32623511 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A key aspect of metacognition is the ability to monitor performance. A recent line of work has shown that error-monitoring ability captures both the magnitude and direction of timing errors, thereby pointing at the metric composition of error monitoring [e.g., Akdoğan and Balcı (J Exp Psychol https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000265 , 2017)]. These studies, however, primarily used a composite variable that combined isolated measures of ordinal confidence ratings (as a proxy for error magnitude judgement) and "shorter/longer than the target" judgements. In two experiments we tested temporal error monitoring (TEM) performance with a more direct measure of directional error magnitude rating on a continuum. The second aim of this study is to test if TEM performance is modulated by the feeling of being watched that was previously shown to influence metacognitive-like monitoring processes. We predicted that being watched would improve TEM performance, particularly in participants with high timing precision (a proxy for high task mastery), and disrupt TEM performance in participants with low timing precision (a proxy for low task mastery). In both experiments, we found strong evidence for TEM ability. However, we did not find any reliable effect of the social stimulus on TEM performance. In short, our results demonstrate that metric error monitoring is a robust metacognitive phenomenon, which is not sensitive to social influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutku Öztel
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, , İstanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Terry Eskenazi
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, , İstanbul, 34450, Turkey.
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You may be more original than you think: Predictable biases in self-assessment of originality. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 203:103002. [PMID: 32004640 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
How accurate are individuals in judging the originality of their own ideas? Most metacognitive research has focused on well-defined tasks, such as learning, memory, and problem solving, providing limited insight into ill-defined tasks. The present study introduces a novel metacognitive self-judgment of originality, defined as assessments of the uniqueness of an idea in a given context. In three experiments, we examined the reliability, potential biases, and factors affecting originality judgments. Using an ideation task, designed to assess the ability to generate multiple divergent ideas, we show that people accurately acknowledge the serial order effect-judging later ideas as more original than earlier ideas. However, they systematically underestimate their ideas' originality. We employed a manipulation for affecting actual originality level, which did not affect originality judgments, and another one designed to affect originality judgments, which did not affect actual originality performance. This double dissociation between judgments and performance calls for future research to expose additional factors underlying originality judgments.
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Abstract
Hindsight bias (HB) is the tendency to see known information as obvious. We studied metacognitive hindsight bias (MC-HB)-a shift away from one's original confidence regarding answers provided before learning the actual facts. In two experiments, participants answered general-knowledge questions in social scenarios and provided their confidence in each answer. Subsequently, they learned answers to half the questions and then recalled their initial answers and confidence. Finally, they reanswered, as a learning check. We measured confidence accuracy by calibration (over/underconfidence) and resolution (discrimination between incorrect and correct answers), expecting them to improve in hindsight. In both experiments, participants displayed robust HB and MC-HB for resolution despite attempts to recall the initial confidence in one's answer. In Experiment 2, promising anonymity to participants eliminated MC-HB, while social scenarios produced MC-HB for both resolution and calibration-indicative of overconfidence. Overall, our findings highlight that in social contexts, recall of confidence in hindsight is more consistent with answers' accuracy than confidence initially was. Social scenarios differently affect HB and MC-HB, thus dissociating these two biases.
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Patterns of electrical brain activation in response to socially-disputed perceptual judgments. Neuroreport 2019; 30:1205-1209. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gajdos T, Régner I, Huguet P, Hainguerlot M, Vergnaud JC, Sackur J, de Gardelle V. Does social context impact metacognition? Evidence from stereotype threat in a visual search task. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215050. [PMID: 30986234 PMCID: PMC6464175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While recent studies have emphasized the role of metacognitive judgments in social interactions, whether social context might reciprocally impact individuals’ metacognition remains an open question. It has been proposed that such might be the case in situations involving stereotype threat. Here, we provide the first empirical test of this hypothesis. Using a visual search task, we asked participants, on a trial-by-trial basis, to monitor the unfolding and accuracy of their search processes, and we developed a computational model to measure the accuracy of their metacognition. Results indicated that stereotype threat enhanced metacognitive monitoring of both outcomes and processes. Our study thus shows that social context can actually affect metacognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pascal Huguet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Jérôme Sackur
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique (ENS, CNRS, EHESS), PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
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Zanesco J, Tipura E, Posada A, Clément F, Pegna AJ. Seeing is believing: Early perceptual brain processes are modified by social feedback. Soc Neurosci 2018; 14:519-529. [PMID: 30134763 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2018.1511470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Over 6 decades ago, experimental evidence from social psychology revealed that individuals could alter their responses in perceptual judgement tasks if they differed from the prevailing view emitted by a group of peers. Responses were thus modulated to agree with the opinion of the social group. An open question remains whether such changes actually reflect modified perception, or whether they are simply the result of a feigned agreement, indicating submissive acceptance. In this study, we addressed this topic by performing a perceptual task involving the assessment of ambiguous and distinct stimuli. Participants were asked to judge the colours of squares, before, and after receiving feedback for their response. In order to pinpoint the moment in time that social feedback affected neural processing, ERP components to ambiguous stimuli were compared before and after participants received supposed social feedback that agreed with, or disputed their response. The comparison revealed the presence of differences beginning already 100ms after stimulus presentation (on the P1 and N1 components) despite otherwise identical stimuli. The modulation of these early components, normally thought to be dependent on low-level visual features, demonstrate that social pressure tangibly modifies early perceptual brain processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Zanesco
- a School of Psychology, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Eda Tipura
- b Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.,c Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Andres Posada
- b Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Clément
- d Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Neuchâtel , Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Alan J Pegna
- a School of Psychology, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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Sidi Y, Ackerman R, Erez A. Feeling happy and (over)confident: the role of positive affect in metacognitive processes. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:876-884. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1346501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Sidi
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rakefet Ackerman
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amir Erez
- Department of Management, Warrington College of Business, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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