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van Loon M, Orth U, Roebers C. The structure of metacognition in middle childhood: Evidence for a unitary metacognition-for-memory factor. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 241:105857. [PMID: 38241971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
It has been debated whether children's metacognitive monitoring and control processes rely on a general resource or whether metacognitive processes are task specific. Moreover, findings about the extent to which metacognitive processes are related to first-order task performance are mixed. The current study aimed to uncover the relationships among children's monitoring (discrimination between correct and incorrect responses), control (accurate withdrawal of wrong answers), and performance across three memory-based learning tasks: Kanji learning, text comprehension, and secret code learning. All tasks consisted of a study phase, a test phase, monitoring (confidence judgments), and control (maintaining/withdrawing responses). Participants were 325 children (151 second graders [Mage = 8.12 years] and 174 fourth graders [Mage = 10.20 years]). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that a model in which monitoring and control loaded on a joint factor and performance on a separate factor provided the best fit to the data. Fourth graders had better monitoring and control accuracy than second graders. However, the factor structure of metacognition was similar for both age groups, contradictory to the assumption that metacognition generalizes across tasks as children grow older. After accounting for task-specific processes, monitoring and control skills for language-based memory tasks appear to be generalizable in middle childhood. In sum, children's monitoring and control for three separate memory tasks appear to reflect a unitary metacognition-for-memory factor related to, but distinguishable from, performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte van Loon
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrich Orth
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Roebers
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Liu C, Wang K, Yu R. The neural representation of metacognition in preferential decision-making. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26651. [PMID: 38646963 PMCID: PMC11033923 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans regularly assess the quality of their judgements, which helps them adjust their behaviours. Metacognition is the ability to accurately evaluate one's own judgements, and it is assessed by comparing objective task performance with subjective confidence report in perceptual decisions. However, for preferential decisions, assessing metacognition in preference-based decisions is difficult because it depends on subjective goals rather than the objective criterion. Here, we develop a new index that integrates choice, reaction time, and confidence report to quantify trial-by-trial metacognitive sensitivity in preference judgements. We found that the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and the right anterior insular were more activated when participants made bad metacognitive evaluations. Our study suggests a crucial role of the dmPFC-insula network in representing online metacognitive sensitivity in preferential decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhen Liu
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Keqing Wang
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Marketing, and Information SystemsHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongChina
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3
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Öztel T, Balcı F. Bayes Optimal Integration of Social and Endogenous Uncertainty in Numerosity Estimation. Cogn Sci 2024; 48:e13447. [PMID: 38659095 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
One of the most prominent social influences on human decision making is conformity, which is even more prominent when the perceptual information is ambiguous. The Bayes optimal solution to this problem entails weighting the relative reliability of cognitive information and perceptual signals in constructing the percept from self-sourced/endogenous and social sources, respectively. The current study investigated whether humans integrate the statistics (i.e., mean and variance) of endogenous perceptual and social information in a Bayes optimal way while estimating numerosities. Our results demonstrated adjustment of initial estimations toward group means only when group estimations were more reliable (or "certain"), compared to participants' endogenous metric uncertainty. Our results support Bayes optimal social conformity while also pointing to an implicit form of metacognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Psychology Department, Koç University
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba
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Saccenti D, Moro AS, Sassaroli S, Malgaroli A, Ferro M, Lamanna J. Neural correlates of metacognition: Disentangling the brain circuits underlying prospective and retrospective second-order judgments through noninvasive brain stimulation. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25330. [PMID: 38622870 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Metacognition encompasses the capability to monitor and control one's cognitive processes, with metamemory and metadecision configuring among the most studied higher order functions. Although imaging experiments evaluated the role of disparate brain regions, neural substrates of metacognitive judgments remain undetermined. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize and discuss the available evidence concerning the neural bases of metacognition which has been collected by assessing the effects of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) on human subjects' metacognitive capacities. Based on such literature analysis, our goal is, at first, to verify whether prospective and retrospective second-order judgments are localized within separate brain circuits and, subsequently, to provide compelling clues useful for identifying new targets for future NIBS studies. The search was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines among PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PSYNDEX, MEDLINE, and ERIC databases. Overall, 25 studies met the eligibility criteria, yielding a total of 36 experiments employing transcranial magnetic stimulation and 16 ones making use of transcranial electrical stimulation techniques, including transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial alternating current stimulation. Importantly, we found that both perspective and retrospective judgments about both memory and perceptual decision-making performances depend on the activation of the anterior and lateral portions of the prefrontal cortex, as well as on the activity of more caudal regions such as the premotor cortex and the precuneus. Combining this evidence with results from previous imaging and lesion studies, we advance ventromedial prefrontal cortex as a promising target for future NIBS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Saccenti
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Stefano Moro
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Sassaroli
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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5
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Miegel F, Rubel J, Dietrichkeit M, Hagemann-Goebel M, Yassari AH, Balzar A, Scheunemann J, Jelinek L. Exploring mechanisms of change in the metacognitive training for depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274:739-753. [PMID: 37067579 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The Metacognitive Training for Depression (D-MCT) is a highly structured group therapy that has been shown to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms. First evidence suggests that need for control represents a mechanism of change. However, more research is needed to evaluate the mode of action of each module and identify predictors of treatment response. Two sequential studies (one naturalistic pilot study [study I, N = 45] and one randomized controlled trial [study II, N = 32]) were conducted to evaluate the session-specific effects and predictors of D-MCT in patients with depression. The D-MCT was conducted over eight weeks, and patients answered a questionnaire on dysfunctional beliefs (e.g., negative filter) and depressive symptoms (e.g., lack of energy, self-esteem) before and after each session. Linear mixed-effects models showed that several dysfunctional beliefs and symptoms improved over the course of the treatment; three modules were able to evoke within-session effects, but no between-session effects were found. The improvement in lack of energy in one module was identified as a relevant predictor in study I via lasso regression but was not replicated in study II. Exploratory analyses revealed further predictors that warrant replication in future studies. The identified predictors were inconclusive when the two studies were compared, which may be explained by the different instruments administered. Even so, the results may be used to revise questionnaires and improve the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Miegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Julian Rubel
- Department of Psychology and Sports Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mona Dietrichkeit
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Asklepios Clinic North, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Amir H Yassari
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Balzar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Scheunemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Jelinek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Bürgler S, Hennecke M. Metacognition and polyregulation in daily self-control conflicts. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:179-194. [PMID: 37728134 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Metacognition is important for self-regulated learning, and it has recently been argued that it may play an important role in self-control more generally. We studied multiple aspects of metacognition in self-control, namely metacognitive knowledge including a person's repertoire ("toolbox") of different self-regulatory strategies, metacognitive regulation (planning, monitoring, and evaluation), and polyregulation (using more self-regulatory strategies in a single self-control conflict) as predictors of people's self-control success in daily life. In a preregistered experience sampling study, N = 503 participants reported their self-control conflicts up to eight times per day for 10 days, yielding 9,639 reports of daily self-control conflicts. Analyses showed that higher levels of metacognitive knowledge, planning, monitoring, evaluation, and polyregulation as well as a larger strategy repertoire were associated with higher levels of success in resolving daily self-control conflicts. Additionally, higher levels of trait self-control were associated with higher levels of metacognitive knowledge, planning, and monitoring. These findings highlight the importance of metacognition and polyregulation for successful self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bürgler
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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Balsdon T, Wyart V, Mamassian P. Metacognitive evaluation of postdecisional perceptual representations. J Vis 2024; 24:2. [PMID: 38558159 PMCID: PMC10996991 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Perceptual confidence is thought to arise from metacognitive processes that evaluate the underlying perceptual decision evidence. We investigated whether metacognitive access to perceptual evidence is constrained by the hierarchical organization of visual cortex, where high-level representations tend to be more readily available for explicit scrutiny. We found that the ability of human observers to evaluate their confidence did depend on whether they performed a high-level or low-level task on the same stimuli, but was also affected by manipulations that occurred long after the perceptual decision. Confidence in low-level perceptual decisions degraded with more time between the decision and the response cue, especially when backward masking was present. Confidence in high-level tasks was immune to backward masking and benefitted from additional time. These results can be explained by a model assuming confidence heavily relies on postdecisional internal representations of visual stimuli that degrade over time, where high-level representations are more persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Balsdon
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs (CNRS UMR 8248), DEC, ENS, PSL University, Paris, France
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3122-6630
| | - Valentin Wyart
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles (Inserm U960), DEC, ENS, PSL University, Paris, France
- https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6522-7837
| | - Pascal Mamassian
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs (CNRS UMR 8248), DEC, ENS, PSL University, Paris, France
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-4607
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Bocci Benucci S, Tonini B, Roffo G, Casale S, Fioravanti G. The Application of the Metacognitive Model of Desire Thinking and Craving in Problematic Social Networking Sites Use. Psychiatr Q 2024; 95:1-16. [PMID: 37864669 PMCID: PMC10902051 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-023-10059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive models of addictive behaviours have highlighted the central role of Desire Thinking (DT) - a conscious and voluntary cognitive process orienting to prefigure images and information about a positive target-related experience - in increasing craving and maintaining addictive behaviors. The metacognitive model of DT and craving posits that metacognition plays a central role in understanding dysregulation in DT. The current study aims to test the role of metacognitions about DT, DT, and craving in the relationship between Fear of Missing Out (FoMo), boredom proneness, negative emotional reactivity and Problematic Social Network Sites Use (PSNSU). A sample of 529 participants (Mage= 32.45 ± 13.33; F = 62.9%) completed an online survey. The hypothesised model produced an adequate fit to the data and accounted for 86% of PSNSU variance. FoMO predicted positive metacognitions about DT (PMDT), which predicted DT that, in association with craving, predicted PSNSU. Boredom proneness positively predicted PSNSU directly and indirectly through the serial mediation of PMDT, DT, and craving. A direct path between negative emotional reactivity and PSNSU was found. The current findings provide preliminary evidence for applying the metacognitive model of DT and craving in PSNSU. PMDT and DT may be central cognitive processes in craving and PSNSU for individuals who experience boredom proneness and FoMo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bocci Benucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Tonini
- School of Psychology, University of Florence, Via della Torretta, 16, 50137, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Roffo
- School of Psychology, University of Florence, Via della Torretta, 16, 50137, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Casale
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Unit, Via San Salvi 12- Padiglione 26, 50135, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Fioravanti
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Unit, Via San Salvi 12- Padiglione 26, 50135, Florence, Italy.
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Murphy DH, Castel AD. Knowing more than we know: metacognition, semantic fluency, and originality in younger and older adults. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2024; 31:279-300. [PMID: 36408957 PMCID: PMC10199963 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2149691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined age-related similarities and differences in people's metacognitive awareness of retrieval from semantic long-term memory as well as the originality of their responses. Participants completed several semantic fluency tasks, and before recalling items, made metacognitive predictions of their performance. Additionally, after retrieval, participants made metacognitive evaluations of the originality of their responses. Results revealed that both younger (Mage = 24.49) and older adults (Mage = 68.31) were underconfident in their performance, despite some metacognitive awareness of their ability to retrieve information from semantic memory. Younger and older adults became more metacognitively aware of their abilities with task experience, but there were no significant differences in participants' metacognitive predictions and postdictions, although older adults believed that they were less original than younger adults. These findings revealed a "skilled and unaware" effect whereby participants were underconfident on the first trial and became less underconfident on later trials. These patterns may fit with a broader literature that has found a lack of adult age differences in metacognition for verbal skills but shows that older adults may believe that their access to original verbal knowledge may decline in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon H Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan D Castel
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is unclear if using emotion regulation strategies can help manage the effects of anxiety and depression on metacognitive strategies in older people. This study aimed to verify the effect of emotion regulation in the interaction between mental disorders and metacognition. METHODS A mediation analysis was performed to assess the role of emotion regulation in the interaction between mental disorders and metacognition in older people. RESULTS Without mediator control, higher scores indicating mental disorder are associated with reduced metacognition scores. When mediators are added to the model, the mediation effect was significant. An indirect effect of anxiety and depression on metacognition was mediated by cognitive reappraisal to a greater extent than emotional suppression. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive reappraisal reduced the impact of anxiety and depression on metacognition in older adults. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Including cognitive reappraisal techniques in anxiety and depression intervention plans can be beneficial for improving older people's metacognition functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bacadini França
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Laboratory of Human Development and Cognition - LADHECO, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rajvinder Samra
- School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Patrícia Waltz Schelini
- Laboratory of Human Development and Cognition - LADHECO, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mansueto G, Jarach A, Caselli G, Ruggiero GM, Sassaroli S, Nikčević A, Spada MM, Palmieri S. A systematic review of the relationship between generic and specific metacognitive beliefs and emotion dysregulation: A metacognitive model of emotion dysregulation. Clin Psychol Psychother 2024; 31:e2961. [PMID: 38357852 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Although a probable association between metacognitive beliefs (also termed 'metacognitions') and emotion dysregulation has been suggested in the literature, the evidence is still sparse and inconclusive. The current study aims to present a comprehensive evaluation of the literature examining the association between metacognitive beliefs and emotion dysregulation. In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, a search was conducted on PubMed and Ebsco. A manual search of reference lists was also run. Search terms were 'metacognitions/metacognitive beliefs/positive metacognitive beliefs/negative metacognitive beliefs/cognitive self-consciousness/beliefs about the need to control thoughts/cognitive confidence/negative beliefs about thoughts concerning uncontrollability and danger/AND difficulties emotion regulation/emotion dysregulation'. A total of 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. In both non-clinical and clinical populations, a higher endorsement of dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs was found to be associated with emotion dysregulation and vice versa. A higher endorsement of metacognitive beliefs may be associated, either directly or via maladaptive forms of mental control (e.g., worry, rumination and suppression) to emotion dysregulation. Metacognitive beliefs could be the potential therapeutic target in clinical interventions aimed at reducing emotion regulation difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mansueto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | | | - Gabriele Caselli
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Cognitive Studies, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maria Ruggiero
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Cognitive Studies, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Sassaroli
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Cognitive Studies, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Nikčević
- Department of Psychology, School of Law, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Kingston University, London, UK
| | | | - Sara Palmieri
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Cognitive Studies, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan, Italy
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Gott JA, Stücker S, Kanske P, Haaker J, Dresler M. Acetylcholine and metacognition during sleep. Conscious Cogn 2024; 117:103608. [PMID: 38042119 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator involved in a variety of cognitive functions. Additionally, acetylcholine is involved in the regulation of REM sleep: cholinergic neurons in the brainstem and basal forebrain project to and innervate wide areas of the cerebral cortex, and reciprocally interact with other neuromodulatory systems, to produce the sleep-wake cycle and different sleep stages. Consciousness and cognition vary considerably across and within sleep stages, with metacognitive capacity being strikingly reduced even during aesthetically and emotionally rich dream experiences. A notable exception is the phenomenon of lucid dreaming-a rare state whereby waking levels of metacognitive awareness are restored during sleep-resulting in individuals becoming aware of the fact that they are dreaming. The role of neurotransmitters in these fluctuations of consciousness and cognition during sleep is still poorly understood. While recent studies using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors suggest a potential role of acetylcholine in the occurrence of lucid dreaming, the underlying mechanisms by which this effect is produced remains un-modelled and unknown; with the causal link between cholinergic mechanisms and upstream psychological states being complex and elusive. Several theories and approaches targeting the association between acetylcholine and metacognition during wakefulness and sleep are highlighted in this review, moving through microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic levels of analysis to detail this phenomenon at several organisational scales. Several exploratory hypotheses will be developed to guide future research towards fully articulating how metacognition is affected by activity at the acetylcholine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod A Gott
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sina Stücker
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Philipp Kanske
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Haaker
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Jungilligens J, Flohr MC, Lange M, Wellmer J, Popkirov S. The relationship of action, affect, and metacognition in functional seizures. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:1003-1013. [PMID: 38007609 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2287778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metacognition provides a lens through which individuals experience, interpret, and respond to their affective states and behavior; it might thus influence complex neuropsychiatric conditions such as functional seizures - events characterized by states of heightened affective arousal and the disinhibition of prepotent behavior. In this pilot study, we aimed to establish a better understanding of the role of metacognition in functional seizures and its relationship to affective arousal and behavioral disinhibition (i.e., problems in suppressing prepared behavior). We hypothesized that affective arousal is related to higher behavioral disinhibition as well as slower reaction times, that affect and action (performing vs. not performing a movement) are related to memory and metacognition, and that metacognition is related to illness characteristics. METHODS We used a combination of an emotional go/no-go and a metacognitive recognition task with affectively valenced and neutral images in 18 patients with functional seizures. We compared markers of behavioral inhibition as well as indices for memory and metacognitive performance between affective (vs. neutral) and action/go (vs. inhibition/no-go) conditions. RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, behavioral disinhibition was not different between conditions. However, we found slower reaction times for affectively valenced stimuli. Memory performance and metacognition were better for affectively valenced pictures and for pictures used in go trials (i.e., associated with action/performing the movement). Illness factors (illness duration, seizure frequency, levels of self-reported anxiety) were correlated with aspects of metacognition. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study offers first insights into alterations in metacognition related to action and affect in patients with functional seizures; specifically, that affectively valenced stimuli and active engagement are related to enhanced memory and metacognition. This relationship was also found with respect to illness factors. These results provide insight into potentially underlying pathomechanisms, although the lack of a control group limits evaluating the specificity of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Jungilligens
- Behavioral Neurology Research Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marie-Christin Flohr
- Behavioral Neurology Research Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Miriam Lange
- Behavioral Neurology Research Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Wellmer
- Ruhr Epileptology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stoyan Popkirov
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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14
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Picon EL, Wardell V, Palombo DJ, Todd RM, Aziz B, Bedi S, Silverberg ND. Factors perpetuating functional cognitive symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:988-1002. [PMID: 37602857 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2247601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-reported memory difficulties (forgetting familiar names, misplacing objects) often persist long after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), despite normal neuropsychological test performance. This clinical presentation may be a manifestation of a functional cognitive disorder (FCD). Several mechanisms underlying FCD have been proposed, including metacognitive impairment, memory perfectionism, and misdirected attention, as well as depression or anxiety-related explanations. This study aims to explore these candidate perpetuating factors in mTBI, to advance our understanding of why memory symptoms frequently persist following mTBI. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 67 adults (n = 39 with mTBI mean = 25 months ago and n = 28 healthy controls). Participants completed standardized questionnaires (including the Functional Memory Disorder Inventory), a metacognitive task (to quantify discrepancies between their trial-by-trial accuracy and confidence), and a brief neuropsychological test battery. We assessed candidate mechanisms in two ways: (1) between-groups, comparing participants with mTBI to healthy controls, and (2) within-group, examining their associations with functional memory symptom severity (FMDI) in the mTBI group. RESULTS Participants with mTBI performed similarly to controls on objective measures of memory ability but reported experiencing much more frequent memory lapses in daily life. Contrary to expectations, metacognitive efficiency did not differentiate the mTBI and control groups and was not associated with functional memory symptoms. Memory perfectionism was strongly associated with greater functional memory symptoms among participants with mTBI but did not differ between groups when accounting for age. Depression and checking behaviors produced consistent results across between-groups and within-group analyses: these factors were greater in the mTBI group compared to the control group and were associated with greater functional memory symptoms within the mTBI group. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights promising (e.g., depression, checking behaviors) and unlikely (e.g., metacognitive impairment) mechanisms underlying functional memory symptoms after mTBI, to guide future research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina L Picon
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Victoria Wardell
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daniela J Palombo
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca M Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bilal Aziz
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sanjana Bedi
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Noah D Silverberg
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rehabilitation Research Program, Centre for Aging SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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15
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Stewart KM, Risko EF, Fugelsang J. Response generation, not response execution, influences feelings of rightness in reasoning. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:2379-2389. [PMID: 36744588 PMCID: PMC10503250 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231156712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been argued that the experience of ease (i.e., the ability to quickly generate an initial response) during processing influences one's likelihood of engaging reflectively when reasoning. This is a key facet of Metacognitive Reasoning Theory (MRT) and numerous studies have found support for this claim by showing that answers that come to mind quickly, are associated with higher feelings of rightness (FORs), and less reflective processing. However, the possibility remains that the critical determinant of FORs may be the speed of executing a response and not generating a response, given the nature of the evidence for this claim. Across two experiments, we manipulated the duration of the response execution to identify whether participants' FOR judgements are at least partially based on factors occurring after the initial mental generation of an answer. We found no evidence that FORs nor reflection are influenced by a manipulation of response execution. Broadly, the present investigation provides evidence that the relation between speed of response and FORs is likely due to the speed with which an answer is generated internally, and not the response execution phase. These findings are consistent with Metacognitive Reasoning Theory and provide further support for the suggestion that answer fluency is the critical variable in determining FORs. All data, scripts, and materials can be found at https://osf.io/f48az/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiden M Stewart
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan F Risko
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Fugelsang
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Abstract
Creative cognition does not just involve cognitive processes in direct service of the main task objective (e.g., idea generation), but also metacognitive processes that monitor and regulate cognition adaptively (e.g., evaluation of ideas and task performance, or development and selection of task strategies). Although metacognition is vital for creative performance, relevant work is sparse, which may be partly due to persistent ambiguities in the theoretical conceptualization of creative metacognition. Therefore, this article proposes a systematic framework of creative metacognition (CMC), which builds on recent advancements in metacognition theory and extends them to meet the specifics of creative cognition. The CMC framework consists of two dynamic components-monitoring and control-and a more static component of metacognitive knowledge, each subsuming metacognitive processes applying to the level of task, performance, and responses. We describe the presumed function of these metacognitive components in the creative process, present evidence in support of each, and discuss their association with related constructs, such as creative self-beliefs. We further highlight the dynamic interplay of metacognitive processes across task performance and identify promising avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Lebuda
- University of Graz, Austria; University of Wrocław, Poland.
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17
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King MJ, Girard TA, Benjamin AS, Christensen BK. Strategic regulation of memory in dsyphoria: a quantity-accuracy profile analysis. Memory 2023; 31:948-961. [PMID: 37189256 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2212429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying a tendency among individuals with depression to report personal episodic memories with low specificity remain to be understood. We assessed a sample of undergraduate students with dysphoria to determine whether depression relates to a broader dysregulation of balancing accuracy and informativeness during memory reports. Specifically, we investigated metamnemonic processes using a quantity-accuracy profile approach. Recall involved three phases with increasing allowance for more general, or coarse-grained, responses: (a) forced-precise responding, requiring high precision; (b) free-choice report with high and low penalty incentives on accuracy; (c) a lexical description phase. Individuals with and without dysphoria were largely indistinguishable across indices of retrieval, monitoring, and control aspects of metamemory. The results indicate intact metacognitive processing in young individuals with dysphoria and provide no support for the view that impaired metacognitive control underlies either memory deficits or bias in memory reports that accompany dysphoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J King
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Todd A Girard
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron S Benjamin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Bruce K Christensen
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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18
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Ackerman R, Morsanyi K. We know what stops you from thinking forever: A metacognitive perspective. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e112. [PMID: 37462212 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22003065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
This commentary addresses omissions in De Neys's model of fast-and-slow thinking from a metacognitive perspective. We review well-established meta-reasoning monitoring (e.g., confidence) and control processes (e.g., rethinking) that explain mental effort regulation. Moreover, we point to individual, developmental, and task design considerations that affect this regulation. These core issues are completely ignored or mentioned in passing in the target article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakefet Ackerman
- Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel ; technion.ac.il
| | - Kinga Morsanyi
- Centre for Mathematical Cognition, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK ; lboro.ac.uk
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19
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Zhang X, Li J, Li X. Use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to explore metacognitive ability. Behav Neurosci 2023; 137:120-126. [PMID: 36521142 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the importance of the precuneus in mediating metacognition and the prefrontal cortex in decision-making tasks. However, the mechanisms underlying metacognition remain to be fully elucidated. N-acetyl aspartate/creatine + phosphocreatine (NAA/Cr + PCr) is a putative neuronal marker level, which has been used in cognitive disorders. Long echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to further explore the metabolic correlates of metacognition. Metacognition was based on a self-reported questionnaire of nursing students. Magnetic resonance spectra of the bilateral precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex were recorded. A significant positive correlation was discovered between the total metacognitive score and academic performance (p = .007). The precuneus NAA/Cr + PCr ratios corresponded to metacognitive ability. Moreover, the correlation between precuneus NAA/Cr + PCr ratios and metacognitive ability was established for the right and not for the left precuneus. These findings further indicated that the right precuneal region plays an important role in metacognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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20
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Wertgen AG, Richter T. General knowledge norms: Updated and expanded for German. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281305. [PMID: 36749739 PMCID: PMC9904464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The general knowledge questions introduced by Nelson and Narens (Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19(3), 338-368, 1980) have been a valuable research tool in various areas of cognitive research. We translated, updated, and expanded the set of questions for German. We present a total set of 356 general knowledge questions with their recall probability as well as metacognitive measures-confidence and peer judgments-based on a university student sample (N = 512). Furthermore, we present response latencies, pairwise correlations between recall probability and metacognitive judgments as well as the most common commission errors. These general knowledge questions can be used in studies with German speaking participants in a broad range of research fields, such as memory, illusory truth, misinformation, and metacognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G. Wertgen
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (AGW); (TR)
| | - Tobias Richter
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (AGW); (TR)
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21
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Kramer RSS. Face matching and metacognition: investigating individual differences and a training intervention. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14821. [PMID: 36718455 PMCID: PMC9884031 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although researchers have begun to consider metacognitive insight during face matching, little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here, I investigated whether objective ability, as well as self-assessed ability, were able to predict metacognitive performance, that is, the ability to differentiate correct and incorrect responses in terms of confidence. In addition, I considered whether a training intervention resulted in improvements to both face matching performance and metacognitive insight. Methods In this experiment (N = 220), participants completed a face matching task, with either a diagnostic feature training course or a control course presented at the halfway point. In addition, a second face matching task, as well as a self-report questionnaire regarding ability, were completed to provide measures of objective and self-assessed ability respectively. Results Higher self-assessed ability with faces, as well as higher objective ability with face matching, predicted better metacognitive performance, i.e., greater confidence in correct, in comparison with incorrect, responses. This pattern of results was evident both when objective ability was measured through performance on the same task used to measure metacognitive insight and when a different task was used. Finally, the training intervention failed to produce improvements in face matching performance and showed no evidence of altering metacognitive ability. Discussion The current work begins to address the mechanism underlying individual differences in metacognitive insight during face matching. Although support was provided for a competence-based account, where better face matchers showed greater performance on the task and were more successful in monitoring their performance, further work might focus on decoupling task performance and competence in order to more conclusively explain why some people are more insightful than others.
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22
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Azzi V, Bianchi D, Pompili S, Laghi F, Gerges S, Akel M, Malaeb D, Obeid S, Hallit S. Emotion regulation and drunkorexia behaviors among Lebanese adults: the indirect effects of positive and negative metacognition. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:391. [PMID: 35689196 PMCID: PMC9185707 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although metacognition processes are a core feature of restrictive eating and alcohol cravings and entail an individual to control both of his/her emotions and thoughts, yet, to our knowledge, a scarcity of research has examined their potential role in drunkorexia as cognitive and emotional predictors. The following study investigates the different associations between two emotion regulation strategies (i.e. emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal) and drunkorexia behaviors in a sample of Lebanese adults, exploring the possible indirect effects of positive and negative alcohol-related metacognitions. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 335 participants (March-July 2021). RESULTS Higher problematic alcohol use (beta = 5.56), higher physical activity index (beta = 0.08), higher expressive suppression (beta = 0.23), higher negative metacognitive beliefs about cognitive harm due to drinking (beta = 0.75) and higher cognitive reappraisal (beta = 0.20) were significantly associated with more drunkorexic behaviors. The positive metacognitive beliefs about cognitive self-regulation significantly mediated the association between cognitive reappraisal and drunkorexia behaviors. Both the positive metacognitive beliefs about cognitive self-regulation and the negative metacognitive beliefs about the uncontrollability of drinking significantly mediated the association between expressive suppression and drunkorexia behaviors. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that emotional and metacognitive processes are associated with drunkorexia, addressing as well the mediating effect between deficient emotional regulation and risky behavioral patterns. Overall, our results would speculate that the lack of emotional and cognitive assets might enhance internal distress perceived out of control, leading individuals to indulge in maladaptive behavioral patterns for managing the underlying impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Azzi
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O.Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Dora Bianchi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Pompili
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sarah Gerges
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O.Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O.Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
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23
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Boldt A, Gilbert SJ. Partially Overlapping Neural Correlates of Metacognitive Monitoring and Metacognitive Control. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3622-3635. [PMID: 35304428 PMCID: PMC9053853 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1326-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacognition describes the process of monitoring one's own mental states, often for the purpose of cognitive control. Previous research has investigated how metacognitive signals are generated (metacognitive monitoring), for example, when people (both female/male) judge their confidence in their decisions and memories. Research has also investigated how metacognitive signals are used to influence behavior (metacognitive control), for example, setting a reminder (i.e., cognitive offloading) for something you are not confident you will remember. However, the mapping between metacognitive monitoring and metacognitive control needs further study on a neural level. We used fMRI to investigate a delayed-intentions task with a reminder element, allowing human participants to use their metacognitive insight to engage metacognitive control. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we found that we could separately decode both monitoring and control, and, to a lesser extent, cross-classify between them. Therefore, brain patterns associated with monitoring and control are partially, but not fully, overlapping.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Models of metacognition commonly distinguish between monitoring (how metacognition is formed) and control (how metacognition is used for behavioral regulation). Research into these facets of metacognition has often happened in isolation. Here, we provide a study which directly investigates the mapping between metacognitive monitoring and metacognitive control at a neural level. We applied multivariate pattern analysis to fMRI data from a novel task in which participants separately rated their confidence (metacognitive monitoring) and how much they would like to use a reminder (metacognitive control). We find support for the notion that the two aspects of metacognition overlap partially but not fully. We argue that future research should focus on how different metacognitive signals are selected for control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Boldt
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sam J Gilbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom
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Abeyaratne C, Nhu T, Malone D. Self-Assessment of Therapeutic Decision-Making Skills in Pharmacy Students. Am J Pharm Educ 2022; 86:8696. [PMID: 34507958 PMCID: PMC10159412 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The ability of pharmacy students to self-regulate and reflect on knowledge and skills is important as proficient self-assessment skills guide learning strategies and prompt students to bridge their knowledge gaps. The objectives for this study were to determine how well third-year pharmacy students self-assess, explore the rationales behind their self-assessments and determine whether there is a correlation between self-assessment accuracy and academic performance.Methods. A quasi-experimental one-group pre-/post-test design was conducted with third-year pharmacy students. Examiner grades, student self-assessment grades, comparative reports, and end-of-semester grades were collected. Students were categorized into tertiles based on academic performance for data analysis. Paired t tests, Pearson r and percentage agreements were conducted to investigate self-assessment accuracy. Correlational statistical tests were implemented to examine the relationships between self-assessment accuracy and academic performance.Results. One hundred sixty-two third-year pharmacy students were included. On average, students demonstrated poor self-evaluation skills and underestimated themselves by 4.9%. Lower performing students were generally overconfident in evaluating their performance. There was no significant correlation between students' self-assessment accuracy and academic performance on the subsequent end-of-semester examination questions.Conclusion. Overall, students tended to underestimate their academic performance. Further research on self-assessment is needed to better understand how students think about their performance, which may help to improve education methods, such as inclusion of reflective practices after case-based activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Abeyaratne
- Monash University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Australia
| | - To Nhu
- Monash University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Australia
| | - Daniel Malone
- Monash University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Australia
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25
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Rouy M, de Gardelle V, Reyes G, Sackur J, Vergnaud JC, Filevich E, Faivre N. Metacognitive improvement: Disentangling adaptive training from experimental confounds. J Exp Psychol Gen 2022; 151:2083-2091. [PMID: 35157481 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metacognition is defined as the capacity to monitor and control one's own cognitive processes. Recently, Carpenter and colleagues (2019) reported that metacognitive performance can be improved through adaptive training: healthy participants performed a perceptual discrimination task, and subsequently indicated confidence in their response. Metacognitive performance, defined as how much information these confidence judgments contain about the accuracy of perceptual decisions, was found to increase in a group of participants receiving monetary reward based on their confidence judgments over hundreds of trials and multiple sessions. By contrast, in a control group where only perceptual performance was incentivized, metacognitive performance remained constant across experimental sessions. We identified two possible confounds that may have led to an artificial increase in metacognitive performance, namely the absence of reward in the initial session and an inconsistency between the reward scheme and the instructions about the confidence scale. We thus conducted a preregistered conceptual replication where all sessions were rewarded and where instructions were consistent with the reward scheme. Critically, once these two confounds were corrected we found moderate evidence for an absence of metacognitive training. Our data thus suggest that previous claims about metacognitive training are premature, and calls for more research on how to train individuals to monitor their own performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jérôme Sackur
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique
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Phulpin H, Goze T, Faure K, Lysaker PH. Centrality and Decentration: A Model for Understanding Disturbances in the Relationship of the Self to the World in Psychosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:116-122. [PMID: 34570062 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A considerable body of phenomenological research has described different ways in which the relationship of the person to the world in psychosis is affected. This literature, however, has lacked an accepted unifying theoretical model and means of quantitatively measuring these disturbances. To address this, the current article seeks to integrate a novel phenomenological model of psychosis offered by Henri Grivois, which is explicitly concerned with centrality or a person's sense of being the center of all things, with empirical research on the integrative model of metacognition, which allows for measurements of decentration or the degree to which persons can form integrated ideas about their place in their larger community. It is proposed that this literature may allow for a model of how psychotherapy can address centrality through the building of intersubjectivity and enhancing metacognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Phulpin
- Service de Psychiatrie, Psychothérapies et Art-thérapie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse
| | | | - Karine Faure
- Service de Psychiatrie, Psychothérapies et Art-thérapie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse
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Atiya NAA, Huys QJM, Dolan RJ, Fleming SM. Explaining distortions in metacognition with an attractor network model of decision uncertainty. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009201. [PMID: 34310613 PMCID: PMC8341696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacognition is the ability to reflect on, and evaluate, our cognition and behaviour. Distortions in metacognition are common in mental health disorders, though the neural underpinnings of such dysfunction are unknown. One reason for this is that models of key components of metacognition, such as decision confidence, are generally specified at an algorithmic or process level. While such models can be used to relate brain function to psychopathology, they are difficult to map to a neurobiological mechanism. Here, we develop a biologically-plausible model of decision uncertainty in an attempt to bridge this gap. We first relate the model's uncertainty in perceptual decisions to standard metrics of metacognition, namely mean confidence level (bias) and the accuracy of metacognitive judgments (sensitivity). We show that dissociable shifts in metacognition are associated with isolated disturbances at higher-order levels of a circuit associated with self-monitoring, akin to neuropsychological findings that highlight the detrimental effect of prefrontal brain lesions on metacognitive performance. Notably, we are able to account for empirical confidence judgements by fitting the parameters of our biophysical model to first-order performance data, specifically choice and response times. Lastly, in a reanalysis of existing data we show that self-reported mental health symptoms relate to disturbances in an uncertainty-monitoring component of the network. By bridging a gap between a biologically-plausible model of confidence formation and observed disturbances of metacognition in mental health disorders we provide a first step towards mapping theoretical constructs of metacognition onto dynamical models of decision uncertainty. In doing so, we provide a computational framework for modelling metacognitive performance in settings where access to explicit confidence reports is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim A. A. Atiya
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin J. M. Huys
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J. Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Fleming
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Abstract
Prospective decision making considers the future consequences of actions and therefore requires agents to represent their present subjective preferences reliably across time. Here, we test the link of frontopolar theta oscillations to both metacognitive ability and prospective choice behavior. We target these oscillations with transcranial alternating current stimulation while participants make decisions between smaller-sooner and larger-later monetary rewards and rate their choice confidence after each decision. Stimulation designed to enhance frontopolar theta oscillations increases metacognitive accuracy in reports of subjective uncertainty in intertemporal decisions. Moreover, the stimulation also enhances the willingness of participants to restrict their future access to short-term gratification by strengthening the awareness of potential preference reversals. Our results suggest a mechanistic link between frontopolar theta oscillations and metacognitive knowledge about the stability of subjective value representations, providing a potential explanation for why frontopolar cortex also shields prospective decision making against future temptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius Moisa
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian C Ruff
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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da Silva Castanheira K, Fleming SM, Otto AR. Confidence in risky value-based choice. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 28:1021-1028. [PMID: 33403535 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-020-01848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Risk engenders a phenomenologically distinct experience from certainty, often driving people to behave in ostensibly irrational ways, and with potential consequences for our subjective sense of confidence in having made the best choice. While previous work on decision confidence has largely focused on ambiguous perceptual decisions or value-based choices under certainty, it is unclear how subjective confidence reports are formed during risky value-based choice (i.e. those with uncertain outcomes). Accordingly, we sought to examine the effect of risky (versus certain) choice upon confidence ratings in a calibrated economic choice task and explore the well-documented interrelationships between confidence and subjective value (SV) as well as choice response time (RT) in the context of value-based choice. By jointly analyzing choices (risky versus certain), SV of the chosen option, confidence, and RT, we found a systematic effect of risk on subjective confidence: subjective confidence reports were significantly higher when selecting a certain prospect compared with a risky one. Interestingly, risk attenuated the strength of the relationships between confidence and both RTs and difference in subjective value (ΔSV), as well as the relationship between RT and ΔSV. Taken together, these results corroborate how choice, RT, confidence and SV relate in value-based choice under risk, informing both theories of confidence and risk preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen M Fleming
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging and Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Ross Otto
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Miyamoto K, Trudel N, Kamermans K, Lim MC, Lazari A, Verhagen L, Wittmann MK, Rushworth MFS. Identification and disruption of a neural mechanism for accumulating prospective metacognitive information prior to decision-making. Neuron 2021; 109:1396-1408.e7. [PMID: 33730554 PMCID: PMC8063717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
More than one type of probability must be considered when making decisions. It is as necessary to know one's chance of performing choices correctly as it is to know the chances that desired outcomes will follow choices. We refer to these two choice contingencies as internal and external probability. Neural activity across many frontal and parietal areas reflected internal and external probabilities in a similar manner during decision-making. However, neural recording and manipulation approaches suggest that one area, the anterior lateral prefrontal cortex (alPFC), is highly specialized for making prospective, metacognitive judgments on the basis of internal probability; it is essential for knowing which decisions to tackle, given its assessment of how well they will be performed. Its activity predicted prospective metacognitive judgments, and individual variation in activity predicted individual variation in metacognitive judgments. Its disruption altered metacognitive judgments, leading participants to tackle perceptual decisions they were likely to fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Miyamoto
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, Tinsley Building, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Nadescha Trudel
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, Tinsley Building, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Kevin Kamermans
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, Tinsley Building, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Michele C Lim
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, Tinsley Building, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Alberto Lazari
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lennart Verhagen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, Tinsley Building, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Marco K Wittmann
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, Tinsley Building, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Matthew F S Rushworth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, Tinsley Building, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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Wang LC, Li X, Chung KKH. Relationships between test anxiety and metacognition in Chinese young adults with and without specific learning disabilities. Ann Dyslexia 2021; 71:103-126. [PMID: 33615418 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-021-00218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of test anxiety on academic difficulties has been investigated in typically developing students, but the mechanism underlying the influence remains unclear, especially for those with specific learning disabilities (SpLDs). This study examined the role of metacognition in the relationship between test anxiety and literacy difficulties among Chinese typically developing adolescents as well as those who have been identified as having an SpLD and significant literacy difficulties (i.e., typically functioning SpLD) and without significant literacy difficulties (i.e., high-functioning SpLD) in Taiwan. A total of 238 first-year undergraduate students were recruited from eleven universities in South Taiwan. Among 238 students, 105 were identified to have SpLDs, and 133 were typically developing students. These students were asked to complete questionnaires on demographics, test anxiety, metacognition, and literacy difficulties (i.e., reading and writing). Structural equation modeling analyses showed that test anxiety among Chinese adolescents was linked to literacy difficulties but that only high-functioning and typically functioning students with SpLDs experienced a direct effect (without mediation by other factors). For those without SpLDs, the influence of test anxiety on literacy difficulties was not direct but significantly mediated by metacognition. Various components of these students' metacognition had mediating effects on different literacy difficulties. Test anxiety might influence the reading and writing difficulties of typically developing adolescents and those with typically functioning and high-functioning SpLDs through different mechanisms. Moreover, teachers at the university level are encouraged to consider students' test anxiety and metacognition when preparing their teaching materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chih Wang
- Department of Special Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Child and Family Science, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kevin Kien Hoa Chung
- Centre for Child and Family Science, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Abstract
Metaperception is the self-monitoring and self-control of one's own perception. Perceptual confidence is the prototypical example of metaperception. Perceptual confidence refers to the ability to judge whether a perceptual decision is correct. We argue that metaperception is not limited to confidence but includes other judgments such as the estimation of familiarity and the aesthetic experience of sensory events. Perceptual confidence has recently received a surge of interests due in particular to the design of careful psychophysical experiments and powerful computational models. In psychophysics, the use of confidence ratings is the dominant methodology, but other paradigms are available, including the confidence forced choice. In this latter paradigm, participants are presented with two stimuli, make perceptual decisions about these stimuli, and then choose which decision is more likely to be correct. One benefit of confidence forced choice is that it disregards confidence biases to focus on confidence sensitivity. Confidence forced choice might also be a paradigm that will allow us to establish whether confidence is estimated serially or in parallel to the perceptual decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Mamassian
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
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Chang C, Colón-Berlingeri M, Mavis B, Laird-Fick HS, Parker C, Solomon D. Medical Student Progress Examination Performance and Its Relationship With Metacognition, Critical Thinking, and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies. Acad Med 2021; 96:278-284. [PMID: 33003039 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metacognition and critical thinking are essential for academic success. The relationship between these components and medical student learning, as assessed with progress examinations, informs curriculum development and efforts to ensure learning progression of all students. This study assessed learning mechanisms by modeling medical students' progress test performance longitudinally at Michigan State University College of Human Medicine. METHOD Medical students' (n = 184) medical knowledge was assessed 5 times from fall 2017 through spring 2019 using the Comprehensive Basic Science Examination (CBSE). Structural equation modeling was conducted to investigate associations between 3 latent structures-metacognitive awareness, critical thinking, and self-regulation-and their relationship with students' initial CBSE scores and growth in such scores. The authors measured metacognitive knowledge and regulation by the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory, critical thinking skills by the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, and self-regulation by the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory. RESULTS Students' aggregate performance on 5 CBSE scores grew 31.0% the first semester, 16.5% the second semester, 30.1% the third semester, and 22.4% the last semester. Critical thinking had a significant positive relationship with initial performance (JOURNAL/acmed/04.03/00001888-202102000-00048/inline-graphic1/v/2021-01-22T214722Z/r/image-tiff1.956, P < .001), self-regulation had a significant positive relationship with growth (JOURNAL/acmed/04.03/00001888-202102000-00048/inline-graphic2/v/2021-01-22T214722Z/r/image-tiff3.287, P < .05), and metacognitive awareness had a negative relationship with growth of student performance in the progress test (JOURNAL/acmed/04.03/00001888-202102000-00048/inline-graphic3/v/2021-01-22T214722Z/r/image-tiff-3.426, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS This structural equation framework is useful for examining the relationships among 3 latent structures-critical thinking, metacognition, and self-regulation-and their relationships with students' progress scores in academic achievement. The initial status of progress examination scores was explained by students' critical thinking ability, but their learning growth on the progress scores was explained by their self-regulation and metacognitive ability. These findings help explain student performance on standardized progress examinations and can aid in interventions to promote student success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chang
- C. Chang is assistant professor, Office of Medical Education Research and Development and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2106-2476
| | - Migdalisel Colón-Berlingeri
- M. Colón-Berlingeri is assistant professor, Department of Physiology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Brian Mavis
- B. Mavis is professor, Office of Medical Education Research and Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2145-3634
| | - Heather S Laird-Fick
- H.S. Laird-Fick is professor, Department of Medicine, and director, Office of Assessment, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9215-8152
| | - Carol Parker
- C. Parker is assistant dean, Program Evaluation and Continuous Quality Improvement, Office of Medical Education Research and Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - David Solomon
- D. Solomon is professor emeritus, Department of Medicine and Office of Medical Education Research and Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-5240
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Faivre N, Roger M, Pereira M, de Gardelle V, Vergnaud JC, Passerieux C, Roux P. Confidence in visual motion discrimination is preserved in individuals with schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E65-E73. [PMID: 33009905 PMCID: PMC7955841 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metacognition is the set of reflexive processes that allows humans to evaluate the accuracy of their mental operations. Metacognitive deficits have been described in people with schizophrenia using mostly narrative assessment, and they have been linked to several key symptoms. METHODS We assessed metacognitive performance objectively by asking people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 20) and matched healthy participants (n = 21) to perform a visual discrimination task and report their confidence in their performance. Metacognitive performance was defined as the adequacy between visual discrimination performance and confidence. RESULTS Bayesian analyses revealed equivalent metacognitive performance in the 2 groups, despite a weaker association between confidence and trajectory tracking during task execution among people with schizophrenia. We reproduced these results using an evidence accumulation model, which showed similar decisional processes in the 2 groups. LIMITATIONS These results from a relatively small study sample cannot be generalized to other perceptual and nonperceptual tasks. To meet this purpose, ecological tasks are needed. As well, the role of antipsychotic medication and design deserves greater attention in the future. CONCLUSION We found similar decisional and metacognitive capabilities between people with schizophrenia and healthy controls in a visual discrimination task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Faivre
- From the Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France (Faivre, Pereira); the Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris, France (Faivre, de Gardelle, Vergnaud); the Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, INSERM UMR1018, Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Equipe DevPsy, Villejuif, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); the Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes et d'addictologie, Le Chesnay, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); and the Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France (Passerieux, Roux)
| | - Matthieu Roger
- From the Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France (Faivre, Pereira); the Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris, France (Faivre, de Gardelle, Vergnaud); the Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, INSERM UMR1018, Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Equipe DevPsy, Villejuif, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); the Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes et d'addictologie, Le Chesnay, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); and the Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France (Passerieux, Roux)
| | - Michael Pereira
- From the Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France (Faivre, Pereira); the Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris, France (Faivre, de Gardelle, Vergnaud); the Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, INSERM UMR1018, Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Equipe DevPsy, Villejuif, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); the Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes et d'addictologie, Le Chesnay, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); and the Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France (Passerieux, Roux)
| | - Vincent de Gardelle
- From the Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France (Faivre, Pereira); the Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris, France (Faivre, de Gardelle, Vergnaud); the Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, INSERM UMR1018, Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Equipe DevPsy, Villejuif, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); the Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes et d'addictologie, Le Chesnay, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); and the Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France (Passerieux, Roux)
| | - Jean-Christophe Vergnaud
- From the Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France (Faivre, Pereira); the Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris, France (Faivre, de Gardelle, Vergnaud); the Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, INSERM UMR1018, Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Equipe DevPsy, Villejuif, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); the Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes et d'addictologie, Le Chesnay, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); and the Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France (Passerieux, Roux)
| | - Christine Passerieux
- From the Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France (Faivre, Pereira); the Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris, France (Faivre, de Gardelle, Vergnaud); the Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, INSERM UMR1018, Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Equipe DevPsy, Villejuif, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); the Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes et d'addictologie, Le Chesnay, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); and the Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France (Passerieux, Roux)
| | - Paul Roux
- From the Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France (Faivre, Pereira); the Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris, France (Faivre, de Gardelle, Vergnaud); the Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, INSERM UMR1018, Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Equipe DevPsy, Villejuif, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); the Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes et d'addictologie, Le Chesnay, France (Roger, Passerieux, Roux); and the Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France (Passerieux, Roux)
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Abstract
Self-agency, the sense that one is the author or owner of one’s behaviors, is impaired in multiple psychological and neurological disorders, including functional movement disorders, Parkinson’s Disease, alien hand syndrome, schizophrenia, and dystonia. Existing assessments of self-agency, many of which focus on agency of movement, can be prohibitively time-consuming and often yield ambiguous results. Here, we introduce a short online motion tracking task that quantifies movement agency through both first-order perceptual and second-order metacognitive judgments. The task assesses the degree to which a participant can distinguish between a motion stimulus whose trajectory is influenced by the participant’s cursor movements and a motion stimulus whose trajectory is random. We demonstrate the task’s reliability in healthy participants and discuss how its efficiency, reliability, and ease of online implementation make it a promising new tool for both diagnosing and understanding disorders of agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sivananda Rajananda
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hakwan Lau
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - J. D. Knotts
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lysaker PH, Kukla M, Leonhardt BL, Hamm JA, Schnakenberg Martin A, Zalzala AB, Gagen EC, Hasson-Ohayon I. Meaning, integration, and the self in serious mental illness: Implications of research in metacognition for psychiatric rehabilitation. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2020; 43:275-283. [PMID: 32790437 DOI: 10.1037/prj0000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been established that recovery is a common outcome for adults diagnosed with serious mental illness which involves objective and subjective phenomenon. While considerable work has examined objective aspects of recovery, it remains difficult to know how to quantify the processes which support more subjective aspects of recovery related to sense of self. This article explores the potential of recent research on metacognition to offer new avenues to measure the processes which make a sense of self available within the flow of life. METHOD Emerging definitions of metacognition using an integrative model of metacognition are reviewed. Research is presented suggesting adults diagnosed with serious mental illness are often confronted by metacognitive deficits which interfere with their ability to make sense of their psychiatric challenges and effectively direct their own recovery. FINDINGS Metacognitive capacity may be a quantifiable phenomenon which contributes to certain aspects of recovery related to meaning making, agency and self-direction. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Promoting metacognitive capacity may be a previously unrecognized active element of existing rehabilitative interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Kukla
- Indianapolis Center of Innovation, Health Services Research and Development, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | | | - Jay A Hamm
- Eskenazi Health Midtown Community Mental Health
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Hertzog C, Price J, Murray R. Age differences in item selection behaviors and subsequent memory for new foreign language vocabulary: Evidence for a region of proximal learning heuristic. Psychol Aging 2020; 35:1059-1072. [PMID: 33001664 PMCID: PMC8405126 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined younger and older adults' item selection behaviors to assess heuristics for self-regulating learning of English meanings of Chinese characters varying widely in figural complexity. Two study-test trials were used to assess whether (a) item selection behaviors on the first study opportunity would show evidence for a difficulty-based heuristic as posited by Metcalfe's (2002) region of proximal learning (RPL) theory, or alternatively, influences of habitual English-language reading order (i.e. left-to-right, top-to-bottom); (b) whether second-trial selection behaviors were better predicted by RPL or by the discrepancy reduction model (DRM; Dunlosky & Hertzog, 1998); and (c) whether Trial 1 test performance would alter Trial 2 study in a manner predicted by RPL. DRM stipulates people select any item for study at Trial 2 that was not previously recalled. RPL states that people study only items they believe they can learn, avoiding complex items above their subjective RPL. Stimuli were 36 Chinese-English vocabulary pairs randomly presented in six 2 × 3-element grids. Both habitual reading order and stimulus complexity at Trial 1 affected order of study, with participants of both age groups manifesting a preference to study less complex characters. However, older adults showed larger effects of stimulus complexity whereas younger adults had larger effects of habitual reading order. At Trial 2, older adults showed a greater tendency to avoid studying the most complex Chinese characters, consistent with RPL, which contributed to their lower rates of vocabulary acquisition. Older adults' more conservative RPLs appeared to constrain their degree of self-regulated learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodi Price
- School of Psychology, University of Alabama in Huntsville
| | - Rory Murray
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology
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Unruh-Pinheiro A, Hill MR, Weber B, Boström J, Elger CE, Mormann F. Single-Neuron Correlates of Decision Confidence in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4722-4732.e5. [PMID: 33035483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been suggested to play a role in valuation. However, little is known about its role in binary decisions and metacognition. We performed two decision-making tasks while recording from neurons in the human MTL. During a break, subjects consumed their preferred food item to satiation and subsequently repeated both tasks. We identified both a persistent and a transient modulation of the neural activity. Two independent subpopulations of neurons showed a persistent correlation of their firing rates with either decision confidence or reaction times. Importantly, the changes in confidence and reaction time between experimental sets were accompanied by a correlated change in the neural activity, and this correlation lasted as long as it was relevant for the behavioral task. Previous studies have suggested a transient modulation of the neural activity in the human MTL correlated with subjective value. However, in our study, neither subjective value nor unsigned value could explain this transient activity better than the nutritional features of the stimuli, calling into question the role of the human MTL in valuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Unruh-Pinheiro
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael R Hill
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Weber
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Boström
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian E Elger
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Mormann
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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Lopez-Morinigo JD, Ajnakina O, Martínez ASE, Escobedo-Aedo PJ, Ruiz-Ruano VG, Sánchez-Alonso S, Mata-Iturralde L, Muñoz-Lorenzo L, Ochoa S, Baca-García E, David AS. Can metacognitive interventions improve insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2289-2301. [PMID: 33050956 PMCID: PMC7610184 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720003384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) tend to lack insight, which is linked to poor outcomes. The effect size of previous treatments on insight changes in SSD has been small. Metacognitive interventions may improve insight in SSD, although this remains unproved. METHODS We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to examine the effects of metacognitive interventions designed for SSD, namely Metacognitive Training (MCT) and Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy (MERIT), on changes in cognitive and clinical insight at post-treatment and at follow-up. RESULTS Twelve RCTs, including 10 MCT RCTs (n = 717 participants) and two MERIT trials (n = 90), were selected, totalling N = 807 participants. Regarding cognitive insight six RCTs (n = 443) highlighted a medium effect of MCT on self-reflectiveness at post-treatment, d = 0.46, p < 0.01, and at follow-up, d = 0.30, p < 0.01. There was a small effect of MCT on self-certainty at post-treatment, d = -0.23, p = 0.03, but not at follow-up. MCT was superior to controls on an overall Composite Index of cognitive insight at post-treatment, d = 1.11, p < 0.01, and at follow-up, d = 0.86, p = 0.03, although we found evidence of heterogeneity. Of five MCT trials on clinical insight (n = 244 participants), which could not be meta-analysed, four of them favoured MCT compared v. control. The two MERIT trials reported conflicting results. CONCLUSIONS Metacognitive interventions, particularly Metacognitive Training, appear to improve insight in patients with SSD, especially cognitive insight shortly after treatment. Further long-term RCTs are needed to establish whether these metacognitive interventions-related insight changes are sustained over a longer time period and result in better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier-David Lopez-Morinigo
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olesya Ajnakina
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Verónica González Ruiz-Ruano
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Susana Ochoa
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Baca-García
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología, Psychology Clinical and Health, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Anthony S David
- Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK
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Hanley AW, Bernstein A, Nakamura Y, Hadash Y, Rojas J, Tennant KE, Jensen RL, Garland EL. The Metacognitive Processes of Decentering Scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions. Psychol Assess 2020; 32:956-971. [PMID: 32700920 PMCID: PMC8647764 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to decenter from internal experiences is important for mental health. Consequently, improving decentering is a common therapeutic target, particularly for mindfulness-based interventions. However, extant decentering measures are limited as they fail to directly assess all 3 metacognitive processes recently theorized to subserve decentering. We thus conducted 4 studies to develop and test the Metacognitive Processes of Decentering-Trait (MPoD-t) and State (MPoD-s) scales. Consistent with the metacognitive processes model, exploratory factor analysis (N = 355) and then bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (N = 275) indicated the MPoD-t was composed of three independent yet interrelated lower-order factors, metaawareness, (dis)identification with internal experience, and (non)reactivity to internal experience, which subserved an emergent, higher-order, decentering factor. We next found evidence of the MPoD-t's convergent validity; as well as known-groups criterion validity, wherein mindfulness practitioners reported higher MPoD-t scores than nonpractitioners. Item response theory analyses were then used to identify a subset of 3 MPoD-t items for the MPoD-s. Finally, we found evidence that the MPoD-s was sensitive to changes in state decentering following a brief mindfulness induction relative to an active control condition; and that MPoD-s changes mediated the effect of mindfulness on levels of pain and related outcomes among a sample of preoperative surgery patients (N = 82). These studies indicate the trait and state versions of the MPoD may prove useful for the study of decentering and its constituent metacognitive processes. As such, the MPoD may help advance our understanding of how the metacognitive processes of decentering support mental health and well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Hanley
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Yoshi Nakamura
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Anesthesiology Pain Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yuval Hadash
- Observing Minds Lab, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Jamie Rojas
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Eric L. Garland
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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42
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Abstract
In a world where ideas flow freely across multiple platforms, people must often rely on others' advice and opinions without an objective standard to judge whether this information is accurate. The present study explores the hypothesis that an individual's internal decision confidence can be used as a signal to learn the accuracy of others' advice, even in the absence of feedback. According to this "agreement-in-confidence" hypothesis, people can learn about an advisor's accuracy across multiple interactions according to whether the advice offered agrees with their own initial opinions, weighted by the confidence with which these initial opinions are held. We test this hypothesis using a judge-advisor system paradigm to precisely manipulate the profiles of virtual advisors in a perceptual decision-making task. We find that when advisors' and participants' judgments are independent, people can correctly learn advisors' features, like their accuracy and calibration, whether or not objective feedback is available. However, when their judgments (and thus errors) are correlated-as is the case in many real social contexts-predictable distortions in trust can be observed between feedback and feedback-free scenarios. Using agent-based simulations, we explore implications of these individual-level heuristics for network-level patterns of trust and belief formation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Yeung
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford
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43
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Capobianco L, Faija C, Husain Z, Wells A. Metacognitive beliefs and their relationship with anxiety and depression in physical illnesses: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238457. [PMID: 32911486 PMCID: PMC7500039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are common among patients with chronic physical illnesses
and have a significant impact on morbidity, quality of life, and health service
utilisation. Psychological treatment of anxiety and depression has small to
moderate efficacy in this group and is not commonly based on a model of causal
mechanisms. A novel approach to understanding and improving mental health
outcomes in physical illnesses is needed. One approach may be to explore the
role of metacognitive beliefs which are reliably associated with anxiety and
depression in individuals with mental health difficulties. The current
systematic review aimed to evaluate the contribution of metacognitive beliefs to
anxiety and depression across physical illnesses. Systematic searches were
conducted on Web of Science, PsychINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL of studies
published between 1997 and January 2019. 13 eligible studies were identified
that in sum comprised 2851 participants. Metacognitive beliefs were found to
have reliable, moderate, positive and significant associations with anxiety and
depression symptoms across a range of physical illnesses. There appeared to be
commonality and some specificity in the relationships. Negative metacognitive
beliefs concerned with uncontrollability and danger of worry were associated
with both anxiety and depression across all physical illnesses assessed, whilst
more specific associations emerged for individual medical conditions where
positive beliefs about worry, cognitive confidence and cognitive
self-consciousness were unique correlates. Negative metacognitive beliefs of
uncontrollability and danger significantly and positively predicted symptoms of
anxiety and depression after controlling for factors including age, gender,
disease factors and cognition (illness perceptions and intolerance of
uncertainty). The results suggest that the metacognitive model of psychological
disorder is applicable to psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression
across a range of chronic medical conditions, implying that metacognitive
therapy might be helpful in improving outcomes in multiple morbidities that
involve poor mental and medical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Capobianco
- Research and Innovation, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation
Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Cintia Faija
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Work, Faculty of Biology,
Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University
of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Zara Husain
- Research and Innovation, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation
Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Wells
- Research and Innovation, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation
Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Psychological
Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of
Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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44
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Nicholson T, Williams DM, Lind SE, Grainger C, Carruthers P. Linking metacognition and mindreading: Evidence from autism and dual-task investigations. J Exp Psychol Gen 2020; 150:206-220. [PMID: 32915016 PMCID: PMC7832215 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Questions of how we know our own and other minds, and whether metacognition and mindreading rely on the same processes, are longstanding in psychology and philosophy. In Experiment 1, children/adolescents with autism (who tend to show attenuated mindreading) showed significantly lower accuracy on an explicit metacognition task than neurotypical children/adolescents, but not on an allegedly metacognitive implicit one. In Experiment 2, neurotypical adults completed these tasks in a single-task condition or a dual-task condition that required concurrent completion of a secondary task that tapped mindreading. Metacognitive accuracy was significantly diminished by the dual-mindreading-task on the explicit task but not the implicit task. In Experiment 3, we included additional dual-tasks to rule out the possibility that any secondary task (regardless of whether it required mindreading) would diminish metacognitive accuracy. Finally, in both Experiments 1 and 2, metacognitive accuracy on the explicit task, but not the implicit task, was associated significantly with performance on a measure of mindreading ability. These results suggest that explicit metacognitive tasks (used frequently to measure metacognition in humans) share metarepresentational processing resources with mindreading, whereas implicit tasks (which are claimed by some comparative psychologists to measure metacognition in nonhuman animals) do not. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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45
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Mazancieux A, Fleming SM, Souchay C, Moulin CJA. Is there a G factor for metacognition? Correlations in retrospective metacognitive sensitivity across tasks. J Exp Psychol Gen 2020; 149:1788-1799. [PMID: 32191079 PMCID: PMC7397761 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Is metacognition a general resource shared across domains? Previous research has documented consistent biases in judgments across tasks. In contrast, there is debate regarding the domain generality or the domain specificity of the ability to discriminate between correct and incorrect answers (metacognitive sensitivity) because most previous work has documented nonsignificant correlations across domains. However, such null findings may be due to low statistical power and differences in task structure or performance, thereby masking a latent domain generality in metacognition. We examined across-domain correlations in confidence level and sensitivity in a large sample (N = 181). Participants performed 4 2-alternative forced-choice tasks (episodic memory, semantic memory, executive function, and visual perception) with trial-by-trial confidence judgments. We found significant correlations in average confidence level across tasks. By applying a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate cross-task covariance, we found five out 6 cross-task correlations in metacognitive efficiency (meta-d'/d') were significant, even for pairs of tasks in which first-order performance was not correlated. This suggests that at least some components of metacognitive efficiency in retrospective confidence are domain general. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen M Fleming
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging and Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing
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46
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Siri JM, Touron DR. Metacognitive predictions and strategic adaptation to distractors. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2020; 27:787-805. [PMID: 31658871 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1681356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multitasking is ubiquitous, and substantial evidence has documented the impact on cognitive performance. People do not seem to recognize their multitasking deficits, however, as there is a lack of correspondence between predicted and actualperformance. We have less clarity about how people adapt to multitasking, and howthis varies with age. Thisstudy investigated metacognitive predictions and strategic adaptation in old and young adults using concurrent laboratory tasks. The primary task was visuospatial navigation and the secondary task was visual serial addition. Participants completed each task alone, and then two blocks concurrently. The second dual task block allowed participants to adapt the speed of the navigation task. Young adults performed better than old, and performance suffered with dual tasks for both ages. Predictions were loosely calibrated to navigation performance. Both age groups adapted to multitasking via speed selection, with greater conservatism by older adults, but adapation was not related to predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Siri
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Dayna R Touron
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro, NC, USA
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47
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Abstract
Can humans be trained to make strategic use of latent representations in their own brains? We investigate how human subjects can derive reward-maximizing choices from intrinsic high-dimensional information represented stochastically in neural activity. Reward contingencies are defined in real-time by fMRI multivoxel patterns; optimal action policies thereby depend on multidimensional brain activity taking place below the threshold of consciousness, by design. We find that subjects can solve the task within two hundred trials and errors, as their reinforcement learning processes interact with metacognitive functions (quantified as the meaningfulness of their decision confidence). Computational modelling and multivariate analyses identify a frontostriatal neural mechanism by which the brain may untangle the 'curse of dimensionality': synchronization of confidence representations in prefrontal cortex with reward prediction errors in basal ganglia support exploration of latent task representations. These results may provide an alternative starting point for future investigations into unconscious learning and functions of metacognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cortese
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, ATR Institute International, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan.
| | - Hakwan Lau
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Brain Research Institute, UCLA, 695 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, 627, The Jockey Club Tower, Pok Fu Lam Rd, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, 5 Sassoon Rd, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Mitsuo Kawato
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, ATR Institute International, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, ATR Institute International, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-Gun, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan.
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48
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Pu M, Heleven E, Delplanque J, Gibert N, Ma Q, Funghi G, Van Overwalle F. The posterior cerebellum supports the explicit sequence learning linked to trait attribution. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2020; 20:798-815. [PMID: 32495270 PMCID: PMC7395039 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has indicated that the cerebellum is responsible for social judgments, such as making trait attributions. The present study investigated the function of the posterior cerebellum in supporting sequence learning linked to trait inferences about persons. We conducted a memory paradigm that required participants to learn a given temporal order of six behavioral sentences that all implied the same personality trait of the protagonist. We then asked participants to infer the trait of the person and to recall the correct order of the sentences and to rate their confidence in their trait judgments and retrieval accuracy. Two control conditions were created: a nonsocial comparison control, involving six nonsocial sentences implying a feature of an object, and a nonsocial nonsequential reading baseline condition. While learning the specific sequence of the sentences, the posterior cerebellum (Crus 2) was more activated for social trait-related sequencing than nonsocial object-related sequencing. Also, given a longer duration to learn the sequences, the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex were more activated when participants attempted to retrieve the sequences linked to social traits. In addition, confidence in retrieving the correct order of the social sequences modulated the posterior cerebellum (Crus 1) given a longer duration to learn. Our findings highlight the important function of the posterior cerebellum in supporting an active process of sequencing trait-implying actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pu
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium.
| | - Elien Heleven
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Delplanque
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Noémie Gibert
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Qianying Ma
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium
| | | | - Frank Van Overwalle
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium.
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49
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Huang C, Zhang H, Huang J, Duan C, Kim JJ, Ferrari M, Hu CS. Stronger resting-state neural oscillations associated with wiser advising from the 2nd- but not the 3rd-person perspective. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12677. [PMID: 32728108 PMCID: PMC7391636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first electroencephalogram study exploring the personal perspective effect on wise advising. Participants advised hypothetical protagonists in life dilemmas from both the 2nd- and 3rd-person perspective. Their advice for each dilemma was rated by two independent raters on wisdom criteria, i.e., metacognitive humility, metacognitive flexibility, and perspective taking. The results revealed that participants felt a significantly shorter psychological distance from protagonists when advising from the 2nd- (vs. the 3rd-) person perspective, p < 0.001. However, there was no significant effect of perspective condition on the wisdom score. Nevertheless, stronger resting-state absolute EEG powers in the frontal lobe were associated with wiser advising from the 2nd-, but not the 3rd-person perspective. Moreover, Z tests revealed that the correlations between the resting-state absolute EEG powers and wisdom scores were significantly stronger during advising from the 2nd- than the 3rd-person perspective. These results suggest that advising from the 2nd-person perspective was more self-related, and mental activities during rest contributed to advising from the 2nd- but not the 3rd-person perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Huang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuiwen Duan
- Centre for Education Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Juensung J Kim
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michel Ferrari
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chao S Hu
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
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50
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Travers E, Fairhurst MT, Deroy O. Racial bias in face perception is sensitive to instructions but not introspection. Conscious Cogn 2020; 83:102952. [PMID: 32505090 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Faces with typically African features are perceived as darker than they really are. We investigated how early in processing the bias emerges, whether participants are aware of it, and whether it can be altered by explicit instructions. We presented pairs of faces sequentially, manipulated the luminance and morphological features of each, and asked participants which was lighter, and how confident they were in their responses. In Experiment 1, pre-response mouse cursor trajectories showed that morphology affected motor output just as early as luminance did. Furthermore, participants were not slower to respond or less confident when morphological cues drove them to give a response that conflicted with the actual luminance of the faces. However, Experiment 2 showed that participants could be instructed to reduce their reliance on morphology, even at early stages of processing. All stimuli used, code to run the experiments reported, raw data, and analyses scripts and their outputs can be found at https://osf.io/brssn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Travers
- Centre for the Study of the Senses, School of Advanced Study, University of London, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK.
| | - Merle T Fairhurst
- Centre for the Study of the Senses, School of Advanced Study, University of London, UK; Munich Center for Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ophelia Deroy
- Centre for the Study of the Senses, School of Advanced Study, University of London, UK; Munich Center for Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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