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Yin X, Li X, Jiang H, Lin X, Ma Z, Chen X, Teng Q, Zhang J, Jin J. CFL1 is Implicated in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Response during Imatinib Therapy. J Cancer 2024; 15:2424-2430. [PMID: 38495482 PMCID: PMC10937266 DOI: 10.7150/jca.92202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cofilin (CFL1) is one critical member of the actin deploy family (ADF). Overexpression of CFL1 is associated with aggressive features and poor prognosis in malignancies. We evaluated the expression of CFL1 in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase (CML-CP), acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) and healthy controls. The role of CFL1 in imatinib therapy was also investigated using cell line. We found that the expression of CFL1 was lower in CML patients than that in healthy controls, and was significantly upregulated after imatinib therapy (p<0.05). CML patients with lower CFL1 achieved higher Major molecular response (MMR) rate after 6 months of imatinib therapy (p<0.05). Cofilin, P-cofilin and F-actin, especially branched F-actin were all upregulated after imatinib therapy. The lower CFL1 expression before treatment may predicts a better response to imatinib. Imatinib affects F-actin remodeling in CML patients by regulating CFL1 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Yin
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P R China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P R China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P R China
| | - Xiangjie Lin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P R China
| | - Zhixin Ma
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P R China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P R China
| | - Xiaochang Chen
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P R China
| | - Qibei Teng
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P R China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P R China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P R China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P R China
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Wu J, Yang R, Ge H, Zhu Y, Liu S. PTX3 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by regulating PKCζbreast cancer, pentraxin 3, protein kinase Cζ, proliferation, metastasis. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:124. [PMID: 38410189 PMCID: PMC10895465 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women, providing a leading cause of death from malignancy. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) are both known to exert important roles in the progression of multiple types of tumors, including BC. The present study aimed to explore both their interaction and their role in promoting the proliferation and metastasis of BC. The expression level of PTX3 was found to be elevated both in patients with BC and in BC cells; furthermore, it was found to be associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with BC. Knockdown of PTX3 decreased the rate of cell proliferation and the effects of a series of metastasis-associated cellular processes, including cell chemotaxis, migration, adhesion and invasion, as well as diminishing actin polymerization of the MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 BC cells, and decreasing tumor pulmonary metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, PTX3 and PKCζ were found to be colocalized intracellularly, and they were co-translocated to the cell membrane upon stimulation with epidermal growth factor. Following the knockdown of PTX3, both the phosphorylation and membrane translocation of PKCζ were significantly impaired, suggesting that PTX3 regulates the activation of PKCζ. Taken together, the findings of the present study have shown that PTX3 may promote the proliferation and metastasis of BC cells through regulating PKCζ activation to enhance cell migration, cell chemotaxis, cell invasion and cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Haize Ge
- Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - Shuye Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
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Sun J, He D, Fu Y, Zhang R, Guo H, Wang Z, Wang Y, Gao T, Wei Y, Guo Y, Pang Q, Liu Q. A novel lncRNA ARST represses glioma progression by inhibiting ALDOA-mediated actin cytoskeleton integrity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:187. [PMID: 34099027 PMCID: PMC8183030 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioma is one of the most aggressive malignant brain tumors that is characterized with inevitably infiltrative growth and poor prognosis. ARST is a novel lncRNA whose expression level is significantly decreased in the patients with glioblastoma multiforme. However, the exact mechanisms of ARST in gliomagenesis are largely unknown. Methods The expressions of ARST in the glioma samples and cell lines were analyzed by qRT-PCR. FISH was utilized to detect the distribution of ARST in the glioma cells. CCK-8, EdU and flow cytometry were used to examine cellular viability, proliferation and apoptosis. Transwell and wound-healing assays were performed to determine the migratory and invasive abilities of the cells. Intracranial tumorigenesis models were established to explore the roles of ARST in vivo. RNA pulldown assay was used to examine proteins that bound to ARST. The activities of key enzymes in the glycolysis and production of lactate acid were measured by colorimetry. In addition, RIP, Co-IP, western blot and immunofluorescence were used to investigate the interaction and regulation between ARST, F-actin, ALDOA and cofilin. Results In this study, we reported that ARST was downregulated in the gliomas. Overexpression of ARST in the glioma cells significantly suppressed various cellular vital abilities such as cell growth, proliferation, migration and invasion. The tumorigenic capacity of these cells in vivo was reduced as well. We further demonstrated that the tumor suppressive effects of ARST could be mediated by a direct binding to a glycolytic enzyme aldolase A (ALDOA), which together with cofilin, keeping the polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments in an orderly dynamic equilibrium. Upregulation of ARST interrupted the interaction between ALDOA and actin cytoskeleton, which led to a rapid cofilin-dependent loss of F-actin stress fibers. Conclusions Taken together, it is concluded that ARST performs its function via a non-metabolic pathway associated with ALDOA, which otherwise modifies the morphology and invasive properties of the glioma cells. This has added new perspective to its role in tumorigenesis, thus providing potential target for glioma diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01977-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojuan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Medical College, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Tai-an Municipal Hospital, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Taihong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbang Wei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuji Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Dey A, Islam SMA, Patel R, Acevedo-Duncan M. The interruption of atypical PKC signaling and Temozolomide combination therapy against glioblastoma. Cell Signal 2020; 77:109819. [PMID: 33147518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment options of glioblastoma include chemotherapy and limited surgical resection. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the current therapeutic choice for chemotherapy. Still, it has severe limitations due to the development of resistance that occurs by genetic modification and constitutive activation of several cell signaling pathways. Therefore, it is essential to develop combination therapy of TMZ with other novel compounds to prevent the development of chemo-resistance. In this study, we used two inhibitors; ICA, an inhibitor of PKC-ι and ζ-Stat, an inhibitor of PKC-ζ. T98G and U87MG glioblastoma cells were treated with either ICA or ζ-stat or TMZ monotherapies, as well as TMZ were combined with either ICA or ζ-stat for five consecutive days. Our in vitro results exhibited that ICA when combined with TMZ, significantly decreased the viability of cancerous cells compared with untreated or TMZ or ICA monotherapies. Additionally, glioblastoma cells were remarkably undergoing apoptosis against the combination treatment of TMZ and ICA nucleotide compared with untreated control cells, as suggested by our Annexin-V/PI flow cytometric analysis. Moreover, the combination of TMZ and ICA also decreased the invasion of glioblastoma cell lines by acting on FAK/Paxillin pathway, as evidenced by scratch assay, transwell invasion assay, Western blot and immunoprecipitation analysis. Furthermore, our in vivo data presented that the combination of ICA and TMZ also reduced glioblastoma tumor growth and volume in mice. These data suggest that atypical PKCs, particularly PKC-ι might be an important therapeutic target as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Dey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - S M Anisul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - Rekha Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - Mildred Acevedo-Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America.
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Zhang T, Wang Z, Liu Y, Huo Y, Liu H, Xu C, Mao R, Zhu Y, Liu L, Wei D, Liu G, Pan B, Tang Y, Zhou Z, Yang C, Guo Y. Plastin 1 drives metastasis of colorectal cancer through the IQGAP1/Rac1/ERK pathway. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2861-2871. [PMID: 32350953 PMCID: PMC7419044 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the dominant cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and it often involves dysregulation of various cytoskeletal proteins. Plastin 1 (PLS1) is an actin-bundling protein that has been implicated in the structure of intestinal epithelial microvilli; however, its role in CRC metastasis has not yet been determined. In this study, we demonstrated that PLS1 is highly expressed in 33.3% (45/135) of CRC patients and is correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. In in vitro and in vivo experiments, PLS1 induced the migration and invasion of CRC cells and the metastases to the liver and lung in mice. Moreover, the expressions of key factors for CRC metastases, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and 2, were enhanced by PLS1, which was dependent on phosphorylating ERK1/2 activated by IQGAP1/Rac1 signaling. The connection between these signals and PLS1 was further confirmed in CRC tissues of patients and the metastatic nodules from a mouse model. These findings suggest that PLS1 promotes CRC metastasis through the IQGAP1/Rac1/ERK pathway. Targeting PLS1 may provide a potential approach to inhibit the metastasis of CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxu Huo
- Life Science College of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenxin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Mao
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danfeng Wei
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guanzhi Liu
- Bone and Joint Surgery Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Biran Pan
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Life Science College of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanbiao Guo
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
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Patel R, Islam SA, Bommareddy RR, Smalley T, Acevedo-Duncan M. Simultaneous inhibition of atypical protein kinase‑C and mTOR impedes bladder cancer cell progression. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1373-1386. [PMID: 32236625 PMCID: PMC7170046 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous scientific advancements in cancer treatment, there is a need for research to combat cancer, particularly bladder cancer. Drugs once proved to be effective in treating bladder cancer have shown reduced efficacy; hence, the cancer recurrence rate is increasing. To overcome this situation, several strategies have been considered, including the development of novel active drugs or modification of existing therapeutic regimens by combining two or more existing drugs. In recent years, atypical protein kinase Cs (PKCs), phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases, have been considered as a central regulator of various cancer-associated signaling pathways, and they control cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis and metastasis. Additionally, the biologically crucial mTOR signaling pathway is altered in numerous types of cancer, including bladder cancer. Furthermore, despite independent activation, atypical PKC signaling can be triggered by mTOR. The present study examined whether the concurrent inhibition of atypical PKCs and mTOR using a combination of novel atypical PKC inhibitors (ICA-I, an inhibitor of PKC-ι; or ζ-Stat, an inhibitor of PKC-ζ) and rapamycin blocks bladder cancer progression. In the present study, healthy bladder MC-SV-HUCT2 and bladder cancer TCCSUP cells were tested and subjected to a WST1 assay, western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation, a scratch wound healing assay, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analyses. The results revealed that the combination therapy induced a reduction in human bladder cancer cell viability compared with control and individual atypical PKC inhibitor and rapamycin treatment. Additionally, the concurrent inhibition of atypical PKCs and mTOR retards the migration of bladder cancer cells. These findings indicated that the administration of atypical PKC inhibitors together with rapamycin could be a useful therapeutic option in treating bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Sm Anisul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Tracess Smalley
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Smalley T, Metcalf R, Patel R, Islam SMA, Bommareddy RR, Acevedo-Duncan M. The Atypical Protein Kinase C Small Molecule Inhibitor ζ-Stat, and Its Effects on Invasion Through Decreases in PKC-ζ Protein Expression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:209. [PMID: 32175276 PMCID: PMC7056911 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is estimated to reach 22,530 diagnoses and cause 13,980 cancer deaths per year. The most common histology diagnosed of ovarian cancer is epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOC). An aggressive epithelial subtype is clear cell ovarian carcinoma (CCOC) and is characterized as a non-serous ovarian cancer. Protein kinase C (PKC) is an enzymatic family of proteins that have been found to be a component in cancer progression, tissue invasion, and metastasis. The atypical PKC (aPKC) isoforms, PKC-ι and PKC-ζ, have been suggested to participate in the increased proliferation of ovarian cancers. Previous studies have indicated that novel aPKC inhibitors ICA-1S and ζ-Stat decreased the migratory behaviors of colorectal cancer cells and were selective for PKC-ι/λ and PKC-ζ, respectively. The aims of this investigation were to further determine the binding mechanisms of ζ-Stat, expand on the tissue range of these compounds, investigate the therapeutic potential of ζ-Stat in CCOC, and to illustrate the disruption of invasion via the PKC-ζ signaling cascade. The methods utilized were molecular docking and virtual target screening, Western blot analysis, end-point PCR, GST pull down, cell viability and invasion and migration assays. We discovered that the small molecule inhibitor, ζ-Stat, is a prospective drug candidate to investigate as a novel potential treatment for CCOC. We also found that the PKC-ζ/Ect2/Rac1 activation pathway was decreased by ζ-Stat, which in turn decreased invasive behavior of CCOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracess Smalley
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Rainer Metcalf
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Rekha Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - S M Anisul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Atypical Protein Kinase-C inhibitors exhibit a synergistic effect in facilitating DNA damaging effect of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121:109665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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