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Persson J, Ford S, Keophoxay A, Mertz O, Nielsen JØ, Vongvisouk T, Zörner M. Large Differences in Livelihood Responses and Outcomes to Increased Conservation Enforcement in a Protected Area. HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2021; 49:597-616. [PMID: 34642533 PMCID: PMC8496435 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-021-00267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite the popularity of integrated conservation and development approaches to protected area management, adjacent communities increasingly face livelihood dilemmas. Yet understanding of how market processes and conservation enforcement interact to influence livelihood responses remains limited. Targeting eight villages in Nam Et-Phou Louey (NEPL) National Park in northern Lao PDR, we draw on survey data with 255 households, 93 semi-structured interviews, and meso-level data on village conditions to examine how residents navigate associated livelihood dilemmas. A cluster analysis reveals five livelihood types with divergent capacities to engage in market development and cope with enforcement pressures. We show how market linkages, historical conservation interventions, and local access conditions shape livelihoods and differences between villages. Our approach yields a nuanced picture of how global conservation efforts result in an uneven distribution of costs and benefits at local scales. Conservation measures must account for highly divergent capacities to cope with access loss and diversify livelihoods. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10745-021-00267-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Persson
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Scott Ford
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ole Mertz
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Østergaard Nielsen
- Department of Geography and IRI THESys, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Quartier Stadtmitte Friedrichstraße 191, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thoumthone Vongvisouk
- Faculty of Forest Sciences, National University of Laos, Dongdok, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Michael Zörner
- Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Ostenstraße 26, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany
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Harmsen H, Mbau JS, Muthama JN, Wang'ondu VW. Comparing law enforcement monitoring data and research data suggests an underestimation of bushmeat poaching through snaring in a Kenyan World Heritage Site. Afr J Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henk Harmsen
- Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya
| | - Judith Syombua Mbau
- Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya
| | - John Nzioka Muthama
- Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya
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A Systematic Review of Drivers and Constraints on Agricultural Expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of agricultural expansion, their drivers, and interactions is critical for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem-services provision, and the future sustainability of agricultural development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is limited understanding of the drivers of agricultural expansion. A systematic review of the drivers of agricultural expansion was conducted from 1970 to 2020 using Web of Science, Elsevier Scopus and Google Scholar. Two researchers reviewed the papers separately based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fifteen papers were included in the final systematic review. The paper proposed expansion pathways in a conceptual framework and identified proximate and underlying drivers. Population dynamics and government policies were found to be key underlying drivers of agricultural expansion. The proximate drivers include economic opportunities such as agriculture mechanisation and cash crops production, and more troubling trends such as soil fertility decline and climate change and variability. This paper further explores the constraints that have been found to slow down agricultural expansion, including strong land institutions and good governance.
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Schleicher J, Peres CA, Leader‐Williams N. Conservation performance of tropical protected areas: How important is management? Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos A. Peres
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
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Nolte C, Meyer SR, Sims KRE, Thompson JR. Voluntary, permanent land protection reduces forest loss and development in a rural‐urban landscape. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nolte
- Department of Earth and EnvironmentBoston University Boston Massachusetts
| | | | - Katharine R. E. Sims
- Department of Economics and Department of Environmental StudiesAmherst College Amherst Massachusetts
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Jamila Haider L, Neusel B, Peterson GD, Schlüter M. Past management affects success of current joint forestry management institutions in Tajikistan. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2019; 21:2183-2224. [PMID: 32684800 PMCID: PMC7357724 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-018-0132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the Pamir Mountains of Eastern Tajikistan, the clearance of mountain forests to provide fuelwood for an increasing population is a major source of environmental degradation. International development organisations have implemented joint forestry management institutions to help restore once-forested mountainous regions, but the success of these institutions has been highly variable. This study uses a multi-method approach, drawing on institutional analysis supported by Elinor Ostrom's design principles and social-ecological system framework in combination with resilience thinking to help understand why some communities in Tajikistan manage their forests more sustainably than others. The application of the design principles provided helpful guidance for practitioners implementing joint forestry management. The social-ecological system analysis revealed both 'history of use' and 'tenant density' as positively associated with forest condition. However, we also identify limitations of snapshot social-ecological assessments. In particular, we illustrate the critical importance of considering historical legacy effects, such as externally imposed centralised governance regimes (that characterise many post-Soviet states) in attempts to understand current management practices. Our work shows how a more nuanced understanding of institutional change and inertia can be achieved by adopting a resilience approach to institutional analysis, focusing on the importance of reorganisation. Lessons learned from our analysis should be widely applicable to common pool resource management in other semi-arid forested landscapes as well as in regions with a strong centralised governance legacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Jamila Haider
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Neusel
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusamenarbeit (GIZ), GIZ Office Tanzania, 65 Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Garry D. Peterson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Schlüter
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Decreasing Deforestation in the Southern Brazilian Amazon—The Role of Administrative Sanctions in Mato Grosso State. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cawthorn DM, Hoffman LC. The bushmeat and food security nexus: A global account of the contributions, conundrums and ethical collisions. Food Res Int 2015. [PMCID: PMC7126303 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Post-crackdown effectiveness of field-based forest law enforcement in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121544. [PMID: 25875656 PMCID: PMC4398318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory enforcement of forest conservation laws is often dismissed as an ineffective approach to reducing tropical forest loss. Yet, effective enforcement is often a precondition for alternative conservation measures, such as payments for environmental services, to achieve desired outcomes. Fair and efficient policies to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) will thus crucially depend on understanding the determinants and requirements of enforcement effectiveness. Among potential REDD candidate countries, Brazil is considered to possess the most advanced deforestation monitoring and enforcement infrastructure. This study explores a unique dataset of over 15 thousand point coordinates of enforcement missions in the Brazilian Amazon during 2009 and 2010, after major reductions of deforestation in the region. We study whether local deforestation patterns have been affected by field-based enforcement and to what extent these effects vary across administrative boundaries. Spatial matching and regression techniques are applied at different spatial resolutions. We find that field-based enforcement operations have not been universally effective in deterring deforestation during our observation period. Inspections have been most effective in reducing large-scale deforestation in the states of Mato Grosso and Pará, where average conservation effects were 4.0 and 9.9 hectares per inspection, respectively. Despite regional and actor-specific heterogeneity in inspection effectiveness, field-based law enforcement is highly cost-effective on average and might be enhanced by closer collaboration between national and state-level authorities.
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Arias A. Understanding and managing compliance in the nature conservation context. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 153:134-143. [PMID: 25697900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nature conservation relies largely on peoples' rule adherence. However, noncompliance in the conservation context is common: it is one of the largest illegal activities in the world, degrading societies, economies and the environment. Understanding and managing compliance is key for ensuring effective conservation, nevertheless crucial concepts and tools are scattered in a wide array of literature. Here I review and integrate these concepts and tools in an effort to guide compliance management in the conservation context. First, I address the understanding of compliance by breaking it down into five key questions: who?, what?, when?, where? and why?. A special focus is given to 'why?' because the answer to this question explains the reasons for compliance and noncompliance, providing critical information for management interventions. Second, I review compliance management strategies, from voluntary compliance to coerced compliance. Finally, I suggest a system, initially proposed for tax compliance, to balance these multiple compliance management strategies. This paper differs from others by providing a broad yet practical scope on theory and tools for understanding and managing compliance in the nature conservation context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Arias
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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Identifying challenges to enforcement in protected areas: empirical insights from 15 Colombian parks. ORYX 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605314000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractProtected areas are intended to conserve biodiversity by restricting human activities within their boundaries. However, such restrictions are difficult to enforce fully in many tropical parks. Improving regulatory enforcement requires an understanding of prevailing challenges to detection and sanctioning activities. Drawing from empirical field research in 15 Colombian parks, I show that current enforcement efforts may be insufficient to deter most priority threats. For long-term infractions, such as agriculture, livestock grazing, and construction, sanctioning violators is challenging, whereas for furtive infractions, such as logging and hunting, it may be difficult to detect violators. Investment in staff, equipment and infrastructure may fail to increase enforcement capacity and yield positive conservation outcomes unless accompanied by resolution of land tenure, clarification of use rights, improved patrolling strategies and protection of park guards.
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Parry L, Barlow J, Pereira H. Wildlife Harvest and Consumption in Amazonia's Urbanized Wilderness. Conserv Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Parry
- Lancaster Environment Centre; Lancaster University; Lancaster LA1 4YQ UK
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG); Avenida Perimetral 1901, Bairro Terra Firme 66077-530 Belém Pará Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre; Lancaster University; Lancaster LA1 4YQ UK
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG); Avenida Perimetral 1901, Bairro Terra Firme 66077-530 Belém Pará Brazil
| | - Heloisa Pereira
- Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP); CEP 13083-896 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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Optimizing enforcement and compliance in offshore marine protected areas: a case study from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. ORYX 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605314000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIllegal exploitation of resources is a cause of environmental degradation worldwide. The effectiveness of conservation initiatives such as marine protected areas relies on users' compliance with regulations. Although compliance can be motivated by social norms (e.g. peer pressure and legitimacy), some enforcement is commonly necessary. Enforcement is expensive, particularly in areas far from land, but costs can be reduced by optimizing enforcement. We present a case study of how enforcement could be optimized at Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica, an offshore protected area and World Heritage Site. By analysing patrol records we determined the spatial and temporal distribution of illegal fishing and its relationship to patrol effort. Illegal fishing was concentrated on a seamount within the Park and peaked during the third year-quarter, probably as a result of oceanographic conditions. The lunar cycle in conjunction with the time of year significantly influenced the occurrence of incursions. The predictability of illegal fishing in space and time facilitates the optimization of patrol effort. Repeat offenders are common in the Park and we suggest that unenforced regulations and weak governance are partly to blame. We provide recommendations for efficient distribution of patrol effort in space and time, establishing adequate governance and policy, and designing marine protected areas to improve compliance. Our methods and recommendations are applicable to other protected areas and managed natural resources.
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Nolte C, Agrawal A, Silvius KM, Soares-Filho BS. Governance regime and location influence avoided deforestation success of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4956-61. [PMID: 23479648 PMCID: PMC3612687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214786110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected areas in tropical countries are managed under different governance regimes, the relative effectiveness of which in avoiding deforestation has been the subject of recent debates. Participants in these debates answer appeals for more strict protection with the argument that sustainable use areas and indigenous lands can balance deforestation pressures by leveraging local support to create and enforce protective regulations. Which protection strategy is more effective can also depend on (i) the level of deforestation pressures to which an area is exposed and (ii) the intensity of government enforcement. We examine this relationship empirically, using data from 292 protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. We show that, for any given level of deforestation pressure, strictly protected areas consistently avoided more deforestation than sustainable use areas. Indigenous lands were particularly effective at avoiding deforestation in locations with high deforestation pressure. Findings were stable across two time periods featuring major shifts in the intensity of government enforcement. We also observed shifting trends in the location of protected areas, documenting that between 2000 and 2005 strictly protected areas were more likely to be established in high-pressure locations than in sustainable use areas and indigenous lands. Our findings confirm that all protection regimes helped reduce deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nolte
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Managing Tropical Forest Ecosystem Services: An Overview of Options. STUDIES IN ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5176-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Keane A, Jones JPG, Milner-Gulland EJ. Encounter data in resource management and ecology: pitfalls and possibilities. J Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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