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Chen X, Abdallah MF, Landschoot S, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Chen X, Rajkovic A. Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides and Their Main Mycotoxins: Global Distribution and Scenarios of Interactions in Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:577. [PMID: 37756003 PMCID: PMC10534665 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is frequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins, especially those produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. As mycotoxin contamination is a critical factor that destabilizes global food safety, the current review provides an updated overview of the (co-)occurrence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides and (co-)contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize. Furthermore, it summarizes their interactions in maize. The gathered data predict the (co-)occurrence and virulence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides would increase worldwide, especially in European cold climate countries. Studies on the interaction of both fungi regarding their growth mainly showed antagonistic interactions in vitro or in planta conditions. However, the (co-)contamination of AFB1 and FB1 has risen worldwide in the last decade. Primarily, this co-contamination increased by 32% in Europe (2010-2020 vs. 1992-2009). This implies that fungi and mycotoxins would severely threaten European-grown maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
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Zhao J, Cheng T, Xu W, Han X, Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang C, Fanning S, Li F. Natural co-occurrence of multi-mycotoxins in unprocessed wheat grains from China. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Iqbal SZ, Rehman B, Selamat J, Akram N, Ahmad MN, Sanny M, Sukor R, Samsudin NI. Assessment of Fumonisin B1 Concentrations in Wheat and Barley Products in the Punjab Region of Pakistan. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1284-1288. [PMID: 32678886 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A total of 133 samples of whole wheat and barley grains and wheat and barley flour collected from retail markets in the main cities of Punjab, Pakistan, were analyzed for the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Of these samples, 120 (90%) were positive for FB1, and 75 (63%) of the 120 positive samples had FB1 concentrations higher than the European Union maximum (200 μg/kg). The limit of detection was 4 μg/kg. The highest mean (±SD) concentration of FB1 was found in whole wheat samples, 980.5 ± 211.4 μg/kg. The calculated dietary intakes of FB1 from wheat and barley flours were 4,456 and 503.7 ng/g of body weight per day, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Baber Rehman
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mirza Nadeem Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maimuniah Sanny
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashidah Sukor
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Samsudin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Tumukunde E, Ma G, Li D, Yuan J, Qin L, Wang S. Current research and prevention of aflatoxins in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1960s, aflatoxins were found to have a considerable impact on the health of humans and animals as well as the country’s economy and international trade. Aflatoxins are often found in nuts, cereals and animal feeds, which has a significant danger to the food industry. Over the years, several steps have been undertaken worldwide to minimise their contamination in crops and their exposure to humans and animals. China is one of the largest exporters and importers of food and animal feed. As a result, many studies have been carried out in China related to aflatoxins, including their distribution, pollution, detection methods, monitoring, testing and managing. Chinese scientists studied aflatoxins in microbiological, toxicological, ecological effects as well as policies relating to their controlling. China has thus put into practice a number of strategies aiming at the prevention and control of aflatoxins in order to protect consumers and ensure a safe trade of food and feed, and the status and enlargement of these strategies are very important and useful for many consumers and stakeholders in China. Therefore, this article aims at the detriment assessments, regulations, distribution, detection methods, prevention and control of aflatoxins in China. It equally provides useful information about the recent safety management systems in place to fight the contamination of aflatoxins in food and feed in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Tumukunde
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - G. Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - D. Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - J. Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - L. Qin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - S. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
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Yang X, Gao J, Liu Q, Yang D. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in maize and maize-derived food in China and estimation of dietary intake. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2019; 12:124-134. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1570976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Dajin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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Cendoya E, Nichea MJ, Monge MP, Sulyok M, Chiacchiera SM, Ramirez ML. Fumonisin occurrence in wheat-based products from Argentina. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 12:31-37. [PMID: 30280644 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1520308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In Argentina, wheat is the most consumed cereal by the human population. Since fumonisins occurence in wheat grains and wheat-based products have been reported worldwide, a survey was conducted in order to determine fumonisin contamination in 91 wheat-based products (white wheat flour samples, wheat flour used at bakery products and whole-wheat flour samples) collected from different retail stores of Rio Cuarto city in Argentina using HPLC-MS/MS. Sixty-seven samples (74%) showed contamination by fumonisins. From these samples, 16 showed fumonisin levels between LOD and LOQ (between 0.01 to 0.05 ng/g), while fumonisins (FB1 + FB2) in quantifiable samples ranged from 0.05 ng/g to 18.9 ng/g. Although FB1 was more prevalent, FB2 was foun3d in higher levels than FB1. Overall, fumonisin prevalence was high, but concentrations were far below EU or USA limits set for maize and maize-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - Maria J Nichea
- a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - María P Monge
- b Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - Michael Sulyok
- c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Departament for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, (BOKU) , Vienna, Tulln , Austria
| | - Stella M Chiacchiera
- b Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - María L Ramirez
- a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
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Cendoya E, Chiotta ML, Zachetti V, Chulze SN, Ramirez ML. Fumonisins and fumonisin-producing Fusarium occurrence in wheat and wheat by products: A review. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cendoya E, Monge MDP, Chiacchiera SM, Farnochi MC, Ramirez ML. Influence of water activity and temperature on growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum strains on irradiated wheat grains. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:158-166. [PMID: 29216556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is the most important cereal consumed by the Argentine population. In previous studies performed in durum and common wheat grains in this country it has been observed fumonisin contamination as well as high incidence of Fusarium proliferatum. Fumonisins are toxic fungal metabolites, and consumption of fumonisin-contaminated maize has been epidemiologically associated with oesophageal cancer and neural tube defects in some human populations. Using irradiated wheat-grains, the effects of abiotic factors, temperature (15, 25, and 30°C) and water activity (aW; 0.995, 0.98, 0.96, 0.94, 0.92, and 0.88), on mycelial growth and fumonisin biosynthesis were compared for three F. proliferatum strains isolated from wheat grains in Argentina. Although all isolates showed similar profiles of growth, the fumonisin production profiles were slightly different. Maximum growth rates were obtained at the highest aW (0.995) and 25°C, with growth decreasing as the aW of the medium was reduced. Maximum amounts of total fumonisins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) were produced at 0.995 aW and 15°C for 2 strains, and at 25°C and 0.995 aW for the third one. Fumonisins concentrations varied considerably depending on the aW and temperature interactions assayed. Studied strains showed different fumonisin production profiles. Two-dimensional profiles of aW by temperature interactions were developed from these data to identify areas where conditions indicate a significant risk of fumonisins accumulation on wheat. As a result, temperature and aW conditions that resulted in fumonisins production are those found during wheat grain development (especially milk and dough stages) in the field. This is the first study made using irradiated wheat grains and provides useful baseline data on conditions representing a low or a high risk for fumonisins contamination of wheat grains which is of concern because this cereal is destined mainly for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Del Pilar Monge
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Stella Maris Chiacchiera
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Farnochi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Zhao Y, Wang Q, Huang J, Ma L, Chen Z, Wang F. Aflatoxin B 1 and sterigmatocystin in wheat and wheat products from supermarkets in China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 11:9-14. [PMID: 29046130 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1388295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is an important cereal but it is often contaminated with mycotoxins. The natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and sterigmatocystin (STC) was determined in 178 food samples (32 wheat samples and 146 wheat products) purchased from Chinese supermarkets. The methodology was validated, the wheat and wheat products samples were treated with a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). From these samples 18.8% of wheat and 8.2% of cracker samples were contaminated with AFB1. Mean levels were 0.06 µg/kg and 0.05µg/kg, respectively. There was no AFB1 contamination in white bread or whole meal bread. Meanwhile 53.1% of wheat, 59.2% of crackers, 20.8% of white bread and 16% of whole meal bread samples were contaminated with STC. The mean levels were 0.07, 0.79, 0.12 and 0.12 µg/kg respectively. Although the levels were low, this demonstrates the need for more comprehensive surveys for these two mycotoxins in wheat and wheat products from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Zhao
- a Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,b College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China.,c Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China.,d Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou) , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qiongshan Wang
- e Department of Biotechnology , Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jianxiang Huang
- a Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China.,d Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou) , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Liyan Ma
- b College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- a Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China.,d Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou) , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Fuhua Wang
- a Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China.,d Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou) , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
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Silva BA, Rosa R, Silva JR, Savi GD, Scussel VM. Natural occurrence of fumonisins and characteristics of pamonhas sweet type from Southern Brazil. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 10:222-227. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1323802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna A. Silva
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Rosa
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Juliana R. Silva
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Geovana D. Savi
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Vildes M. Scussel
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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Liu Y, Jiang Y, Li R, Pang M, Liu Y, Dong J. Natural occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in maize from eight provinces of China in 2014. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 10:113-117. [PMID: 28110624 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1280541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 249 maize kernel samples from 8 maize-producing provinces of China were collected after the harvest season in 2014. All samples were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The incidences of FBs (FB1 + FB2) from Guizhou, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Chongqing, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, and Henan provinces were 71.4%, 73.8%, 28.0%, 52.6%, 85.0%, 87.5%, 38.1%, and 100.0%, respectively. The average concentration of FBs was 817 µg kg-1 and the concentrations ranged from <6 to 15,252 µg kg-1. Among the 249 maize kernel samples, 28 samples exhibited higher levels as set by the Food and Drug Administration (2000 µg kg-1), whereas 12 samples exhibited higher levels as set by the European Commission (4000 µg kg-1). The average exposure to FBs (0.12 µg kg-1 body weight/day) is within the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2.0 µg kg-1 body weight as set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Liu
- a College of Plant Protection , Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding , China.,b Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory , Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding , China
| | - Yan Jiang
- a College of Plant Protection , Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding , China.,b Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory , Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding , China
| | - Renjie Li
- a College of Plant Protection , Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding , China.,b Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory , Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding , China
| | - Minhao Pang
- a College of Plant Protection , Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding , China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- a College of Plant Protection , Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding , China.,b Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory , Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding , China
| | - Jingao Dong
- b Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory , Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding , China
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Liu Y, Lu Y, Wang L, Chang F, Yang L. Survey of 11 mycotoxins in wheat flour in Hebei province, China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015. [PMID: 26208664 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1074291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A survey of 11 mycotoxins in 348 wheat flour samples marketed in Hebei province of China were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, was carried out. The selected mycotoxins consisted of four aflatoxins (AFs: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) and seven Fusarium toxins, i.e. deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone, Fusarenon-X and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside. Results indicated that most of the wheat samples analysed were contaminated with mycotoxins. Wheat was most susceptible to DON (91.4% contamination), with a mean level of 240 μg kg(-1). On average the probable daily intake (PDI, expressed as µg kg(-1) body weight day(-1)) of mycotoxins was within the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI, 2.0 µg kg(-1) of body weight day(-1)) as set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Nevertheless, exposure assessment revealed that the maximum PDI of mycotoxins was 4.06 µg kg(-1) body weight day(-1), which was twice the PMTDI value. Thus, consistent monitoring is recommended, as to keep the contamination level under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Liu
- a Institute of Physical and Chemical Inspection, Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Yang Lu
- a Institute of Physical and Chemical Inspection, Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Liying Wang
- a Institute of Physical and Chemical Inspection, Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Fengqi Chang
- a Institute of Physical and Chemical Inspection, Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Lixin Yang
- a Institute of Physical and Chemical Inspection, Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shijiazhuang , PR China.,b College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , China
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Li F, Jiang D, Zheng F, Chen J, Li W. Fumonisins B1, B2and B3in corn products, wheat flour and corn oil marketed in Shandong province of China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015; 8:169-74. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1028480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li R, Tao B, Pang M, Liu Y, Dong J. Natural occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in maize from three main maize-producing provinces in China. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Li R, Guo C, Zhang Q, Pang M, Liu Y, Dong J. Fumonisins B1and B2in maize harvested in Hebei province, China, during 2011–2013. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2014; 8:1-6. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2014.940401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Scussel VM, Savi GD, Costas LLF, Xavier JJM, Manfio D, Bittencourt KO, Aguiar K, Stein SM. Fumonisins in corn (Zea mays L.) from Southern Brazil. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2014; 7:151-5. [PMID: 24914602 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.862745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A total of 232 samples of corn commercialised in Santa Catarina state, Southern Brazil (temperate zone climate), were evaluated from 2007 to 2012 for fumonisins (FBs: FB1 and FB2). Before performing this study, a FBs method with liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection (ex. 335; em. 440 nm) was validated first. FBs were detected in 46.6% (108 samples), with values ranging from 66 to 7832 µg kg(-1) for FB1 and 110 to 1201 µg kg(-1) for FB2. The number of contaminated corn samples for FB1 and FB2 varied and often presented contamination of FB1 only. Per year of analysis, the numbers were: n = 22/8(FB1/FB2), 44/5(FB1/FB2), 25/12(FB1/FB2), 4(FB1), 6(FB1) and 7(FB1) in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. The contamination percentage was 42.3/15.4, 59.5/6.8, 43.8/21.1, 36.4, 35.3 and 33.3%, respectively, during these years. Consumers can be exposed to these mycotoxins and their health can be at risk through the consumption of contaminated corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildes M Scussel
- a Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
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