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Iwase CHT, Piacentini KC, Silva NCC, Rebellato AP, Rocha LO. Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in Brazilian barley destined for brewing. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:86-92. [PMID: 36625024 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2151046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Barley is an important cereal worldwide. However, fungal contamination during pre and postharvest is a recurrent problem for barley production, causing a direct impact on the quality of the grains and their by-products due to spoilage and mycotoxin accumulation. The Fusarium graminearum species complex is the main contaminant during preharvest and some species can produce deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, important mycotoxins that represent a risk to human and animal health. This study evaluated the fungal diversity and the levels of DON and ZEN in barley grains produced in Brazil. The results showed high frequency (60%) of Fusariumcontamination in barley grains. Additionally, mycotoxin levels ranged from 46 to 2074 µg/kg for DON and from 74 to 556 µg/kg for ZEN. Co-occurrence of DON and ZEN was observed in 40% of the samples and 30% of barley samples had DON and ZEN levels higher than the maximum levels established by Brazilian and European legislations. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio H T Iwase
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Karim C Piacentini
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália C C Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Rebellato
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Liliana O Rocha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Gagiu V, Mateescu E, Belc N, Oprea OA, Pîrvu GP. Assessment of Fusarium-Damaged Kernels in Common Wheat in Romania in the Years 2015 and 2016 with Extreme Weather Events. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:326. [PMID: 35622573 PMCID: PMC9145446 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This article assesses the occurrence of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDKs) in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) under the influence of environmental factors and extreme weather events in Romania (exceptionally high air temperatures and extreme pedological drought produced by a dipole block in summer 2015, and extreme precipitation and floods produced by an omega block in spring 2016). Wheat samples (N = 272) were analyzed for FDKs via visual estimation and manual weighing according to ISO 7970 and are statistically evaluated using SPSS. The dipole block in 2015 reduced the effects of environmental factors to non-significant correlations with FDKs, while the omega block in 2016 was non-significantly to very significantly correlated with FDKs in the northwestern and western regions. The occurrence of FDKs was favored for wheat cultivation in acidic soils and inhibited in alkaline soils. Wheat samples with FDKs ≥ 1% were sampled from crops grown in river meadows with high and very high risks of flooding. Knowing the contaminants' geographical and spatial distributions under the influence of regular and extreme weather events is important for establishing measures to mitigate the effects of climate change and to ensure human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gagiu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
| | - Elena Mateescu
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.-A.O.)
| | - Nastasia Belc
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
| | - Oana-Alexandra Oprea
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.-A.O.)
| | - Gina-Pușa Pîrvu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
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van den Brand AD, Bajard L, Steffensen IL, Brantsæter AL, Dirven HAAM, Louisse J, Peijnenburg A, Ndaw S, Mantovani A, De Santis B, Mengelers MJB. Providing Biological Plausibility for Exposure-Health Relationships for the Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Fumonisin B1 (FB1) in Humans Using the AOP Framework. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:279. [PMID: 35448888 PMCID: PMC9030459 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are chronically exposed to the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1), as indicated by their widespread presence in foods and occasional exposure in the workplace. This exposure is confirmed by human biomonitoring (HBM) studies on (metabolites of) these mycotoxins in human matrices. We evaluated the exposure-health relationship of the mycotoxins in humans by reviewing the available literature. Since human studies did not allow the identification of unequivocal chronic health effects upon exposure to DON and FB1, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework was used to structure additional mechanistic evidence from in vitro and animal studies on the identified adverse effects. In addition to a preliminary AOP for DON resulting in the adverse outcome (AO) 'reduced body weight gain', we developed a more elaborated AOP for FB1, from the molecular initiating event (MIE) 'inhibition of ceramide synthases' leading to the AO 'neural tube defects'. The mechanistic evidence from AOPs can be used to support the limited evidence from human studies, to focus FB1- and DON-related research in humans to identify related early biomarkers of effect. In order to establish additional human exposure-health relationships in the future, recommendations are given to maximize the information that can be obtained from HBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lola Bajard
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Inger-Lise Steffensen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), 0213 Oslo, Norway; (I.-L.S.); (A.L.B.); (H.A.A.M.D.)
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), 0213 Oslo, Norway; (I.-L.S.); (A.L.B.); (H.A.A.M.D.)
| | - Hubert A. A. M. Dirven
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), 0213 Oslo, Norway; (I.-L.S.); (A.L.B.); (H.A.A.M.D.)
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Sophie Ndaw
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France;
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (B.D.S.)
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (B.D.S.)
| | - Marcel J. B. Mengelers
- Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
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Gomes AL, de Godoy SH, de Castro Burbarelli MF, Chaguri MP, de Sousa RL, Fernandes AM. Fish feed mycobiota and aflatoxins in round fish tissues. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1391-1396. [PMID: 34370875 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Round fish is one of the most consumed fish in Brazil. Farmed fish feed is based mainly on grains, which are susceptible to contamination by mold and mycotoxins. Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. are the major mycotoxins producers. The presence of potentially toxigenic fungi in the diet is a concern due to the possibility of cumulative toxins in fish tissues, becoming a risk to food safety. This study aims to assess the mycobiota of fish feed and the occurrence of aflatoxin residues in round fish tissues. Feed and fish samples were collected from fish farming and fish pay properties. Feed was submitted to mold counting and mold identification. The round fish liver and muscle were submitted to the detection and quantification of aflatoxins B1 , B2 , G1 and G2 by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS In evaluated feed, mold counts in the samples ranged from 2.0 to 4.7 log colony forming units g-1 and the major genera found were Penicillium (61.5%) and Aspergillus (34.6). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) was detected in 70% liver samples and 43.3% muscle samples, at levels up to 5.70 and 1.13 μg kg-1 , respectively. CONCLUSION It is concluded that, although the levels were lower than those recommended by Brazilian legislation, round fish are being exposed to diets naturally contaminated by aflatoxins and are susceptible to toxins accumulation in tissues. Therefore, regulations regarding feed should consider limits for mold and aflatoxin contamination in fish edible tissues should be monitored in order to ensure consumers' safety. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Gomes
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - FZEA/USP, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Silvia Hs de Godoy
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - FZEA/USP, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | - Milena P Chaguri
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - FZEA/USP, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lm de Sousa
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - FZEA/USP, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Andrezza M Fernandes
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - FZEA/USP, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Gagiu V, Mateescu E, Dobre AA, Smeu I, Cucu ME, Oprea OA, Alexandru D, Iorga E, Belc N. Deoxynivalenol Occurrence in Triticale Crops in Romania during the 2012-2014 Period with Extreme Weather Events. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070456. [PMID: 34210066 PMCID: PMC8310060 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to evaluate deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale crops in Romania in years with extreme weather events (2012: Siberian anticyclone with cold waves and heavy snowfall; 2013 and 2014: “Vb” cyclones with heavy precipitation and floods in spring). The deoxynivalenol level in triticale samples (N = 236) was quantified by ELISA. In Romania, the extreme weather events favoured deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale in Transylvania and the Southern Hilly Area (44–47° N, 22–25° E) with a humid/balanced-humid temperate continental climate, luvisols and high/very high risk of floods. Maximum deoxynivalenol contamination was lower in the other regions, although heavy precipitation in May–July 2014 was higher, with chernozems having higher aridity. Multivariate analysis of the factors influencing deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale showed at least a significant correlation for all components of variation source (agricultural year, agricultural region, average of deoxynivalenol, average air temperature, cumulative precipitation, soil moisture reserve, aridity indices) (p-value < 0.05). The spatial and geographic distribution of deoxynivalenol in cereals in the countries affected by the 2012–2014 extreme weather events revealed a higher contamination in Central Europe compared to southeastern and eastern Europe. Deoxynivalenol occurrence in cereals was favoured by local and regional agroclimatic factors and was amplified by extreme weather events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gagiu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Mateescu
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 97 Bucuresti-Ploiesti Street, 1st District, 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.A.O.); (D.A.)
| | - Alina Alexandra Dobre
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Irina Smeu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Mirela Elena Cucu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Oana Alexandra Oprea
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 97 Bucuresti-Ploiesti Street, 1st District, 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.A.O.); (D.A.)
| | - Daniel Alexandru
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 97 Bucuresti-Ploiesti Street, 1st District, 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.A.O.); (D.A.)
| | - Enuța Iorga
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Nastasia Belc
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
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6
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Kinkade CW, Rivera-Núñez Z, Gorcyzca L, Aleksunes LM, Barrett ES. Impact of Fusarium-Derived Mycoestrogens on Female Reproduction: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:373. [PMID: 34073731 PMCID: PMC8225184 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of the world's food supply and animal feed with mycotoxins is a growing concern as global temperatures rise and promote the growth of fungus. Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi, is a common contaminant of cereal grains and has also been detected at lower levels in meat, milk, and spices. ZEN's synthetic derivative, zeranol, is used as a growth promoter in United States (US) and Canadian beef production. Experimental research suggests that ZEN and zeranol disrupt the endocrine and reproductive systems, leading to infertility, polycystic ovarian syndrome-like phenotypes, pregnancy loss, and low birth weight. With widespread human dietary exposure and growing experimental evidence of endocrine-disrupting properties, a comprehensive review of the impact of ZEN, zeranol, and their metabolites on the female reproductive system is warranted. The objective of this systematic review was to summarize the in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological literature and evaluate the potential impact of ZEN, zeranol, and their metabolites (commonly referred to as mycoestrogens) on female reproductive outcomes. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO registration CRD42020166469) of the literature (2000-2020) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The data sources were primary literature published in English obtained from searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The ToxR tool was applied to assess risk of bias. In vitro and in vivo studies (n = 104) were identified and, overall, evidence consistently supported adverse effects of mycoestrogens on physiological processes, organs, and tissues associated with female reproduction. In non-pregnant animals, mycoestrogens alter follicular profiles in the ovary, disrupt estrus cycling, and increase myometrium thickness. Furthermore, during pregnancy, mycoestrogen exposure contributes to placental hemorrhage, stillbirth, and impaired fetal growth. No epidemiological studies fitting the inclusion criteria were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn W. Kinkade
- Joint Graduate Program in Exposure Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (Z.R.-N.); (L.M.A.)
| | - Zorimar Rivera-Núñez
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (Z.R.-N.); (L.M.A.)
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ludwik Gorcyzca
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA;
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (Z.R.-N.); (L.M.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Emily S. Barrett
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (Z.R.-N.); (L.M.A.)
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Birr T, Jensen T, Preußke N, Sönnichsen FD, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Hasler M, Verreet JA, Klink H. Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020110. [PMID: 33540691 PMCID: PMC7913079 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Forage maize is often infected by mycotoxin-producing Fusarium fungi during plant growth, which represent a serious health risk to exposed animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are among the most important Fusarium mycotoxins, but little is known about the occurrence of their modified forms in forage maize. To assess the mycotoxin contamination in Northern Germany, 120 natural contaminated forage maize samples of four cultivars from several locations were analysed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for DON and ZEN and their modified forms deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G), the sum of 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3+15-AcDON), α- and β-zearalenol (α-ZEL, β-ZEL). DON and ZEN occurred with high incidences (100 and 96%) and a wide range of concentrations, reaching levels up to 10,972 and 3910 µg/kg, respectively. Almost half of the samples (46%) exceeded the guidance value in complementary and complete feeding stuffs for ZEN (500 µg/kg), and 9% for DON (5000 µg/kg). The DON related mycotoxins DON3G and 3+15-AcDON were also present in almost all samples (100 and 97%) with amounts of up to 3038 and 2237 µg/kg and a wide range of concentrations. For the ZEN metabolites α- and β-ZEL lower incidences were detected (59 and 32%) with concentrations of up to 423 and 203 µg/kg, respectively. Forage maize samples were contaminated with at least three co-occurring mycotoxins, whereby 95% of all samples contained four or more mycotoxins with DON, DON3G, 3+15-AcDON, and ZEN co-occurring in 93%, together with α-ZEL in 57% of all samples. Positive correlations were established between concentrations of the co-occurring mycotoxins, especially between DON and its modified forms. Averaged over all samples, ratios of DON3G/DON and 3+15-AcDON/DON were similar, 20.2 and 20.5 mol%; cultivar-specific mean ratios ranged from 14.6 to 24.3 mol% and 15.8 to 24.0 mol%, respectively. In total, 40.7 mol% of the measured DON concentration was present in the modified forms DON3G and 3+15-AcDON. The α-ZEL/ZEN ratio was 6.2 mol%, ranging from 5.2 to 8.6 mol% between cultivars. These results demonstrate that modified mycotoxins contribute substantially to the overall mycotoxin contamination in forage maize. To avoid a considerable underestimation, it is necessary to analyse modified mycotoxins in future mycotoxin monitoring programs together with their parent forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Birr
- Department of Plant Diseases and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.J.); (J.-A.V.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-431-880-4574
| | - Tolke Jensen
- Department of Plant Diseases and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.J.); (J.-A.V.); (H.K.)
| | - Nils Preußke
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (N.P.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Frank D. Sönnichsen
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (N.P.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Mario Hasler
- Lehrfach Variationsstatistik, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Joseph-Alexander Verreet
- Department of Plant Diseases and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.J.); (J.-A.V.); (H.K.)
| | - Holger Klink
- Department of Plant Diseases and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.J.); (J.-A.V.); (H.K.)
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Mahato DK, Devi S, Pandhi S, Sharma B, Maurya KK, Mishra S, Dhawan K, Selvakumar R, Kamle M, Mishra AK, Kumar P. Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:92. [PMID: 33530606 PMCID: PMC7912641 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
| | - Sheetal Devi
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India;
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (S.P.); (B.S.); (K.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Bharti Sharma
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (S.P.); (B.S.); (K.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Maurya
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (S.P.); (B.S.); (K.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (S.P.); (B.S.); (K.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Kajal Dhawan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India;
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
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9
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Kiš M, Vulić A, Kudumija N, Šarkanj B, Jaki Tkalec V, Aladić K, Škrivanko M, Furmeg S, Pleadin J. A Two-Year Occurrence of Fusarium T-2 and HT-2 Toxin in Croatian Cereals Relative of the Regional Weather. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010039. [PMID: 33430378 PMCID: PMC7827321 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate into the T-2 and HT-2 toxin occurrence, 240 samples of unprocessed cereals (maize, wheat, barley, and oats) were sampled from different fields located in three Croatian regions during 2017-2018. In all samples, sum concentrations of T-2/HT-2 toxin were determined using the ELISA method, while the LC-MS/MS was used as a confirmatory method for both mycotoxins in positive samples (>LOD) and the establishment of T-2 over HT-2 toxin ratios. The results showed oats to be the most contaminated cereal, with T-2/HT-2 toxins detected in 70.0% of samples, followed by barley (40.9%), maize (26.8%) and wheat (19.2%), with the mean T-2/HT-2 ratio ranging from 1:2.7 in maize to 1:4.4 in oats. Sum T-2/HT-2 concentrations in two maize samples were higher than the indicative level recommended by the European Commission, necessitating subsequent investigations into the conditions under which these poorly investigated mycotoxins are produced. Statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of T-2/HT-2 toxin were determined in oats throughout study regions as compared to those found in wheat, but not maize and barley, while the concentrations of these mycotoxins were related to the regional weather in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kiš
- Regional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia; (M.K.); (V.J.T.); (S.F.)
| | - Ana Vulić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.V.); (N.K.)
| | - Nina Kudumija
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.V.); (N.K.)
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 43000 Koprivnica, Croatia;
| | - Vesna Jaki Tkalec
- Regional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia; (M.K.); (V.J.T.); (S.F.)
| | - Krunoslav Aladić
- Regional Veterinary Department Vinkovci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Ul. Josipa Kozarca 24, 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia; (K.A.); (M.Š.)
| | - Mario Škrivanko
- Regional Veterinary Department Vinkovci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Ul. Josipa Kozarca 24, 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia; (K.A.); (M.Š.)
| | - Sanja Furmeg
- Regional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia; (M.K.); (V.J.T.); (S.F.)
| | - Jelka Pleadin
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.V.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Meerpoel C, Vidal A, Andjelkovic M, De Boevre M, Tangni EK, Huybrechts B, Devreese M, Croubels S, De Saeger S. Dietary exposure assessment and risk characterization of citrinin and ochratoxin A in Belgium. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111914. [PMID: 33307117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins is a worldwide problem. To ensure public health, it is imperative to characterize the risks related to these toxins. The present study aims to conduct a dietary exposure assessment of citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in the Belgian population using consumption data of a variety of foodstuffs. A total of 367 food samples from different food categories were collected in Belgian supermarkets and analysed for CIT and OTA using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Daily CIT and OTA exposure to the Belgian population was calculated based on the analytical results and food consumption data in three age categories (3-9, 10-17 and 18-64 years), obtained from a national food consumption survey. Furthermore, a risk characterization was performed for CIT, in which no intake values exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 200 ng kg-1 bw day-1, indicating no health risk. However, a CIT intake level of 187 ng kg-1 bw day-1 was detected for children in the age category of 3-9 years in the worst case scenario for rice, indicating that rice consumption could contain a potential health hazard for young children. For OTA, a potential health risk was detected in several food categories (biscuits, croissants, rice, flour, meat imitates, herbs and spices) in the higher percentiles (P99) or at maximum found concentrations when calculating the margin of exposure (MoE) for neoplastic effects. An attempt to perform a cumulative health risk assessment for both toxins was done. Although a high number of uncertainties is involved, combined margin of exposure (MoET) values indicated a potential health risk related to the combined exposure to CIT and OTA. For the first time, our study demonstrated the potential health risks of CIT and OTA after individual and combined exposure, in particular related to rice consumption. Moreover, further research is recommended concerning multiple mycotoxin exposure in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Meerpoel
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel K Tangni
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa.
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11
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Meerpoel C, Vidal A, Tangni EK, Huybrechts B, Couck L, De Rycke R, De Bels L, De Saeger S, Van den Broeck W, Devreese M, Croubels S. A Study of Carry-Over and Histopathological Effects after Chronic Dietary Intake of Citrinin in Pigs, Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E719. [PMID: 33207646 PMCID: PMC7697729 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a polyketide mycotoxin occurring in a variety of food and feedstuff, among which cereal grains are the most important contaminated source. Pigs and poultry are important livestock animals frequently exposed to mycotoxins, including CIT. Concerns are rising related to the toxic, and especially the potential nephrotoxic, properties of CIT. The purpose of this study was to clarify the histopathological effects on kidneys, liver, jejunum and duodenum of pigs, broiler chickens and laying hens receiving CIT contaminated feed. During 3 weeks, pigs (n = 16) were exposed to feed containing 1 mg CIT/kg feed or to control feed (n = 4), while 2 groups of broiler chickens and laying hens (n = 8 per group) received 0.1 mg CIT/kg feed (lower dose group) and 3 or 3.5 mg CIT/kg feed (higher dose group), respectively, or control feed (n = 4). CIT concentrations were quantified in plasma, kidneys, liver, muscle and eggs using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method. Kidneys, liver, duodenum and jejunum were evaluated histologically using light microscopy, while the kidneys were further examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histopathology did not reveal major abnormalities at the given contamination levels. However, a significant increase of swollen and degenerated mitochondria in renal cortical cells from all test groups were observed (p < 0.05). These observations could be related to oxidative stress, which is the major mechanism of CIT toxicity. Residues of CIT were detected in all collected tissues, except for muscle and egg white from layers in the lowest dose group, and egg white from layers in the highest dose group. CIT concentrations in plasma ranged between 0.1 (laying hens in lower dose group) and 20.8 ng/mL (pigs). In tissues, CIT concentrations ranged from 0.6 (muscle) to 20.3 µg/kg (liver) in pigs, while concentrations in chickens ranged from 0.1 (muscle) to 70.2 µg/kg (liver). Carry-over ratios from feed to edible tissues were between 0.1 and 2% in pigs, and between 0.1 and 6.9% in chickens, suggesting a low contribution of pig and poultry tissue-derived products towards the total dietary CIT intake for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Meerpoel
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.M.); (A.V.); (S.D.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.M.); (A.V.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Emmanuel K. Tangni
- Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium; (E.K.T.); (B.H.)
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium; (E.K.T.); (B.H.)
| | - Liesbeth Couck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.C.); (L.D.B.); (W.V.d.B.)
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 71, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, VIB BioImaging Core, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lobke De Bels
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.C.); (L.D.B.); (W.V.d.B.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.M.); (A.V.); (S.D.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.C.); (L.D.B.); (W.V.d.B.)
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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12
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Rokvić N, Aksentijević K, Kureljušić J, Vasiljević M, Todorović N, Zdravković N, Stojanac N. Occurrence and transfer of mycotoxins from ingredients to fish feed and fish meat of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Serbia. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As fish has been known for its high protein content and other health benefits, aquaculture production has started to flourish in Serbia. Common carp is the predominant species being farmed, comprising more than 80% of the total fish production in Serbia. The primary ingredients in fish feed are plant-based products, which present a risk of mycotoxin contamination, posing a potential risk to consumers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the mycotoxin status of carp aquaculture in Serbia. At the beginning of the feeding season, May to June 2019, 27 samples of feed ingredients, 8 of finished feed and 14 of edible fish meat were analysed. The fish feed and feed ingredients were sampled from local producers, while the fish were sampled from fish farms that were reported to use the sampled feed. The feed ingredients were locally produced maize and maize products, sunflower meal, soybean and soybean products, wheat, bone meal, yeast and distillers dried grains with solubles, which were ground together, mixed and pelleted in different sizes. All samples were tested for the presence of aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2, G1 and G2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins (fumonisin B1 and B2), HT-2 and T-2 toxins. The most prevalent mycotoxins were OTA (91.4%), fumonisin B1+B2 (68.6%) and AFB1 (48.6%). Only one sample of the plant-based ingredients was below limit of quantification (LOQ), and more than 85% of the samples had more than one mycotoxin detected, ranging from 0.43 μg/kg of AFB1 to 3,168.5 μg/kg of fumonisin B1+B2. However, all the samples of edible fish meat were under the LOQ. We suggest that further research should be conducted on the effects of co-occurring mycotoxins; we also recommend stricter regulations on fish feed to reduce the impacts of mycotoxins on fish health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Rokvić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - K. Aksentijević
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J. Kureljušić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M. Vasiljević
- Patent co., Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, 24211 Mišićevo, Serbia
| | - N. Todorović
- Patent co., Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, 24211 Mišićevo, Serbia
| | - N. Zdravković
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N. Stojanac
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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13
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Marijani E, Kigadye E, Okoth S. Occurrence of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Impact on Fish Health. Int J Microbiol 2019; 2019:6743065. [PMID: 31827520 PMCID: PMC6881585 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6743065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid population growth in developing countries has led to strong pressure on capture fisheries. However, capture fisheries have reached their maximal limits of fish production and are supplemented by farmed fish. The growth in aquaculture has led to high demand for fish feeds, which play a very important role in fish nutrition and health. Use of animal protein in fish feeds is expensive; hence, a majority of farmers from developing countries use local feed ingredients from plant origin as a source of dietary protein. However, these ingredients of plant origin provide the best natural substrates for fungi, which can be easily accompanied by mycotoxin development under suitable conditions. The locally made feed comprises ingredients such as soybeans, cottonseed cake, and wheat and maize bran which are mixed together and ground after which the compounded feed is pelleted and stored. Among the ingredients, maize and oilseeds are more susceptible for mycotoxigenic fungi compared to other ingredients. The outcomes of mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds are not different from other animal species intended for human consumption, and they are directly associated with production losses, particularly decreased weight gain and feed conversion, impaired immune system and reproductive performance, and increased fish mortality. Fish may also carry mycotoxin residues along the food chain, thus compromising human health. Hence, it is important to ensure the control of mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds, especially during the production and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Marijani
- Open University of Tanzania, P.O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel Kigadye
- Open University of Tanzania, P.O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sheila Okoth
- University of Nairobi, School of Biological Science, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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14
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de Camargo AC, Favero BT, Morzelle MC, Franchin M, Alvarez-Parrilla E, de la Rosa LA, Geraldi MV, Maróstica Júnior MR, Shahidi F, Schwember AR. Is Chickpea a Potential Substitute for Soybean? Phenolic Bioactives and Potential Health Benefits. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2644. [PMID: 31146372 PMCID: PMC6600242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legume seeds are rich sources of protein, fiber, and minerals. In addition, their phenolic compounds as secondary metabolites render health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Lowering apolipoprotein B secretion from HepG2 cells and decreasing the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol oxidation are mechanisms related to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Likewise, low-level chronic inflammation and related disorders of the immune system are clinical predictors of cardiovascular pathology. Furthermore, DNA-damage signaling and repair are crucial pathways to the etiology of human cancers. Along CVD and cancer, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes is constantly increasing. Screening the ability of polyphenols in inactivating digestive enzymes is a good option in pre-clinical studies. In addition, in vivo studies support the role of polyphenols in the prevention and/or management of diabetes and obesity. Soybean, a well-recognized source of phenolic isoflavones, exerts health benefits by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation related to the above-mentioned chronic ailments. Similar to soybeans, chickpeas are good sources of nutrients and phenolic compounds, especially isoflavones. This review summarizes the potential of chickpea as a substitute for soybean in terms of health beneficial outcomes. Therefore, this contribution may guide the industry in manufacturing functional foods and/or ingredients by using an undervalued feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Bruno Trevenzoli Favero
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Maressa Caldeira Morzelle
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Fernando Correa Avenue, P.O. box 2367, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Franchin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Emilio Alvarez-Parrilla
- Department of Chemical Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo, s/n, Cd, Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, México.
| | - Laura A de la Rosa
- Department of Chemical Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo, s/n, Cd, Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, México.
| | - Marina Vilar Geraldi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil.
| | | | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Andrés R Schwember
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile.
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15
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Mishra S, Srivastava S, Dewangan J, Divakar A, Kumar Rath S. Global occurrence of deoxynivalenol in food commodities and exposure risk assessment in humans in the last decade: a survey. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1346-1374. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1571479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Mishra
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jayant Dewangan
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aman Divakar
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Meerpoel C, Vidal A, di Mavungu JD, Huybrechts B, Tangni EK, Devreese M, Croubels S, De Saeger S. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of citrinin and ochratoxin a in a variety of feed and foodstuffs. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1580:100-109. [PMID: 30384965 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI+/--MS/MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed (chicken and pig) and food (cereal-based products, fruit, vegetable juices, nuts, seeds, herbs, spices, vegetarian and soy products, alcoholic beverages, baby food products and food supplements) was developed. The mycotoxins were extracted from these matrices using a QuEChERS-based extraction method without any further clean-up step. The samples were 5-fold concentrated. Final extracts were analyzed using a UPLC-MS/MS system and chromatographic separation was achieved by applying a gradient elution for a total run time of 10 min. Mycotoxins were quantified using an internal calibration via analyte/13C-labeled internal standard ratio. The developed method was validated according to the criteria described in Commission Regulation No. 401/2006/EC and Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC. Specificity, linearity, apparent recovery, limit of detection and quantification, intraday and interday precision, measurement uncertainty, matrix effect, and extraction efficiency were the parameters studied. Finally, 90 Belgian chicken and pig feed samples were analyzed, revealing the simultaneous presence of CIT (<LOQ - 3.90 μg/kg) and OTA (<LOQ - 5.60 μg/kg) in more than 50% of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Meerpoel
- Ghent University, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Ghent University, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana di Mavungu
- Ghent University, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel K Tangni
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Ghent University, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Ghent University, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Ghent University, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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