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Desai M, Singh A, Pham D, Chowdhury SR, Sun B. Discovery and Visualization of the Hidden Relationships among N-Glycosylation, Disulfide Bonds, and Membrane Topology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16182. [PMID: 38003370 PMCID: PMC10671238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins (MPs) are functionally important but structurally complex. In particular, MPs often carry three structural features, i.e., transmembrane domains (TMs), disulfide bonds (SSs), and N-glycosylation (N-GLYCO). All three features have been intensively studied; however, how the three features potentially correlate has been less addressed in the literature. With the growing accuracy from computational prediction, we used publicly available information on SSs and N-GLYCO and analyzed the potential relationships among post-translational modifications (PTMs) and the predicted membrane topology in the human proteome. Our results suggested a very close relationship between SSs and N-GLYCO that behaved similarly, whereas a complementary relation between the TMs and the two PTMs was also revealed, in which the high SS and/or N-GLYCO presence is often accompanied by a low TM occurrence in a protein. Furthermore, the occurrence of SSs and N-GLYCO in a protein heavily relies on the protein length; however, TMs seem not to possess such length dependence. Finally, SSs exhibits larger potential dynamics than N-GLYCO, which is confined by the presence of sequons. The special classes of proteins possessing extreme or unique patterns of the three structural features are comprehensively identified, and their structural features and potential dynamics help to identify their susceptibility to different physiological and pathophysiological insults, which could help drug development and protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manthan Desai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
- Department of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (A.S.); (D.P.); (S.R.C.)
| | - Amritpal Singh
- Department of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (A.S.); (D.P.); (S.R.C.)
| | - David Pham
- Department of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (A.S.); (D.P.); (S.R.C.)
| | - Syed Rafid Chowdhury
- Department of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (A.S.); (D.P.); (S.R.C.)
| | - Bingyun Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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2
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Vasileva ID, Samgina TY, Meng Z, Zubarev RA, Lebedev AT. EThcD Benefits for the Sequencing Inside Intramolecular Disulfide Cycles of Amphibian Intact Peptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:1979-1988. [PMID: 37525119 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds formed by a pair of cysteine residues in the peptides' backbone represent a certain problem for their sequencing by means of mass spectrometry. As a rule, in proteomics, disulfide bonds should be cleaved before the analysis followed by some sort of chemical derivatization. That step is time-consuming and may lead to losses of minor peptides of the analyzed mixtures due to incomplete reaction, adsorption on the walls of the vials, etc. Certain problems in the de novo top-down sequencing of amphibian skin peptides are caused by the C-terminal disulfide loop, called the Rana box. Its reduction with or without subsequent derivatization was considered to be an unavoidable step before mass spectrometry. In the present study, EThcD demonstrated its efficiency in sequencing intact disulfide-containing peptides without any preliminary derivatization. Applied to the secretion of three frog species, EThcD provided the full sequence inside the intramolecular disulfide cycle for all S-S-containing peptides found in the samples, with the only exception being diarginine species. Proteolytic fragments, which are shorter than the original peptides, were helpful in some cases. HCD should be mentioned as a complementary tool to the EThcD tool, being useful as a confirmation method for some sequence details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina D Vasileva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Yu Samgina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Molecular Biometry, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Molecular Biometry, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert T Lebedev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Wei X, Luo P, Zhan L. Tracking the disulfide rearrangement of heated lactoglobulin by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-in-source decay top-down analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4920. [PMID: 37130515 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bond rearrangement is a common occurrence during protein analysis or treatment. A convenient and rapid method has been developed to investigate heat-induced disulfide rearrangement of lactoglobulin using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-in-source decay (MALDI-ISD) technology. By analyzing heated lactoglobulin in reflectron and linear mode, we demonstrated that cysteines C66 and C160 exist as free residues other than linked ones in some protein isomers. This method provides a straightforward and expeditious way to assess the cysteine status and structural changes of proteins under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Institute for Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peiqi Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lingpeng Zhan
- Institute for Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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Nuñez E, Orera I, Carmona-Rodríguez L, Paño JR, Vázquez J, Corrales FJ. Mapping the Serum Proteome of COVID-19 Patients; Guidance for Severity Assessment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071690. [PMID: 35884998 PMCID: PMC9313396 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), whose outbreak in 2019 led to an ongoing pandemic with devastating consequences for the global economy and human health. According to the World Health Organization, COVID-19 has affected more than 481 million people worldwide, with 6 million confirmed deaths. The joint efforts of the scientific community have undoubtedly increased the pace of production of COVID-19 vaccines, but there is still so much uncharted ground to cover regarding the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, replication and host response. These issues can be approached by proteomics with unprecedented capacity paving the way for the development of more efficient strategies for patient care. In this study, we present a deep proteome analysis that has been performed on a cohort of 72 COVID-19 patients aiming to identify serum proteins assessing the dynamics of the disease at different age ranges. A panel of 53 proteins that participate in several functions such as acute-phase response and inflammation, blood coagulation, cell adhesion, complement cascade, endocytosis, immune response, oxidative stress and tissue injury, have been correlated with patient severity, suggesting a molecular basis for their clinical stratification. Eighteen protein candidates were further validated by targeted proteomics in an independent cohort of 84 patients including a group of individuals that had satisfactorily resolved SARS-CoV-2 infection. Remarkably, all protein alterations were normalized 100 days after leaving the hospital, which further supports the reliability of the selected proteins as hallmarks of COVID-19 progression and grading. The optimized protein panel may prove its value for optimal severity assessment as well as in the follow up of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Nuñez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Orera
- Proteomics Research Core Facility, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | | | - José Ramón Paño
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario, IIS Aragón, Ciberinfec, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Fernando J. Corrales
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (F.J.C.)
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Coghlan J, Benet A, Kumaran P, Ford M, Veale L, Skilton SJ, Saveliev S, Schwendeman AA. Streamlining the Characterization of Disulfide Bond Shuffling and Protein Degradation in IgG1 Biopharmaceuticals Under Native and Stressed Conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:862456. [PMID: 35360407 PMCID: PMC8963993 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.862456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post translational modifications (PTMs) have been shown to negatively impact protein efficacy and safety by altering its native conformation, stability, target binding and/or pharmacokinetics. One PTM in particular, shuffled disulfide bonds, has been linked to decreased potency and increased immunogenicity of protein therapeutics. In an effort to gain more insights into the effects of shuffled disulfide bonds on protein therapeutics' safety and efficacy, we designed and further optimized a semi-automated LC-MS/MS method for disulfide bond characterization on two IgG1 protein therapeutics-rituximab and bevacizumab. We also compared originator vs. biosimilar versions of the two therapeutics to determine if there were notable variations in the disulfide shuffling and overall degradation between originator and biosimilar drug products. From our resulting data, we noticed differences in how the two proteins degraded. Bevacizumab had a general upward trend in shuffled disulfide bond levels over the course of a 4-week incubation (0.58 ± 0.08% to 1.46 ± 1.10% for originator) whereas rituximab maintained similar levels throughout the incubation (0.24 ± 0.21% to 0.51 ± 0.11% for originator). When we measured degradation by SEC and SDS-PAGE, we observed trends that correlated with the LC-MS/MS data. Across all methods, we observed that the originator and biosimilar drugs performed similarly. The results from this study will help provide groundwork for comparative disulfide shuffling analysis by LC-MS/MS and standard analytical methodology implementation for the development and regulatory approval of biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Coghlan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alexander Benet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Preethi Kumaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna A. Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Čaval T, Hecht ES, Tang W, Uy‐Gomez M, Nichols A, Kil YJ, Sandoval W, Bern M, Heck AJR. The lysosomal endopeptidases Cathepsin D and L are selective and effective proteases for the middle-down characterization of antibodies. FEBS J 2021; 288:5389-5405. [PMID: 33713388 PMCID: PMC8518856 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is gaining momentum as a method of choice to de novo sequence antibodies (Abs). Adequate sequence coverage of the hypervariable regions remains one of the toughest identification challenges by either bottom-up or top-down workflows. Methods that efficiently generate mid-size Ab fragments would further facilitate top-down MS and decrease data complexity. Here, we explore the proteases Cathepsins L and D for forming protein fragments from three IgG1s, one IgG2, and one bispecific, knob-and-hole IgG1. We demonstrate that high-resolution native MS provides a sensitive method for the detection of clipping sites. Both Cathepsins produced multiple, albeit specific cleavages. The Abs were cleaved immediately after the CDR3 region, yielding ~ 12 kDa fragments, that is, ideal sequencing-sized. Cathepsin D, but not Cathepsin L, also cleaved directly below the Ab hinge, releasing the F(ab')2. When constrained by the different disulfide bonds found in the IgG2 subtype or by the tertiary structure of the hole-containing bispecific IgG1, the hinge region digest product was not produced. The Cathepsin L and Cathepsin D clipping motifs were related to sequences of neutral amino acids and the tertiary structure of the Ab. A single pot (L + D) digestion protocol was optimized to achieve 100% efficiency. Nine protein fragments, corresponding to the VL, VH, CL, CH1, CH2, CH3, CL + CH1, and F(ab')2, constituted ~ 70% of the summed intensities of all deconvolved proteolytic products. Cleavage sites were confirmed by the Edman degradation and validated with top-down sequencing. The described work offers a complementary method for middle-down analysis that may be applied to top-down Ab sequencing. ENZYMES: Cathepsin L-EC 3.4.22.15, Cathepsin D-EC 3.4.23.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Čaval
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics CentreUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth Sara Hecht
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics & Next Generation SequencingGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Maelia Uy‐Gomez
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics & Next Generation SequencingGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | | | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics & Next Generation SequencingGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics CentreUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Ma H, Ó'Fágáin C, O'Kennedy R. Antibody stability: A key to performance - Analysis, influences and improvement. Biochimie 2020; 177:213-225. [PMID: 32891698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An antibody's stability greatly influences its performance (i.e. its specificity and affinity). Thus, stability is a major issue for researchers and manufacturers, especially with the increasing use of antibodies in therapeutics, diagnostics and rapid analytical platforms. Here we review antibody stability under five headings: (i) measurement techniques; (ii) stability issues in expression and production (expression, proteolysis, aggregation); (iii) effects of antibody format and engineering on stability and (iv) formulation, drying and storage conditions. We consider more than 100 sources, including patents, and conclude with (v) recommendations to promote antibody stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V2O9, Ireland
| | - Ciarán Ó'Fágáin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V2O9, Ireland.
| | - Richard O'Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V2O9, Ireland; Qatar Foundation, Research Complex, And Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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8
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Botzanowski T, Hernandez-Alba O, Malissard M, Wagner-Rousset E, Deslignière E, Colas O, Haeuw JF, Beck A, Cianférani S. Middle Level IM–MS and CIU Experiments for Improved Therapeutic Immunoglobulin Subclass Fingerprinting. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8827-8835. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martine Malissard
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Colas
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Jean-François Haeuw
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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9
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Beck A, D’Atri V, Ehkirch A, Fekete S, Hernandez-Alba O, Gahoual R, Leize-Wagner E, François Y, Guillarme D, Cianférani S. Cutting-edge multi-level analytical and structural characterization of antibody-drug conjugates: present and future. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:337-362. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1578215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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Applications of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization In-Source Decay Mass Spectrometry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:45-54. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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