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Hakme E, Kallehauge Nielsen I, Fermina Madsen J, Storkehave LM, Skjold Elmelund Pedersen M, Schulz BL, Poulsen ME, Hobley TJ, Duedahl-Olesen L. Fate of pesticide residues in beer and its by-products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:45-59. [PMID: 38039344 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2282557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable beer production requires a comprehensive assessment of potential hazards such as pesticides in both the finished product and waste streams, as these streams can be used to create high-value by-products. This study presents the tracking of 13 fungicides (azoxystrobin, boscalid, epoxiconazole, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fluquiconazole, flutriafol, fluxapyroxad, kresoxym-methyl, spiroxamine, propiconazole, prothioconazole-desthio, and tebuconazole), two insecticides (chlorpyrifos-methyl and deltamethrin), one herbicide (glyphosate), and one growth regulator (mepiquat) through the beer brewing process. Field-treated rye, wheat, and barley samples containing pesticide residues were used as adjunct during brewing. Samples of the beer as well as the by-products (spent grain, spent hops, trub and spent yeast) were collected and extracted with a modified QuEChERS method for pesticide residues analysis using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Results show that an average of 58% of pesticide residues are retrieved in the by-products with the highest fraction (53%) recovered in the spent grain, 4% in trub, 1% in spent hops, no residues detected in spent yeast and 9% in the beer. This is consistent with these nonpolar pesticides tending to remain adsorbed to the spent grain during brewing. Glyphosate and mepiquat, the most polar pesticides included in this study, showed a different behavior, with the largest fraction (>80%) being retrieved in sweet wort and transferred to the beer. Processing factors were generated for each pesticide from the adjunct to the beer and to the four by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hakme
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Luke Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Yuan X, Kim CJ, Noh HH. An LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of 380 Pesticides in Soybeans, Kidney Beans, Black Soybeans, and Mung Beans: The Effect of Bean Grinding on Incurred Residues and Partitioning. Foods 2023; 12:4477. [PMID: 38137280 PMCID: PMC10742660 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of sample grinding is frequently disregarded during the development of analytical methods, which are often validated with spiked samples that may not accurately reflect incurred residues. This study investigated the particle size of ground beans as a key factor in optimizing extraction efficiency in order to develop a simple quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-based modified method for identifying 380 pesticides in beans using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The efficacy of pesticide extraction was found to be significantly affected by particle size. With small particle sizes (>40 mesh), no supernatant was recovered after QuEChERS partitioning. Therefore, a simple modification was performed before partitioning. The modified method was validated for selective extraction of pesticides, limits of quantification, linearity, accuracy, and precision. This method is simple to implement and, therefore, useful for the analysis of pesticide residues in beans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyun Ho Noh
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (X.Y.); (C.J.K.)
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Yuan X, Kim CJ, Jeong WT, Kyung KS, Noh HH. Factors Affecting Incurred Pesticide Extraction in Cereals. Molecules 2023; 28:5774. [PMID: 37570743 PMCID: PMC10420941 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of milling on the yields of incurred residues extracted from cereals. Rice, wheat, barley, and oat were soaked in nine pesticides (acetamiprid, azoxystrobin, imidacloprid, ferimzone, etofenprox, tebufenozide, clothianidin, hexaconazole, and indoxacarb), dried, milled, and passed through sieves of various sizes. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry extracted and quantified the incurred pesticides, respectively. For rice and oat, the yields were higher for vortexed samples than for soaked samples. For rice, the yields improved as the extraction time increased from 1 to 5 min. The optimized method was validated based on the selectivity, limit of quantitation, linearity, accuracy, precision, and the matrix effect. For rice and barley, the average yields improved as the particle size decreased from <10 mesh to >60 mesh. For 40-60-mesh wheat and oat, all pesticides (except tebufenozide in oat) had the highest yields. For cereals, 0.5 min vortexing, 5 min extraction, and >40-mesh particle size should be used to optimize incurred pesticide extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Yuan
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (X.Y.); (C.J.K.); (W.T.J.)
| | - Chang Jo Kim
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (X.Y.); (C.J.K.); (W.T.J.)
| | - Won Tae Jeong
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (X.Y.); (C.J.K.); (W.T.J.)
| | - Kee Sung Kyung
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Noh
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (X.Y.); (C.J.K.); (W.T.J.)
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Hrynko I, Kaczyński P, Wołejko E, Łozowicka B. Impact of technological processes on tebuconazole reduction in selected cereal species and the primary cereal product, and dietary exposure assessment. Food Chem 2023; 422:136249. [PMID: 37137237 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of cereals with tebuconazole (TEB) can affect the dietary risk assessment. This study investigates, for the first time, how mechanical, thermal, physical-chemical, and biochemical processes affect the TEB level in wheat, rye, and barley. The biochemical process of malting was the most effective for tebuconazole reduction (by 86%) in cereals. Thermal processes were also effective, i.e., boiling (70%) and baking (55%). These processes considerably decreased the concentration of tebuconazole, and Procesing Factors (PFs) were from 0.10 to 0.18 (malting), 0.56 to 0.89 (boiling), and 0.44 to 0.45 (baking), respectively. The concentration of TEB was not reduced after the application of mechanical processing. The risk was estimated in dietary exposure assessment on the basis of the highest reported levels of tebuconazole residues bread. At a high level of rye bread consumption, the potential exposure to tebuconazole reached only 3.5% and 2.7% in children and adults, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Hrynko
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wołejko
- Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
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Cui K, Yang S, Zou N, He L, Zhang T, Liu F, Mu W. Residual behavior of the potential grain fumigant 1-octen-3-ol in wheat during fumigation and ventilation processes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2933-2938. [PMID: 33619815 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous works indicated that 1-octen-3-ol has promising potential as an alternative grain fumigant. However, aside from its insecticidal efficacy, the presence of 1-octen-3-ol residues in grains must be investigated to assess its food safety profile. RESULTS A convenient and sensitive QuEChERS based GC-MS/MS method was developed to detect residues of 1-octen-3-ol in wheat. The sample pretreatment procedures were optimized. The developed method showed good linearity (R2 = 0.9999) and negligible matrix effects. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for 1-octen-3-ol were 0.003 and 0.01 mg kg-1 , respectively. Recoveries at spiked concentration levels of 0.01, 0.5, 10, 100 and 200 mg kg-1 ranged from 90.8% to 112.4%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 5) ranged from 1.2 to 7.5%. In the fumigation process during wheat storage, there were positive correlations between the accumulation rate and fumigation concentration as well as between the accumulation amounts and fumigation time. In the ventilation process, temperature significantly affected the dissipation dynamics of 1-octen-3-ol in wheat, and the t1/2 values at ventilation temperatures of 30 and 5 °C for 0.1 μL mL-1 were 0.16 and 21.80 days, respectively, representing a 136-fold difference. CONCLUSION Preservers can regulate the ventilation temperature to achieve different goals, with either a long duration period for long-term storage or rapid dissipation for quick food consumption. This study provides guidance on the reasonable usage of 1-octen-3-ol on wheat and other stored grains. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Song Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Nan Zou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Leiming He
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Grain Storage and Logistics, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Hakme E, Herrmann SS, Poulsen ME. Processing factors of pesticide residues in biscuits and their relation to the physicochemical properties of pesticides. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1695-1706. [PMID: 32717171 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1791975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural commodities are generally consumed as processed food. Therefore, it is indispensable to assess pesticide residues in processed products rather than only in the raw agricultural commodity, in order to approach a more realistic scenario of dietary exposure. Processing factors are important tools for dietary exposure risk assessments. In this study, processing factors for the baking process were derived for 41 pesticides in cereal bran-based biscuits. The raw materials used consisted of wheat, rye, oat, and barley grains with incurred pesticides, which originally was produced for test material for European Union Proficiency Tests. Information on physicochemical properties of pesticides was collected for understanding the fate of pesticides during the baking process. Average processing factors varied between 0.67 and 1.6. Most pesticide residues exhibited a reduction of pesticide residues of less than 24%, which correspond to a processing factor (PF) range between 1 and 0.76, showing resistance to the baking process. However, for polar compounds such as carbendazim and volatile compounds (chlorpyrifos-methyl, malathion, and pirimiphos-methyl) larger reduction rates were observed, up to 33% (PF: 0.67). In general, a prolonged baking time did not significantly affect the PF, because the main degradation process takes place within the first 6 min. However, this was not the case for the highly volatile compounds, highly polar compounds, and compounds of low degradation temperature. These latter were significantly reduced with prolonged baking time, resulting in a reduction rate of up to 95%, which means an almost complete elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hakme
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Søborg, Denmark
| | - Susan S Herrmann
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Søborg, Denmark
| | - Mette E Poulsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Søborg, Denmark
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Simultaneous determination of three carbamate pesticides using vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction combined with HPLC-amperometric detection. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Shinde R, Shiragave P, Lakade A, Thorat P, Banerjee K. Multi-residue analysis of captan, captafol, folpet, and iprodione in cereals using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1688-1695. [PMID: 31535952 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1662953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose an improved analytical method for the multiresidue analysis of captan (plus its metabolite, tetrahydrophthalimide), folpet (plus its metabolite, phthalimide), captafol, and iprodione in cereals using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). As captan, captafol, and folpet are easily degraded during homogenisation and extraction, samples were comminuted with liquid nitrogen, and both QuEChERS and ethyl acetate-based extraction workflows provided a satisfactory method performance. The optimised LC-MS/MS procedure with electrospray ionisation did not degrade these compounds, and offered sufficient method selectivity by resolving and minimising co-eluting matrix-derived interferences. The method also resolved the problem of non-specific mass spectra that these compounds usually produce on GC-MS analysis involving electron ionisation. The method performance was satisfactory for all 6 compounds at 0.01 mg kg-1 and higher levels of fortification, and validated as per the SANTE/11813/2017 guidelines of analytical quality control in a wide range of cereals including rice, wheat, sorghum, and corn. The method provides special advantage of simultaneous analysis of captan, and folpet along with their metabolites (tetrahydrophthalimide, and phthalimide, respectively) in combination with captafol, and iprodione in a single chromatographic run. Although iprodione is known to degrade to 3,5-dichloroaniline, since this metabolite is not a part of the residue definition, it was not included in the scope of this method. As the method demonstrates satisfactory selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and robustness in a wide range of cereal matrices, it is recommended for regulatory testing of these compounds in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviraj Shinde
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, India.,Department of Agrochemicals and Pest Management, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India
| | - Pandit Shiragave
- Department of Agrochemicals and Pest Management, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India
| | - Ankita Lakade
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, India
| | - Pooja Thorat
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, India
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Use of a quality control approach to assess measurement uncertainty in the comparison of sample processing techniques in the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5465-5479. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hajeb P, Herrmann SS, Poulsen ME. Role of Sample Processing Strategies at the European Union National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) Concerning the Analysis of Pesticide Residues. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5759-5767. [PMID: 28598613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The guidance document SANTE 11945/2015 recommends that cereal samples be milled to a particle size preferably smaller than 1.0 mm and that extensive heating of the samples should be avoided. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the differences in milling procedures, obtained particle size distributions, and the resulting pesticide residue recovery when cereal samples were milled at the European Union National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) with their routine milling procedures. A total of 23 NRLs participated in the study. The oat and rye samples milled by each NRL were sent to the European Union Reference Laboratory on Cereals and Feedingstuff (EURL) for the determination of the particle size distribution and pesticide residue recovery. The results showed that the NRLs used several different brands and types of mills. Large variations in the particle size distributions and pesticide extraction efficiencies were observed even between samples milled by the same type of mill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Hajeb
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Susan S Herrmann
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Mette E Poulsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
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