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Albendea P, Conchione C, Menegoz Ursol L, Moret S. A Study on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons (MOH) Contamination in Pig Diets and Its Transfer to Back Fat and Loin Tissues. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1450. [PMID: 38791667 PMCID: PMC11117217 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed saturated mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOSH) and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOAH) levels in grower-finisher feeds for pigs supplemented with 5% crude palm oil (CP), crude olive pomace oil (COP), olive pomace acid oil (OPA), or a blend of CP and OPA (50:50, w/w); the contribution of the lipid source to that contamination; and the ability of pigs to accumulate MOH in back fat and loin tissues after 60 days of trial. MOSH and MOAH were analyzed with liquid chromatography (LC)-gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) after sample preparation. Among the lipid sources, CP had the lowest MOH levels, but CP feeds showed the highest contamination. This, along with the different MOSH profiles, indicated the presence of more significant contamination sources in the feeds than the lipid source. The higher MOH contamination in CP feeds was reflected in the highest MOSH levels in pig back fat, whereas MOAH were not detected in animal tissues. Also, MOSH bioaccumulation in pig tissues was influenced by the carbon chain length. In conclusion, feed manufacturing processes can determine the MOSH contamination present in animal adipose tissues that can be included in human diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Albendea
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Chiara Conchione
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (C.C.); (L.M.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Luca Menegoz Ursol
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (C.C.); (L.M.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Sabrina Moret
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (C.C.); (L.M.U.); (S.M.)
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2
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Lommatzsch M, Eckardt M, Holzapfel J, Säger S, Simat TJ. Advanced separation of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons by number of aromatic rings using donor-acceptor-complex chromatography to extend on-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464600. [PMID: 38176352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
An automated implementation for a subfractionation of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) into a mono-/di-aromatic fraction (MDAF) and a tri-/poly-aromatic fraction (TPAF) is presented, which is highly demanded by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) respecting the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of MOAH. For this, donor-acceptor-complex chromatography (DACC) was used as a selective stationary phase to extend the conventional instrumental setup for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons via on-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID). A set of six new internal standards was introduced for the verification of the MOAH fractionation and a quantification of MDAF and TPAF, respectively. The automated DACC approach was applied to representative petrochemical references as well as to food samples, such as rice and infant formula, generally showing well conformity with results obtained by state-of-the-art analysis using two-dimensional GC (GCxGC). Relative deviations of DACC/LC-GC-FID compared to GCxGC-FID methods regarding the ≥ 3 ring MOAH content ranged between -50 and +6 % (median: -2 %, all samples, only values above limit of quantification). However, crucial deviations mainly result from "border-crossing" substances, e.g., dibenzothiophenes or partially hydrogenated MOAH. These substances can cause overestimations of ≥ 3 ring MOAH fraction during GCxGC analysis due to co-elution, which is mostly avoided using the DACC approach. Furthermore, the DACC approach can help to minimize underestimations of toxicologically relevant ≥ 3 ring MOAH caused by an unavoidable loss of MOAH during epoxidation, since natural olefins, such as terpenes, predominantly elute in MDAF, which was exemplarily shown for an olive oil and a terpene reference. The presented approach can be implemented easily in existing LC-GC-FID setup for an automated and advanced screening of MOAH to lower the need for elaborate GCxGC analysis also in routine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lommatzsch
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany.
| | - Martin Eckardt
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany.
| | - Johanna Holzapfel
- TU Dresden, Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Bergstr. 66, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Sebastian Säger
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany
| | - Thomas J Simat
- TU Dresden, Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Bergstr. 66, Dresden 01062, Germany
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3
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Di Mario M, Bauwens G, Peltier F, Goscinny S, Focant JF, Purcaro G, Van Hoeck E. Investigation of potential migratables from paper and board food contact materials. Front Chem 2023; 11:1322811. [PMID: 38099191 PMCID: PMC10720245 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1322811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the ban on single-use plastic articles in Europe, the food contact material (FCM) industry has been forced to move to more sustainable alternatives. Paper and board FCM are convenient alternatives but must be safe for consumers. This study aims to investigate potential migrations of various substances (e.g., plasticizers, photoinitiators, primary aromatic amines, mineral oil, and bisphenols) from straws and takeaway articles made of paper and board. Twenty straws and fifty-eight takeaway articles were carefully selected and investigated using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry or flame ionization detector. Fourteen substances of all the targeted categories were found in takeaway articles, including seven plasticizers, two photoinitiators, one primary aromatic amine, two bisphenols, and the saturated and aromatic fraction of mineral oil (MOSH and MOAH, respectively). In straws, fewer substances were detected, i.e., six substances, including three plasticizers, one photoinitiator, MOSH, and MOAH. At least one of the target substances was detected in 88% of the samples, demonstrating the importance of further evaluation of these materials. Finally, the associated risks were assessed, highlighting the potential risks for several types of articles regarding bisphenol A, one primary aromatic amine (3.3-DMB), and MOSH and MOAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Di Mario
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gregory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab at the AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Florian Peltier
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab at the AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Giglio M, Spagnolo V, Menduni G, Dong L, Chen W. Editorial: Recent advances in gaseous hydrocarbon sensing. Front Chem 2023; 11:1249888. [PMID: 37529718 PMCID: PMC10390096 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1249888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Bari, Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Bari, Italy
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côté d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
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5
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Martín-Carrasco I, Carbonero-Aguilar P, Dahiri B, Moreno IM, Hinojosa M. Comparison between pollutants found in breast milk and infant formula in the last decade: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162461. [PMID: 36868281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, breastfeeding has been the fundamental way of nurturing the newborn. The benefits of breast milk are widely known, as it is a source of essential nutrients and provides immunological protection, as well as developmental benefits, among others. However, when breastfeeding is not possible, infant formula is the most appropriate alternative. Its composition meets the nutritional requirements of the infant, and its quality is subject to strict control by the authorities. Nonetheless, the presence of different pollutants has been detected in both matrices. Thus, the aim of the present review is to make a comparison between the findings in both breast milk and infant formula in terms of contaminants in the last decade, in order to choose the most convenient option depending on the environmental conditions. For that, the emerging pollutants including metals, chemical compounds derived from heat treatment, pharmaceutical drugs, mycotoxins, pesticides, packaging materials, and other contaminants were described. While in breast milk the most concerning contaminants found were metals and pesticides, in infant formula pollutants such as metals, mycotoxins, and packaging materials were the most outstanding. In conclusion, the convenience of using a feeding diet based on breast milk or either infant formula depends on the maternal environmental circumstances. However, it is important to take into account the immunological benefits of the breast milk compared to the infant formula, and the possibility of using breast milk in combination with infant formula when the nutritional requirements are not fulfilled only with the intake of breast milk. Therefore, more attention should be paid in terms of analyzing these conditions in each case to be able to make a proper decision, as it will vary depending on the maternal and newborn environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martín-Carrasco
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - P Carbonero-Aguilar
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - B Dahiri
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - I M Moreno
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - M Hinojosa
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Institutionen för biokemi och biofysik, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Gómez-Coca RB, Pérez-Camino MDC, Moreda W. The Mineral Oil Hydrocarbon Paradox in Olive Pomace Oils. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030434. [PMID: 36765963 PMCID: PMC9914016 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to understand the actual content of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) in olive pomace oil in order to contribute to the monitoring requested by EFSA for the food groups making a relevant impact on human background exposure. Such information will complement both the information inferred from the limits established by the EU and the interpretation of the coming toxicological risk assessment. At the same time, the origin of such a group of compounds is discussed. From the raw material to the commercial product, olive pomace oils were sampled and analyzed at different points and/or conditions. Through the ultimate online HPLC-GC-FID system, we gathered information on the MOH concentrations and molecular mass profiles (C-fractions), and through GCxGC-TOF/MS, we identified the key structures that prove the innocuousness of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH) fraction. Our approaches provided chromatographic signals on the C10-C50 range, rendering 33-205 mg/kg mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon (MOSH) and 2-55 mg/kg MOAH in the commercial product. The results confirmed that the C25-C35 cut is the main fraction to which humans are exposed via olive pomace oil, showing concentrations highly dependent on the extraction process. Moreover, the identification of the main MOAH groups showed that in olive pomace oil, mainly 1- and 2-ring species were present, being virtually free of the carcinogenic 3-7 ring aromatics.
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Hochegger A, Wagenhofer R, Savić S, Mayrhofer E, Washüttl M, Leitner E. Combination of Multidimensional Instrumental Analysis and the Ames Test for the Toxicological Evaluation of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16401-16409. [PMID: 36524957 PMCID: PMC9801419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAHs) include mutagenic and carcinogenic substances and are considered a potential health risk. Current methods address the total MOAH content but cannot address the actual toxicological hazard of individual components. This work presents a combined methodology closing those gaps: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used to determine the MOAH content. To characterize present substance classes, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied. Preparative HPLC separated MOAHs into subgroups, which were tested with a miniaturized Ames test evaluating DNA reactivity of isolated fractions. Combining these methods allowed a correlation between present subgroups and DNA reactivity. The developed approach was applied to a mineral oil and distinguished between not DNA-reactive mono- and diaromatics and DNA-reactive tri- and polyaromatics, providing a proof of concept. Hereinafter, it will be applied to diverse sample matrices including mineral oils, food, and food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hochegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhard Wagenhofer
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sanja Savić
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisa Mayrhofer
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Washüttl
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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8
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Serum and Urine Metabolites in Healthy Men after Consumption of Acidified Milk and Yogurt. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224794. [PMID: 36432479 PMCID: PMC9698558 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of molecular biomarkers that can be used to quantitatively link dietary intake to phenotypic traits in humans is a key theme in modern nutritional research. Although dairy products (with and without fermentation) represent a major food group, the identification of markers of their intake lags behind that of other food groups. Here, we report the results from an analysis of the metabolites in postprandial serum and urine samples from a randomized crossover study with 14 healthy men who ingested acidified milk, yogurt, and a non-dairy meal. Our study confirms the potential of lactose and its metabolites as markers of lactose-containing dairy foods and the dependence of their combined profiles on the fermentation status of the consumed products. Furthermore, indole-3-lactic acid and 3-phenyllactic acid are two products of fermentation whose postprandial behaviour strongly discriminates yogurt from milk intake. Our study also provides evidence of the ability of milk fermentation to increase the acute delivery of free amino acids to humans. Notably, 3,5-dimethyloctan-2-one also proves to be a specific marker for milk and yogurt consumption, as well as for cheese consumption (previously published data). These molecules deserve future characterisation in human interventional and observational studies.
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9
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QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MINERAL OIL IN FISH FEED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR AND LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-COMPREHENSIVE MULTIDIMENSIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETER/FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Wang D, Groot A, Seidel A, Wang L, Kiachaki E, Boogaard PJ, Rietjens IM. The influence of alkyl substitution on the in vitro metabolism and mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 363:110007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Review on chromatographic and specific detection methodologies for unravelling the complexity of MOAH in foods. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1234:340098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Wang X, Huang J, Guo Z. Overview of the development of slippery surfaces: Lubricants from presence to absence. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 301:102602. [PMID: 35085985 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The superhydrophobic surfaces inspired by the lotus have excellent performances and are known for their low contact angle hysteresis and smooth surfaces. However, there are still some problems, such as the unstable structure, poor durability, high product cost and so on that need to be improved. Those issues can be avoided via liquid-infused surfaces(LIS), which are inspired by Nepenthes and consist of a mico-nano structured substrate and a smooth continuous atomic-grade lubricant. Compared with superhydrophobic surfaces, LIS not only achieves the same hydrophobic properties but also has smaller contact angle hysteresis, smoother surface, more stable structure and lower preparation cost. Although the existence of a lubricant layer improves the performance of the material, it also leaves a hidden danger, which is easy to lose and leads to the deterioration of the durability of the material. Therefore, the lubricant-free slipper materials have attracted more and more attention in recent years due to their low volatility, good durability and excellent lubrication performance. In this review, the types of LIS lubricants and their physicochemical properties were summarized at the beginning and then the applications of LIS in various fields were introduced. At the end of this paper, some solid lubricants and their applications were described, and the future development prospects of LIS lubricants also were expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Wang D, Schramm V, Pool J, Pardali E, Brandenburg A, Rietjens IMCM, Boogaard PJ. The effect of alkyl substitution on the oxidative metabolism and mutagenicity of phenanthrene. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1109-1131. [PMID: 35182162 PMCID: PMC8921064 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl-substituted PAHs may be present in certain petroleum-derived products and in the environment and may eventually end up in consumer products, such as foodstuffs, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Safety concerns over possible exposure to alkylated PAHs have emerged. Bioactivation is a prerequisite for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of PAHs and has been extensively studied for non-substituted PAHs, while data on the bioactivation of alkyl-substituted PAHs are scarce. The present study investigated the effect of alkyl substitution on the CYP 450-mediated metabolism of phenanthrene and eight of its alkylated congeners by quantifying metabolite formation in rat and human liver microsomal incubations. Furthermore, the mutagenicity of four selected methylated phenanthrenes was compared to that of phenanthrene using the Ames test. The obtained results support the hypothesis that alkyl substitution shifts the oxidative metabolism from the aromatic ring to the alkyl side chain. Increasing the length of the alkyl chain reduced overall metabolism with metabolic conversion for 1-n-dodecyl-phenanthrene (C12) being negligible. 1- and 9-methyl-phenanthrene, in which the methyl group generates an additional bay region-like structural motif, showed mutagenicity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA 100, whereas phenanthrene and also 2- and 3-methyl-phenanthrene, without such an additional bay region-like structural motif, tested negative. It is concluded that the position of the alkylation affects the metabolism and resulting mutagenicity of phenanthrene with the mutagenicity increasing in cases where the alkyl substituent creates an additional bay region-like structural motif, in spite of the extra possibilities for side chain oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Wang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Viktoria Schramm
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Pool
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleni Pardali
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarijn Brandenburg
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Boogaard
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Fanigliulo R, Bondioli P, Fornaciari L, Folegatti L, Grilli R, Benigni S, Calderari I, Pochi D. Bench Test of a Hydraulic Biofluid Based on Refined Pomace Oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fanigliulo
- Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'analisi Dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) – Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari (Research Centre for Engineering and Agro‐food Processing) Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo Rome 00015 Italy
| | - Paolo Bondioli
- ASSITOL Associazione Italiana dell'Industria Olearia Piazza di Campitelli 3 Rome 00186 Italy
| | - Laura Fornaciari
- Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'analisi Dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) – Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari (Research Centre for Engineering and Agro‐food Processing) Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo Rome 00015 Italy
| | - Liliana Folegatti
- InnovHub Stazioni Sperimentali Industria Area SSOG, Via G. Colombo 79 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Renato Grilli
- Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'analisi Dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) – Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari (Research Centre for Engineering and Agro‐food Processing) Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo Rome 00015 Italy
| | - Stefano Benigni
- Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'analisi Dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) – Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari (Research Centre for Engineering and Agro‐food Processing) Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo Rome 00015 Italy
| | - Igor Calderari
- ASSITOL Associazione Italiana dell'Industria Olearia Piazza di Campitelli 3 Rome 00186 Italy
| | - Daniele Pochi
- Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'analisi Dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) – Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari (Research Centre for Engineering and Agro‐food Processing) Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo Rome 00015 Italy
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Mielech A, Puścion-Jakubik A, Socha K. Assessment of the Risk of Contamination of Food for Infants and Toddlers. Nutrients 2021; 13:2358. [PMID: 34371868 PMCID: PMC8308760 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants and toddlers are highly sensitive to contaminants in food. Chronic exposure can lead to developmental delays, disorders of the nervous, urinary and immune systems, and to cardiovascular disease. A literature review was conducted mainly in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases, and took into consideration papers published from October 2020 to March 2021. We focused on contaminant content, intake estimates, and exposure to contaminants most commonly found in foods consumed by infants and children aged 0.5-3 years. In the review, we included 83 publications with full access. Contaminants that pose a high health risk are toxic elements, acrylamide, bisphenol, and pesticide residues. Minor pollutants include: dioxins, mycotoxins, nitrates and nitrites, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In order to reduce the negative health effects of food contamination, it seems reasonable to educate parents to limit foods that are potentially dangerous for infants and young children. An appropriate varied diet, selected cooking techniques, and proper food preparation can increase the likelihood that the foods children consume are safe for their health. It is necessary to monitor food contamination, adhere to high standards at every stage of production, and improve the quality of food for children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Puścion-Jakubik
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2D Street, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (A.M.); (K.S.)
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16
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Weber M, Wolf JC, Haisch C. Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Inlet-Mass Spectrometer Utilizing Plasma-Based Soft Ionization for the Analysis of Saturated, Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1707-1715. [PMID: 34170138 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soft ionization by a chemical reaction in transfer (SICRIT) is applied to couple gas chromatography (GC) to a high-resolution atmospheric pressure inlet mass spectrometer. These instruments are generally used in combination with liquid chromatography systems (LC-MS). Ionization of alkanes is not possible here with conventional electrospray ionization. Alternatively, separate GC-electron ionization (EI)-MS is employed for the analysis of nonpolar substances like alkanes, however, with the inherent challenge of strong fragmentation. In the case of alkanes, the determination of molecular masses becomes nearly impossible in complex hydrocarbon mixtures because of the wealth of similar fragment ions and the absence of the molecular ion signal. SICRIT, a soft ionization technique based on dielectric barrier discharge (DBDI), produces characteristic oxidized cations from alkanes that can be directly correlated to their molecular mass. Isotope labeling experiments reveal an ionization mechanism via hydride abstraction and reaction with water. Soft ionization can be achieved for iso- and n-alkanes, with very little fragmentation, enabling the determination of their molecular mass. Calibrations for n-alkanes from C10 to C30 were performed exhibiting high linearity, reproducibility, and sensitivity with an average LOD of 69 pg (on column). Measurements of diesel fuel samples are compared to traditional GC-EI-MS. The presented method combines sensitivity and easy handling of a GC-EI-MS with the determination of molecular mass commonly only achieved with field ionization (FI)-MS, while using existing and highly optimized mass spectrometers commonly coupled with LC. Additionally, many other analytes such as (alkylated-) PAHs could be detected simultaneously in the diesel sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weber
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Plasmion GmbH, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Haisch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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17
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Bauwens G, Pantó S, Purcaro G. Mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons quantification: Mono- and two-dimensional approaches. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462044. [PMID: 33744654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the level of mineral oil contamination in foods is a well-known problem. This class of contaminants is generally divided into mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons with different toxicological relevance and analytical challenges. Among the many challenges, data interpretation and integration represent an important source of uncertainty in the results provided by different laboratories leading to a variation evaluated on the order of 20%. The use of multidimensional comprehensive gas chromatography (GC × GC) has been proposed to support the data interpretation but the integration and the reliability of the results using this methodology has never been systematically evaluated. The aim of this work was to assess the integration and quantification performance of a two-dimensional (2D) software. The data were generated using a novel, completely automated platform, namely LC-GC × GC coupled to dual detectors, i.e., time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID). From a systematic study of the failures of the two-dimensional quantification approach a novel solution was proposed for simplifying and automating the entire process. The novel algorithm was tested on ad hoc created samples (i.e. a paraffin mixture added of n-alkanes) and real-world samples proving the agreement of the results obtained by LC-GC × GC and the traditional mono-dimensional approach. Moreover, the benefits of using an entirely integrated platform were emphasized, particularly regarding the identity confirmation capability of the MS data, which can be easily translated into the 2D FID quantification feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Sebastiano Pantó
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium.
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18
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Giuffrè AM. n-Alkanes and n-Alkenes in Virgin Olive Oil from Calabria (South Italy): The Effects of Cultivar and Harvest Date. Foods 2021; 10:290. [PMID: 33535538 PMCID: PMC7912712 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
n-Alkanes and n-alkenes are components of the unsaponifiable fraction of an olive oil. These were analysed by GC on-column analysis and are here proposed as an additional tool to certify the origin, authenticity, traceability and chemical quality of olive oil produced in the Reggio Calabria province (South Italy). Nine cultivars were studied: Cassanese, Coratina, Itrana, Leccino, Nociara, Ottobratica, Pendolino, Picholine and Sinopolese grown in the region of Calabria (South Italy). n-Alkanes in the range from 21 to 35 chain carbon atoms and alkenes in the range from 23:1 to 25:1 chain carbon atoms were found with the following elution order: heneicosane (C21), docosane (C22), tricosene (C23:1), tricosane (C23), tetracosene (C24:1), tetracosane (C24), pentacosene (C25:1), pentacosane (C25), hexacosane (C26), eptacosane (C27), octacosane (C28), nonacosane (C29), triacontane (C30), entriacontane (C31), dotriacontane (C32), tritriacontane (C33), tetratriacontane (C34), pentatriacontane (C35). The oil of all cultivars showed a decreasing trend in total n-alkane and n-alkene content, with the oil of Sinopolese showing the highest content, varying from 328.50 to 214.00 mg/kg. Odd-chain alkanes predominated over even-chain n-alkanes, and tricosane, tetracosane and pentacosane were the most represented alkanes. Cultivar and harvest date significantly influenced the n-alkane and n-alkene content. These findings can be useful to distinguish different olive cultivars and to decide the fruit harvest date for the oil of the Reggio Calabria province (South Italy). A daily quantity of 30 g of olive oil of the Sinoplese cv (the one with the highest n-alkane and n-alkene content) was found to be in accordance with the suggestions of the European Agency for the evaluation of medicinal products Committee for veterinary medicinal products and biogenic hydrocarbons intake for the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Maria Giuffrè
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Contrada Melissari, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
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19
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The effect of cultivar and harvest season on the n-alkane and the n-alkene composition of virgin olive oil. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Fengler R, Gruber L. Migration and permeation of mineral oil components from paper-based food contact materials into foods – A critical comparison of analytical methods. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Walzl A, Kopacic S, Bauer W, Leitner E. Comparison of the Functional Barrier Properties of Chitosan Acetate Films with Conventionally Applied Polymers. Molecules 2020; 25:E3491. [PMID: 32751975 PMCID: PMC7435448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current demand to cut back on the use of plastic materials has brought a major boost to the search for bio-based alternatives. Not only are plastic bags and primary food packaging under scrutiny here, but also those materials used as functional barriers to reduce, for example, the migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) from recycled paper and board packaging. Most of the barriers now in use are synthetic, often have only moderate barrier functionalities and in addition reduce the environmentally-friendly character of cellulose-based materials. Against this background, bio-based polymers have been evaluated in terms of their functional barrier properties. Chitosan was found to be among the best performers in these materials. In this study, the behavior of a lab-made chitosan acetate film was compared with conventionally produced polymer films. The two-sided migration experiment described recently was used to determine the barrier properties of the tested materials. This not only allowed to test the intrinsic migration of the films and the permeation through them, but also to simulate real packaging situations by using a recycled paper as donor for MOH. The migrated fractions were determined using gas-chromatography-based techniques. While the conventionally produced polymer films showed only moderate barrier function, excellent results were seen for the biopolymer. It reduced the migration from the recycled paper to not detectable, singling it out as a good alternative to conventional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Walzl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/2, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Samir Kopacic
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/2, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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Stauff A, Schnapka J, Heckel F, Matissek R. Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons (MOSH/MOAH) in Edible Oils and Possible Minimization by Deodorization Through the Example of Cocoa Butter. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stauff
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Julia Schnapka
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Frank Heckel
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Reinhard Matissek
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
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23
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Pack EC, Jang DY, Cha MG, Koo YJ, Kim HS, Yu HH, Park SC, Kim YS, Lim KM, Lee SH, Choi DW. Potential for short-term migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from coated and uncoated food contact paper and board into a fatty food simulant. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:858-868. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1730985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chul Pack
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Health and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gi Cha
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Koo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hyeon Yu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chan Park
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soon Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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24
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Fürst P, Gürtler R, Gundert‐Remy U, Husøy T, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Boon P, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Filipič M, Mortensen A, Van Loveren H, Woutersen R, Gergelova P, Giarola A, Lodi F, Frutos Fernandez MJ. Re-evaluation of name of hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) as food additive. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06034. [PMID: 32874237 PMCID: PMC7448092 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings added to food (FAF) provided a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) when used as a food additive. Hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) is authorised as a food additive in the EU in accordance with Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. Hydrogenated poly-1-decene is of low acute toxicity and does not raise concern for genotoxicity. Toxicity and carcinogenicity, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicological studies, were not available; therefore, the Panel based the derivation of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) on the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) identified in the subchronic study in rats and established an ADI of 20 mg/kg bw per day. Dietary exposure to hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) from its use as a food additive was calculated based on regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario. Mean exposure to hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) from its use as a food additive ranged from no exposure in infants to 2.35 mg/kg bw per day in toddlers. The high exposure to hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) ranged from 0 mg/kg bw per day in infants and adults to 6.69 mg/kg bw per day in toddlers. The exposure estimates in the regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario did not exceed the ADI of 20 mg/kg bw per day for all population groups. The Panel concluded that the exposure to hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) does not raise a safety concern when used at the maximum permitted levels.
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25
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Koster S, Varela J, Stadler RH, Moulin J, Cruz-Hernandez C, Hielscher J, Lesueur C, Roïz J, Simian H. Mineral oil hydrocarbons in foods: is the data reliable? Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:69-83. [PMID: 31639315 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1678770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of foods with mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) is a serious concern, requiring in most cases tedious mitigation measures that span across the whole food supply chain. A major issue today is the significant variability of the results generated by laboratories. This study was therefore designed to achieve a deeper insight into the analytical procedures used by commercial laboratories, identifying possible gaps and suggesting improvements that will enhance the reliability of the MOH data, an important prerequisite for risk assessment. In total six different food matrices, i.e. infant formula (IF), cocoa butter, cocoa powder, biscuits, fruit-based baby food containing biscuit and roast and ground coffee were subjected to comparative inter-laboratory studies, as well as one vegetable oil analysed within the frame of a professionally conducted proficiency test. The results indicate that on some matrices with possibly low amounts of MOH contamination, the current methodologies cannot reliably conclude whether or not a food sample is indeed contaminated with mineral oils (<10 mg/kg food). Urgently needed are: (i) an aligned and fully validated sample preparation strategy tested on a range of different food matrices; (ii) a confirmation of positive flame ionisation detection (FID) results by confirmatory methods such as mass spectrometry - in line with the CEN Standard and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) Guidance Document, (iii) a more detailed root-cause analysis in the reports of laboratories through the use of mineral oil markers, and (iv) a fully validated official method for the concerned foods with a limit of application <10 mg/kg food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Koster
- Food Contact Material Department, Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | - Jesus Varela
- Food Contact Material Department, Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | - Richard H Stadler
- Food Contact Material Department, Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | - Julie Moulin
- Food Contact Material Department, Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Herve Simian
- Food Contact Material Department, Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
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Grob K. Toxicological Assessment of Mineral Hydrocarbons in Foods: State of Present Discussions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6968-6974. [PMID: 29953221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of mineral oils by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) provided high acceptable daily intakes for classes largely falling into the mass range strongly accumulated by humans. Because they are roughly 2 orders of magnitude above the present exposure, they authorize strongly increased exposure. An approach based on accumulation seems more adequate. Increased organ weights might be more critical than granulomas. Aromatic hydrocarbons with 1-2 aromatic rings should be distinguished from those with at least 3 aromatic rings. If mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon limits were low, no limit might be needed for the 1-2 ring aromatics. It should be considered to phase out substantial use of mineral oils in food application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Fehrenstrasse 15 , CH-8032 Zürich , Switzerland
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