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Robotti E, Belay MH, Calà E, Benedetto A, Cerruti S, Pezzolato M, Pennisi F, Abete MC, Marengo E, Brizio P. Identification of Illicit Conservation Treatments in Fresh Fish by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and Chemometric Methods. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030449. [PMID: 36765978 PMCID: PMC9913940 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of food control for fresh products, the identification of foods subjected to illicit conservation treatments to extend their shelf life is fundamental. Fresh fish products are particularly subjected to this type of fraud due to their high commercial value and the fact that they often have to be transported over a long distance, keeping their organoleptic characteristics unaltered. Treatments of this type involve, e.g., the bleaching of the meat and/or the momentary abatement of the microbial load, while the degradation process continues. It is therefore important to find rapid methods that allow the identification of illicit treatments. The study presented here was performed on 24 sea bass samples divided into four groups: 12 controls (stored on ice in the fridge for 3 or 24 h), and 12 treated with a Cafodos-like solution for 3 or 24 h. Muscle and skin samples were then characterized using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The data were pre-processed by smoothing and taking the first derivative and then PLS-DA models were built to identify short- and long- term effects on the fish's muscle and skin. All the models provided the perfect classification of the samples both in fitting and cross-validation and an analysis of the bands responsible for the effects was also reported. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time Raman spectroscopy has been applied for the identification of a Cafodos-like illicit treatment, focusing on both fish muscle and skin evaluation. The procedure could pave the way for a future application directly on the market through the use of a portable device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Robotti
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0131-360272
| | - Masho Hilawie Belay
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Elisa Calà
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alessandro Benedetto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Cerruti
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Paola Brizio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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Analysis of added phosphates in hake fillets by ion-exchange chromatography: A case study of false positives induced by nucleotides coelution. Food Chem 2022; 368:130841. [PMID: 34425335 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize an ion-exchange chromatography method for an accurate quantification of phosphates. Coelution of nucleotides was detected following the quantification of small amounts of di- and trimetaphosphates in hake fillets. In some samples, triphosphates were added to the glaze ice, therefore, defrosting waters (glaze ice + drip loss of fillets) should be analyzed for an effective assessment of the use of phosphates in seafood. Even low amounts of adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) triggered false positive results for P2O74- and P3O93-. Keeping the initial isocratic conditions for longer was crucial for the separation of ADP from P2O74- and of IMP from P3O93-. The improved method showed that in general, hake fillets did not have diphosphates, and trimetaphosphates were residual. Triphosphates were clearly added in only four defrosting waters, and in most of the remaining ones, diphosphates and trimetaphosphates contents corresponded to false positive results.
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Pavlovic R, Di Cesare F, Longo F, Abballe F, Panseri S, Bonanni RC, Baccelliere R, Neri B, Chiesa LM. Undeclared (Poly)phosphates Detection in Food of Animal Origin as a Potential Tool toward Fraud Prevention. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071547. [PMID: 34359417 PMCID: PMC8304278 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(Poly)phosphates are approved as water-preserving and emulsifying agents that improve the appearance and consistency of many food products. The labelling of added (poly)phosphates is essential for protecting vulnerable population groups and to prevent unfair trade practices resulting in economic fraud. The problems with (poly)phosphates' utilisation concerns both analytical and legislative issues, such as: (1) their straightforward detection; (2) excessive addition altering freshness perception and misleading consumers; (3) uncontrolled usage increasing foodstuff weight; (4) application in products where they are not permitted; and (5) no indication on the label. Bearing all these issues in mind, the main purpose of this study was the quantification and screening of the (poly)phosphates profile in meat, marine and dairy products (160 samples), of which 43 were without declared (poly)phosphate treatment. Analysis was completed by high-performance ion-exchange chromatography either with conductometric detection or coupled to Q-Exactive Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Although the (poly)phosphates profiles varied greatly according to species and processing type, the following criteria for detection of illicit treatment were established: high orthophosphate level, quantified short-chain (poly)phosphate anions and the presence of long-chain forms. In conclusion, the instrumental platforms used in this study can be recommended to inspection bodies as reliable methods for the detection of food adulteration with (poly)phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.P.); (F.D.C.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.P.); (F.D.C.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Francesca Longo
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.); (B.N.)
| | - Franco Abballe
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Strada Rivoltana, 20090 Rodano, Italy;
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.P.); (F.D.C.); (L.M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rossana Claudia Bonanni
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.); (B.N.)
| | - Rocco Baccelliere
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.); (B.N.)
| | - Bruno Neri
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.); (B.N.)
| | - Luca Maria Chiesa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.P.); (F.D.C.); (L.M.C.)
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Kim HS, Jang DY, Koo YJ, Pack EC, Lee SH, Choi DW. Safety assessment of condensed phosphate intake from fishery and processed marine food products in Korea with respect to gender, age, and region. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Condensed phosphates are used as food additives, especially in marine products and meat, to improve food quality. The import and consumption of fishery and processed marine food products in Republic of Korea have reportedly increased by ~5 per cent annually. However, processed marine food products are often intentionally adulterated with excessive amounts of condensed phosphates to increase their weight. Excessive intake of condensed phosphates via consuming processed marine food products can lead to various adverse effects on human health due to anionic imbalance. Herein, we conducted a safety assessment of condensed phosphates in 14 types of fishery and processed marine food products in Korea for the first time. Subgroup analysis of various factors including gender, age, and region was also performed, and the risk level of exposure for each group was estimated. Safety assessments by age and gender indicated that infants were at the highest risk. In the regional safety assessment, Chungnam, the most inland region, showed the lowest risk. For both the general and the high-intake groups (95th percentile) in all classifications, the risk was lower (<20 per cent) than the international standard, and the phosphorus content of the 14 types of processed marine products in Korea was confirmed to be safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Soo Kim
- Health Science Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Koo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Chul Pack
- School of Health and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Lee
- Health Science Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Xie HH, Guo L, Yan A, Liu F, Wan Y. Simultaneous determination of five phosphates in dairy products by ion chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1811726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Xie
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Lan Guo
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Aiping Yan
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Fan Liu
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Wan
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
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