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Yu X, Xiao Z, Xie J, Xu H. Ferritin Is Secreted from Primary Cultured Astrocyte in Response to Iron Treatment via TRPML1-Mediated Exocytosis. Cells 2023; 12:2519. [PMID: 37947597 PMCID: PMC10650167 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired iron homeostasis has been proven to be one of the critical contributors to the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Ferritin is considered an intracellular protein responsible for storing cytosolic iron. Recent studies have found that ferritin can be secreted from cells independent of the classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi system. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the secretion of ferritin in the brain were not elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that the primary cultured astrocytes do have the ability to secrete ferritin, which is enhanced by iron treatment. Increased ferritin secretion was accompanied by increased protein expression of ferritin response to iron stimulation. Further study showed that iron-induced expression and secretion of ferritin could be inhibited by CQ or 3-MA pretreatment. In addition, the knockdown of transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) antagonized iron-induced ferritin secretion, accompanied by further increased intracellular protein levels of ferritin. Further study demonstrated that ferritin colocalized with LAMP1 in iron-treated astrocytes. On the contrary, ras-associated protein 27a (Rab27a) knockdown further enhanced iron-induced ferritin secretion and decreased intracellular protein levels of ferritin. Furthermore, we also showed that the secretory autophagy protein tripartite motif containing 16 (TRIM16) and sec22b decreased in iron-treated astrocytes. These results suggested that astrocytes might secrete ferritin via TRPML1-mediated exocytosis. This provides new evidence for the mechanisms underlying the secretion of ferritin in primary cultured astrocytes under a high iron environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhixin Xiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huamin Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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2
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Takanezawa Y, Kashiwano Y, Nakamura R, Ohshiro Y, Uraguchi S, Kiyono M. Methylmercury drives lipid droplet formation and adipokine expression during the late stages of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Toxicology 2023; 486:153446. [PMID: 36708982 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) is positively associated with obesity and metabolic syndromes. However, the effect of MeHg on adipogenesis has not been thoroughly investigated. This study investigated the effects of continuous exposure to 0.5 µM MeHg on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Oil Red O staining and triglycerides (TG) assays demonstrated that MeHg enhanced the TG content in 3T3-L1 cells. MeHg enhanced the mRNA and protein expression of adipocyte differentiation markers including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, adiponectin, and fatty acid-binding protein, and their expression levels were prominent during the late stages (days 6-8) after the induction of differentiation. In addition, 0.5 µM MeHg promoted the expression of autophagy-related genes, including light chain 3 B-II and p62, after induction of differentiation. Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor, during the early stages (days 0-2) after induction of differentiation inhibited cellular lipid accumulation in the presence of 0.5 µM MeHg. However, treatment with CQ during the late stages (days 6-8) had little effect on the MeHg-induced increase in TG content and the expression of adipocyte differentiation markers. Although the underlying mechanisms in the late stages remain to be completely elucidated, but the present data suggest that autophagy and other mechanisms play critical roles in adipogenesis during MeHg-induced differentiation. Collectively, our results suggest that continuous exposure to MeHg induces TG accumulation and expression of genes related to adipogenesis, especially during the late stages of 3T3-L1 differentiation, which may contribute to an improved understanding of MeHg-induced adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Takanezawa
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yui Kashiwano
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yuka Ohshiro
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shimpei Uraguchi
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masako Kiyono
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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3
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Human Endogenous Retroviruses: Friends and Foes in Urology Clinics. Int Neurourol J 2022; 26:275-287. [PMID: 36599336 PMCID: PMC9816444 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2244284.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are originated from ancient exogenous retroviruses, which infected human germ line cells millions of years ago. HERVs have generally lost their replication and retrotransposition abilities, but adopted physiological roles in human biology. Though mostly inactive, HERVs can be reactivated by internal and external factors such as inflammations and environmental conditions. Their aberrant expression can participate in various human malignancies with complex etiology. This review describes the features and functions of HERVs in urological subjects, such as urological cancers and human reproduction. It provides the current knowledge of the HERVs and useful insights helping practice in urology clinics.
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Adipokines as Regulators of Autophagy in Obesity-Linked Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203230. [PMID: 36291097 PMCID: PMC9600294 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight and obesity have become significant risk factors for cancer development. During obesity, adipose tissue alters its biological function, deregulating the secretion of bioactive factors such as hormones, cytokines, and adipokines that promote an inflammatory microenvironment conducive to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Adipokines regulate tumor processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and invasion. Additionally, it has been found that they can modulate autophagy, a process implicated in tumor suppression in healthy tissue and cancer progression in established tumors. Since the tumor-promoting role of autophagy has been well described, the process has been suggested as a therapeutic target in cancer. However, the effects of targeting autophagy might depend on the tumor type and microenvironmental conditions, where circulating adipokines could influence the role of autophagy in cancer. Here, we review recent evidence related to the role of adipokines in cancer cell autophagy in an effort to understand the tumor response in the context of obesity under the assumption of an autophagy-targeting treatment.
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Vacurova E, Trnovska J, Svoboda P, Skop V, Novosadova V, Reguera DP, Petrezselyová S, Piavaux B, Endaya B, Spoutil F, Zudova D, Stursa J, Melcova M, Bielcikova Z, Werner L, Prochazka J, Sedlacek R, Huttl M, Hubackova SS, Haluzik M, Neuzil J. Mitochondrially targeted tamoxifen alleviates markers of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1866. [PMID: 35387987 PMCID: PMC8987092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents a major health problem with increasing prevalence worldwide. Limited efficacy of current therapies has prompted a search for novel therapeutic options. Here we show that treatment of pre-diabetic mice with mitochondrially targeted tamoxifen, a potential anti-cancer agent with senolytic activity, improves glucose tolerance and reduces body weight with most pronounced reduction of visceral adipose tissue due to reduced food intake, suppressed adipogenesis and elimination of senescent cells. Glucose-lowering effect of mitochondrially targeted tamoxifen is linked to improvement of type 2 diabetes mellitus-related hormones profile and is accompanied by reduced lipid accumulation in liver. Lower senescent cell burden in various tissues, as well as its inhibitory effect on pre-adipocyte differentiation, results in lower level of circulating inflammatory mediators that typically enhance metabolic dysfunction. Targeting senescence with mitochodrially targeted tamoxifen thus represents an approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related comorbidities, promising a complex impact on senescence-related pathologies in aging population of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with potential translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Vacurova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Trnovska
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Svoboda
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Skop
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vendula Novosadova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - David Pajuelo Reguera
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Petrezselyová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Benoit Piavaux
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Berwini Endaya
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Spoutil
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Zudova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stursa
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Melcova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lukas Werner
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Huttl
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Haluzik
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic.
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
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6
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Xiong M, Hu W, Tan Y, Yu H, Zhang Q, Zhao C, Yi Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wu M. Transcription Factor E2F1 Knockout Promotes Mice White Adipose Tissue Browning Through Autophagy Inhibition. Front Physiol 2021; 12:748040. [PMID: 34819874 PMCID: PMC8606532 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.748040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with energy metabolic disturbance and is caused by long-term excessive energy storage in white adipose tissue (WAT). The WAT browning potentially reduces excessive energy accumulation, contributing an attractive target to combat obesity. As a pivotal regulator of cell growth, the transcription factor E2F1 activity dysregulation leads to metabolic complications. The regulatory effect and underlying mechanism of E2F1 knockout on WAT browning, have not been fully elucidated. To address this issue, in this study, the in vivo adipose morphology, mitochondria quantities, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), autophagy-related genes in WAT of wild-type (WT) and E2F1–/– mice were detected. Furthermore, we evaluated the UCP-1, and autophagy-related gene expression in WT and E2F1–/– adipocyte in vitro. The results demonstrated that E2F1 knockout could increase mitochondria and UCP-1 expression in WAT through autophagy suppression in mice, thus promoting WAT browning. Besides, adipocytes lacking E2F1 showed upregulated UCP-1 and downregulated autophagy-related genes expression in vitro. These results verified that E2F1 knockout exerted effects on inducing mice WAT browning through autophagy inhibition in vivo and in vitro. These findings regarding the molecular mechanism of E2F1-modulated autophagy in controlling WAT plasticity, provide a novel insight into the functional network with the potential therapeutic application against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Xiong
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijie Hu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufang Tan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Honghao Yu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chongru Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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