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Moya-Guzmán MJ, de Solminihac J, Padilla C, Rojas C, Pinto C, Himmel T, Pino-Lagos K. Extracellular Vesicles from Immune Cells: A Biomedical Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13775. [PMID: 37762077 PMCID: PMC10531060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the role of extracellular vesicles (sEV) in physiology has demonstrated their undoubted importance in processes such as the transportation of molecules with significance for cell metabolism, cell communication, and the regulation of mechanisms such as cell differentiation, inflammation, and immunity. Although the role of EVs in the immune response is actively investigated, there is little literature revising, in a comprehensive manner, the role of small EVs produced by immune cells. Here, we present a review of studies reporting the release of sEV by different types of leukocytes and the implications of such observations on cellular homeostasis. We also discuss the function of immune cell-derived sEV and their relationship with pathological states, highlighting their potential application in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karina Pino-Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Av. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago 755000, Chile
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2
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Gonçalves D, Pinto SN, Fernandes F. Extracellular Vesicles and Infection: From Hijacked Machinery to Therapeutic Tools. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1738. [PMID: 37376186 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise a broad range of secreted cell-derived membrane vesicles. Beyond their more well-characterized role in cell communication, in recent years, EVs have also been shown to play important roles during infection. Viruses can hijack the biogenesis of exosomes (which are small EVs) to promote viral spreading. Additionally, these exosomes are also important mediators in inflammation and immune responses during both bacterial and viral infections. This review summarizes these mechanisms while also describing the impact of bacterial EVs in regulating immune responses. Finally, the review also focuses on the potential and challenges of using EVs, in particular, to tackle infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Gonçalves
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra N Pinto
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fábio Fernandes
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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3
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Akbar N, Braithwaite AT, Corr EM, Koelwyn GJ, van Solingen C, Cochain C, Saliba AE, Corbin A, Pezzolla D, Møller Jørgensen M, Bæk R, Edgar L, De Villiers C, Gunadasa-Rohling M, Banerjee A, Paget D, Lee C, Hogg E, Costin A, Dhaliwal R, Johnson E, Krausgruber T, Riepsaame J, Melling GE, Shanmuganathan M, Bock C, Carter DRF, Channon KM, Riley PR, Udalova IA, Moore KJ, Anthony DC, Choudhury RP. Rapid neutrophil mobilization by VCAM-1+ endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:236-251. [PMID: 35134856 PMCID: PMC10022859 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Acute myocardial infarction rapidly increases blood neutrophils (<2 h). Release from bone marrow, in response to chemokine elevation, has been considered their source, but chemokine levels peak up to 24 h after injury, and after neutrophil elevation. This suggests that additional non-chemokine-dependent processes may be involved. Endothelial cell (EC) activation promotes the rapid (<30 min) release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which have emerged as an important means of cell-cell signalling and are thus a potential mechanism for communicating with remote tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that injury to the myocardium rapidly mobilizes neutrophils from the spleen to peripheral blood and induces their transcriptional activation prior to arrival at the injured tissue. Time course analysis of plasma-EV composition revealed a rapid and selective increase in EVs bearing VCAM-1. These EVs, which were also enriched for miRNA-126, accumulated preferentially in the spleen where they induced local inflammatory gene and chemokine protein expression, and mobilized splenic-neutrophils to peripheral blood. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we generated VCAM-1-deficient EC-EVs and showed that its deletion removed the ability of EC-EVs to provoke the mobilization of neutrophils. Furthermore, inhibition of miRNA-126 in vivo reduced myocardial infarction size in a mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show a novel EV-dependent mechanism for the rapid mobilization of neutrophils to peripheral blood from a splenic reserve and establish a proof of concept for functional manipulation of EV-communications through genetic alteration of parent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Akbar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Level 6, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adam T Braithwaite
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Level 6, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Emma M Corr
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 435 E 30th St. New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Graeme J Koelwyn
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 435 E 30th St. New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Coen van Solingen
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 435 E 30th St. New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Clément Cochain
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Wurzburg, Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts Josef-Schneider-Straße 2 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7 38124 Braunschweig, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alastair Corbin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Daniela Pezzolla
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Level 6, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Malene Møller Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Urbansgade 32-36, DK-9000, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Søndre Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rikke Bæk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Søndre Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Laurienne Edgar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Level 6, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Carla De Villiers
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Mala Gunadasa-Rohling
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Abhirup Banerjee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Level 6, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Daan Paget
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Level 6, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Charlotte Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Level 6, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Eleanor Hogg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Level 6, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adam Costin
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Raman Dhaliwal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Errin Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joey Riepsaame
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Genevieve E Melling
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mayooran Shanmuganathan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Level 6, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- The OxAMI Study is detailed in the Supplementary Acknowledgments
- Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, BT88 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - David R F Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Keith M Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Level 6, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- The OxAMI Study is detailed in the Supplementary Acknowledgments
- Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul R Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Irina A Udalova
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 435 E 30th St. New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Robin P Choudhury
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Level 6, West Wing John Radcliffe Hospital Headington Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- The OxAMI Study is detailed in the Supplementary Acknowledgments
- Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Yang C, Li D, Ko CN, Wang K, Wang H. Active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine for enhancing the effect of tumor immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133050. [PMID: 36969211 PMCID: PMC10036358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that uses our own immune system to fight cancer. Studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has antitumor activity and can enhance host immunity. This article briefly describes the immunomodulatory and escape mechanisms in tumors, as well as highlights and summarizes the antitumor immunomodulatory activities of some representative active ingredients of TCM. Finally, this article puts forward some opinions on the future research and clinical application of TCM, aiming to promote the clinical applications of TCM in tumor immunotherapy and to provide new ideas for the research of tumor immunotherapy using TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chung-Nga Ko
- C-MER Dennis Lam and Partners Eye Center, Hong Kong International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Chung-Nga Ko, ; Kai Wang, ; Haiyong Wang,
| | - Kai Wang
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chung-Nga Ko, ; Kai Wang, ; Haiyong Wang,
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Chung-Nga Ko, ; Kai Wang, ; Haiyong Wang,
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Man F, Xing H, Wang H, Wang J, Lu R. Engineered small extracellular vesicles as a versatile platform to efficiently load ferulic acid via an “esterase-responsive active loading” strategy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1043130. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1043130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As nano-drug carriers, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have shown unique advantages, but their drug loading and encapsulation efficiency are far from being satisfied, especially for the loading of hydrophilic small-molecule drugs. Inspired by the strategies of active loading of liposomal nanomedicines, pre-drug design and immobilization enzyme, here we developed a new platform, named “Esterase-responsive Active Loading” (EAL), for the efficient and stable drug encapsulation of sEVs. Widely used ferulic acid ester derivatives were chosen as prodrugs based on the EAL of engineered sEVs to establish a continuous transmembrane ion gradient for achieving efficient loading of active molecule ferulic acid into sEVs. The EAL showed that the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were around 6-fold and 5-fold higher than passive loading, respectively. Moreover, characterization by nano-flow cytometry and Malvern particle size analyzer showed that differential ultracentrifugation combined with multiple types of membrane filtration methods can achieve large-scale and high-quality production of sEVs. Finally, extracellular and intracellular assessments further confirmed the superior performance of the EAL-prepared sEVs-loaded ferulic acid preparation in terms of slow release and low toxicity. Taken together, these findings will provide an instructive insight into the development of sEV-based delivery systems.
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Pfister H. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Neutrophil-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Common Players in Neutrophil Effector Functions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071715. [PMID: 35885618 PMCID: PMC9323717 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are a central component of the innate immune system. In recent years, they have gained considerable attention due to newly discovered biological effector functions and their involvement in various pathological conditions. They have been shown to trigger mechanisms that can either promote or inhibit the development of autoimmunity, thrombosis, and cancer. One mechanism for their modulatory effect is the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), that trigger appropriate signaling pathways in immune cells and other target cells. In addition, activated neutrophils can release bactericidal DNA fibers decorated with proteins from neutrophil granules (neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs). While NETs are very effective in limiting pathogens, they can also cause severe damage if released in excess or cleared inefficiently. Since NETs and EVs share a variety of neutrophil molecules and initially act in the same microenvironment, differential biochemical and functional analysis is particularly challenging. This review focuses on the biochemical and functional parallels and the extent to which the overlapping spectrum of effector molecules has an impact on biological and pathological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Pfister
- Munich Biomarker Research Center, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, D-80636 Munich, Germany
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7
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Activated polymorphonuclear derived extracellular vesicles are potential biomarkers of periprosthetic joint infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268076. [PMID: 35533148 PMCID: PMC9084519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered as crucial players in a wide variety of biological processes. Although their importance in joint diseases or infections has been shown by numerous studies, much less is known about their function in periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Our aim was to investigate activated polymorphonuclear (PMN)-derived synovial EVs in patients with PJI. Questions/Purposes (1) Is there a difference in the number and size of extracellular vesicles between periprosthetic joint aspirates of patients with PJI and aseptic loosening? (2) Are these vesicles morphologically different in the two groups? (3) Are there activated PMN-derived EVs in septic samples evaluated by flow cytometry after CD177 labelling? (4) Is there a difference in the protein composition carried by septic and aseptic vesicles? Methods Thirty-four patients (n = 34) were enrolled into our investigation, 17 with PJI and 17 with aseptic prosthesis loosening. Periprosthetic joint fluid was aspirated and EVs were separated. Samples were analysed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and flow cytometry (after Annexin V and CD177 labelling). The protein content of the EVs was studied by mass spectrometry (MS). Results NTA showed particle size distribution in both groups between 150 nm and 450 nm. The concentration of EVs was significantly higher in the septic samples (p = 0.0105) and showed a different size pattern as compared to the aseptic ones. The vesicular nature of the particles was confirmed by TEM and differential detergent lysis. In the septic group, FC analysis showed a significantly increased event number both after single and double labelling with fluorochrome conjugated Annexin V (p = 0.046) and Annexin V and anti-CD177 (p = 0.0105), respectively. MS detected a significant difference in the abundance of lactotransferrin (p = 0.00646), myeloperoxidase (p = 0.01061), lysozyme C (p = 0.04687), annexin A6 (p = 0.03921) and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (p = 0.03146) between the studied groups. Conclusions An increased number of activated PMN derived EVs were detected in the synovial fluid of PJI patients with a characteristic size distribution and a specific protein composition. The activated PMNs-derived extracellular vesicles can be potential biomarkers of PJI.
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Wang L, Zhu Z, Liao Y, Zhang L, Yu Z, Yang R, Wu J, Wu Z, Sun X. Host Liver-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Deliver miR-142a-3p Induces Neutrophil Extracellular Traps via Targeting WASL to Block the Development of Schistosoma japonicum. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2092-2107. [PMID: 35351657 PMCID: PMC9092393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an important neglected tropical disease. Interactions between the host immune system and schistosomes are complex. Neutrophils contribute to clearance of large pathogens primarily by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, the functional role of NETs in clearing schistosomes remains unclear. Herein, we report that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the liver of Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice (IL-EVs) induce NET release by delivering miR-142a-3p to target WASL and block the development of S. japonicum. WASL knockout accelerated the formation of NETs that blocked further development of S. japonicum. miR-142a-3p and NETs upregulated the expression of CCL2, which recruits macrophages that block S. japonicum development. However, S. japonicum inhibited NET formation in wild-type mice by upregulating host interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression. In contrast, in WASL knockout mice, IL-10 expression was downregulated, and S. japonicum-mediated inhibition of NET formation was significantly reduced. IL-EV-mediated induction of NET formation is thus an anti-schistosome response that can be counteracted by S. japonicum. These findings suggest that IL-EV-mediated induction of NET formation plays a key role in schistosome infection and that WASL is a potential therapeutic target in schistosomiasis and other infectious diseases.
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Inhibitor of Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis 4-Methylumbelliferone Suppresses the Secretory Processes That Ensure the Invasion of Neutrophils into Tissues and Induce Inflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020314. [PMID: 35203523 PMCID: PMC8869632 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin-dependent adhesion of neutrophils to tissue, accompanied by the development of neutrophil-induced inflammation, occurs both in the focus of infection and in the absence of infection in metabolic disorders such as reperfusion after ischemia, diabetes mellitus, or the development of pneumonia in patients with cystic fibrosis or viral diseases. Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays an important role in the recruitment of neutrophils to tissues. 4-methylumbilliferon (4-MU), an inhibitor of HA synthesis, is used to treat inflammation, but its mechanism of action is unknown. We studied the effect of 4-MU on neutrophil adhesion and concomitant secretion using adhesion to fibronectin as a model for integrin-dependent adhesion. 4-MU reduced the spreading of neutrophils on the substrate and the concomitant secretion of granule proteins, including pro-inflammatory components. 4-MU also selectively blocked adhesion-induced release of the free amino acid hydroxylysine, a product of lysyl hydroxylase, which can influence cell invasion by modifying the extracellular matrix. Finally, 4-MU inhibited the formation of cytonemes, the extracellular membrane secretory structures containing the pro-inflammatory bactericides of the primary granules. The anti-inflammatory effect of 4-MU may be associated with the suppression of secretory processes that ensure the neutrophil invasion and initiate inflammation. We suggest that HA, due to the peculiarities of its synthesis, can promote the release of secretory carriers from the cell and 4-MU can block this process.
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Szeifert V, Kolonics F, Bartos B, Khamari D, Vági P, Barna L, Ligeti E, Lőrincz ÁM. Mac-1 Receptor Clustering Initiates Production of Pro-Inflammatory, Antibacterial Extracellular Vesicles From Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671995. [PMID: 34456905 PMCID: PMC8397541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the prevailing environmental conditions, neutrophilic granulocytes release extracellular vesicles (EV) which have either anti-inflammatory effects on other neutrophils or pro-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. In the present study we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis of functionally heterogenic EVs. We show that selective stimulation of Mac-1 integrin (complement receptor 3) by specific ligands initiates the generation of EVs which are able to impair bacterial growth and to induce the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 (aEV). However, direct Mac-1 stimulation results in aEV release only if neutrophils were activated on ligand coated surfaces whereas soluble ligands are ineffective. Using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microcopy, an increased clustering of Mac-1 molecules could be visualized in neutrophils added to C3bi coated surfaces; moreover antibody induced cluster formation triggers aEV release as well. Mac-1 induced production of aEV apparently necessitates a strong calcium signal as it fully depends on the presence of extracellular calcium. However, initiation of a strong calcium signal by an ionophore only results the generation of EV devoid of any antibacterial or pro-inflammatory effect. Our results thus demonstrate that stimulation and clustering of Mac-1 is necessary and sufficient for initiation of aEV biogenesis. In contrast, an intracellular calcium signal is necessary but by itself not sufficient for the production of antibacterial and pro-inflammatory EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferenc Kolonics
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bartos
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Delaram Khamari
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Vági
- Nikon Center of Excellence, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Barna
- Nikon Center of Excellence, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Ligeti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos M Lőrincz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Second Department of Internal Medicine, Szent György Hospital, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
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Heme induces significant neutrophil adhesion in vitro via an NFκB and reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3963-3974. [PMID: 34191232 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular hemolysis, a major manifestation of sickle cell disease (SCD) and other diseases, incurs the release of hemoglobin and heme from red blood cells, in turn triggering inflammatory processes. This study investigated the in vitro effects of heme, a major inflammatory DAMP, on the adhesive properties of isolated human neutrophils. Heme (20 and 50 µM) significantly increased the adhesion of neutrophils to fibronectin and to recombinant ICAM-1, under static conditions, even more efficiently than the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF); a microfluidic assay confirmed that heme stimulated neutrophil adhesion under conditions of shear stress. Heme-induced neutrophil adhesion was associated with the increased activities, but not expressions, of the Mac-1 and LFA-1 integrin subunits, CD11b and CD11a, on the cell surface. Notably, heme (50 µM) significantly induced NFκB translocation in neutrophils, and inhibition of NFκB activity with the BAY11-7082 molecule abolished heme-induced cell adhesion to fibronectin and significantly decreased CD11a activity. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated major reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in neutrophils following heme stimulation that could be inhibited by the antioxidant, α-tocopherol, and by BAY11-7082. Furthermore, co-incubation with α-tocopherol abrogated both heme-stimulated neutrophil adhesion and CD11a/CD11b activation. Thus, our data indicate that heme, at clinically relevant concentrations, is a potent activator of neutrophil adhesion, increasing the ligand affinity of the β2 integrins via a mechanism that may be partially mediated by an NFkB-dependent pathway and the generation of ROS. Given the fundamental role that the adhesion of neutrophils to the vascular wall plays in SCD vaso-occlusion and other vascular inflammatory processes, our findings provide further evidence that cell-free heme is a major therapeutic target in the hemolytic diseases.
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Zhu D, Fang H, Kusuma GD, Schwab R, Barabadi M, Chan ST, McDonald H, Leong CM, Wallace EM, Greening DW, Lim R. Impact of chemically defined culture media formulations on extracellular vesicle production by amniotic epithelial cells. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000080. [PMID: 34081834 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic properties of cell derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) make them promising cell-free alternative to regenerative medicine. However, clinical translation of this technology relies on the ability to manufacture EVs in a scalable, reproducible, and cGMP-compliant manner. To generate EVs in sufficient quantity, a critical step is the selection and development of culture media, where differences in formulation may influence the EV manufacturing process. In this study, we used human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) as a model system to explore the effect of different formulations of chemically defined, commercially sourced media on EV production. Here, we determined that cell viability and proliferation rate are not reliable quality indicators for EV manufacturing. The levels of tetraspanins and epitope makers of EVs were significantly impacted by culture media formulations. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling revealed proteome composition of hAEC-EVs and the influence of media formulations on composition of EV proteome. This study has revealed critical aspects including cell viability and proliferation rate, EV yield, and tetraspanins, surface epitopes and proteome composition of EVs influenced by media formulations, and further insight into standardised EV production culture media that should be considered in clinical-grade scalable EV manufacture for generation of therapeutic EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhu
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gina D Kusuma
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renate Schwab
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mehri Barabadi
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siow Teng Chan
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah McDonald
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheng Mee Leong
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Australia Pty Ltd, Scoresby, Victoria, Australia
| | - Euan M Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Soe ZY, Park EJ, Shimaoka M. Integrin Regulation in Immunological and Cancerous Cells and Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2193. [PMID: 33672100 PMCID: PMC7926977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins represent the biologically and medically significant family of cell adhesion molecules that govern a wide range of normal physiology. The activities of integrins in cells are dynamically controlled via activation-dependent conformational changes regulated by the balance of intracellular activators, such as talin and kindlin, and inactivators, such as Shank-associated RH domain interactor (SHARPIN) and integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein 1 (ICAP-1). The activities of integrins are alternatively controlled by homotypic lateral association with themselves to induce integrin clustering and/or by heterotypic lateral engagement with tetraspanin and syndecan in the same cells to modulate integrin adhesiveness. It has recently emerged that integrins are expressed not only in cells but also in exosomes, important entities of extracellular vesicles secreted from cells. Exosomal integrins have received considerable attention in recent years, and they are clearly involved in determining the tissue distribution of exosomes, forming premetastatic niches, supporting internalization of exosomes by target cells and mediating exosome-mediated transfer of the membrane proteins and associated kinases to target cells. A growing body of evidence shows that tumor and immune cell exosomes have the ability to alter endothelial characteristics (proliferation, migration) and gene expression, some of these effects being facilitated by vesicle-bound integrins. As endothelial metabolism is now thought to play a key role in tumor angiogenesis, we also discuss how tumor cells and their exosomes pleiotropically modulate endothelial functions in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zay Yar Soe
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine, Magway, 7th Mile, Natmauk Road, Magway City 04012, Magway Region, Myanmar
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-City 514-8507, Mie, Japan;
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-City 514-8507, Mie, Japan;
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14
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The Functional Heterogeneity of Neutrophil-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reflects the Status of the Parent Cell. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122718. [PMID: 33353087 PMCID: PMC7766779 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other cell types, neutrophilic granulocytes also release extracellular vesicles (EVs), mainly medium-sized microvesicles/microparticles. According to published data, authors have reached a consensus on the physical parameters (size, density) and chemical composition (surface proteins, proteomics) of neutrophil-derived EVs. In contrast, there is large diversity and even controversy in the reported functional properties. Part of the discrepancy may be ascribed to differences in the viability of the starting cells, in eliciting factors, in separation techniques and in storage conditions. However, the most recent data from our laboratory prove that the same population of neutrophils is able to generate EVs with different functional properties, transmitting pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects on neighboring cells. Previously we have shown that Mac-1 integrin is a key factor that switches anti-inflammatory EV generation into pro-inflammatory and antibacterial EV production. This paper reviews current knowledge on the functional alterations initiated by neutrophil-derived EVs, listing their effects according to the triggering agents and target cells. We summarize the presence of neutrophil-derived EVs in pathological processes and their perspectives in diagnostics and therapy. Finally, the functional heterogeneity of differently triggered EVs indicates that neutrophils are capable of producing a broad spectrum of EVs, depending on the environmental conditions prevailing at the time of EV genesis.
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15
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Integrins Control Vesicular Trafficking; New Tricks for Old Dogs. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:124-137. [PMID: 33020011 PMCID: PMC7531435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that transduce biochemical and mechanical signals across the plasma membrane and promote cell adhesion and migration. In addition, integrin adhesion complexes are functionally and structurally linked to components of the intracellular trafficking machinery and accumulating data now reveal that they are key regulators of endocytosis and exocytosis in a variety of cell types. Here, we highlight recent insights into integrin control of intracellular trafficking in processes such as degranulation, mechanotransduction, cell–cell communication, antibody production, virus entry, Toll-like receptor signaling, autophagy, and phagocytosis, as well as the release and uptake of extracellular vesicles. We discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms and the implications for a range of pathophysiological contexts, including hemostasis, immunity, tissue repair, cancer, and viral infection. Integrin adhesion complexes control polarized targeting of the intracellular trafficking machinery via microtubules. Integrin adhesions are exocytic hubs for a variety of vesicles, including lytic and dense granules, lysosome-related organelles, and biosynthetic vesicles. Integrin-dependent adhesion and signaling is required for degranulation of platelets and leukocytes and controls hemostasis and immunity. Specialized adhesion complexes containing integrin αvβ5 and clathrin are sites of frustrated endocytosis and hubs for mechanotransduction. Integrin control of endocytosis regulates Toll-like receptor signaling and autophagy in immune cells. Integrins control intercellular communication and viral transfer through extracellular vesicles.
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16
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Kolonics F, Kajdácsi E, Farkas VJ, Veres DS, Khamari D, Kittel Á, Merchant ML, McLeish KR, Lőrincz ÁM, Ligeti E. Neutrophils produce proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory extracellular vesicles depending on the environmental conditions. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:793-806. [PMID: 32946637 PMCID: PMC8851677 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0320-210r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important elements of intercellular communication. A plethora of different, occasionally even opposite, physiologic and pathologic effects have been attributed to these vesicles in the last decade. A direct comparison of individual observations is however hampered by the significant differences in the way of elicitation, collection, handling, and storage of the investigated vesicles. In the current work, we carried out a careful comparative study on 3, previously characterized types of EVs produced by neutrophilic granulocytes. We investigated in parallel the modulation of multiple blood-related cells and functions by medium-sized vesicles. We show that EVs released from resting neutrophils exert anti-inflammatory action by reducing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokine release from neutrophils. In contrast, vesicles generated upon encounter of neutrophils with opsonized particles rather promote proinflammatory processes as they increase production of ROS and cytokine secretion from neutrophils and activate endothelial cells. EVs released from apoptosing cells were mainly active in promoting coagulation. We thus propose that EVs are “custom made,” acquiring selective capacities depending on environmental factors prevailing at the time of their biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Kolonics
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Kajdácsi
- Research Laboratory of the 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika J Farkas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel S Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Delaram Khamari
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELRN), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael L Merchant
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kenneth R McLeish
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ákos M Lőrincz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Ligeti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Wang L, Liao Y, Yang R, Yu Z, Zhang L, Zhu Z, Wu X, Shen J, Liu J, Xu L, Wu Z, Sun X. Sja-miR-71a in Schistosome egg-derived extracellular vesicles suppresses liver fibrosis caused by schistosomiasis via targeting semaphorin 4D. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1785738. [PMID: 32944173 PMCID: PMC7480424 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1785738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is characterized by liver fibrosis, and studies have indicated that Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) eggs can limit the progression of liver fibrosis. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms are yet unclear. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain a selection of miRNAs for long-distance exchange of information and act as an important pathway for host-parasite communication. This study aimed to explore the potential role of S. japonicum egg-derived EVs and its key miRNA in liver fibrosis. Herein, we found that S. japonicum egg-derived EVs can inhibit the activation of hepatic stellate cells, which is mediated via the high expression of Sja-miR-71a. Sja-miR-71a in EVs attenuates the pathological progression and liver fibrosis in S. japonicum infection. Sja-miR-71a inhibiting TGF-β1/SMAD and interleukin (IL)-13/STAT6 pathways via directly targeting semaphorin 4D (Sema4D). In addition, Sja-miR-71a can also suppress liver fibrosis by regulating Th1/Th2/Th17 and Treg balance. This study contributes to further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Schistosoma-host interactions, and Sema4D may be a potential target for schistosomiasis liver fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Wang
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Liao
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruibing Yang
- Medical Department of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Zilong Yu
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Zhu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Shen
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahua Liu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Xu
- Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Abstract
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) are indispensable for controlling life-threatening fungal infections. In addition to various effector mechanisms, PMNs also produce extracellular vesicles (EVs). Their contribution to antifungal defense has remained unexplored. We reveal that the clinically important human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus triggers PMNs to release a distinct set of antifungal EVs (afEVs). Proteome analyses indicated that afEVs are enriched in antimicrobial proteins. The cargo and the release kinetics of EVs are modulated by the fungal strain confronted. Tracking of afEVs indicated that they associated with fungal cells and even entered fungal hyphae, resulting in alterations in the morphology of the fungal cell wall and dose-dependent antifungal effects. To assess as a proof of concept whether the antimicrobial proteins found in afEVs might contribute to growth inhibition of hyphae when present in the fungal cytoplasm, two human proteins enriched in afEVs, cathepsin G and azurocidin, were heterologously expressed in fungal hyphae. This led to reduced fungal growth relative to that of a control strain producing the human retinol binding protein 7. In conclusion, extracellular vesicles produced by neutrophils in response to A. fumigatus infection are able to associate with the fungus, limit growth, and elicit cell damage by delivering antifungal cargo. This finding offers an intriguing, previously overlooked mechanism of antifungal defense against A. fumigatus IMPORTANCE Invasive fungal infections caused by the mold Aspergillus fumigatus are a growing concern in the clinic due to the increasing use of immunosuppressive therapies and increasing antifungal drug resistance. These infections result in high rates of mortality, as treatment and diagnostic options remain limited. In healthy individuals, neutrophilic granulocytes are critical for elimination of A. fumigatus from the host; however, the exact extracellular mechanism of neutrophil-mediated antifungal activity remains unresolved. Here, we present a mode of antifungal defense employed by human neutrophils against A. fumigatus not previously described. We found that extracellular vesicles produced by neutrophils in response to A. fumigatus infection are able to associate with the fungus, limit growth, and elicit cell damage by delivering antifungal cargo. In the end, antifungal extracellular vesicle biology provides a significant step forward in our understanding of A. fumigatus host pathogenesis and opens up novel diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities.
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