1
|
Abel JW, Anderson RJ, Dean GM, Dewhurst SA. Isolating the effects of visual imagery on prospective memory. Memory 2024; 32:476-483. [PMID: 38547354 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2335302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Two experiments investigated the role of visual imagery in prospective memory (PM). In experiment 1, 140 participants completed a general knowledge quiz which included a PM task of writing a letter "X" next to any questions that referred to space. Participants either visualised themselves performing this task, verbalised an implementation intention about the task, did both, or did neither. Performance on the PM task was enhanced in both conditions involving visual imagery but not by implementation intentions alone. In experiment 2, 120 participants imagined themselves writing a letter "X" next to questions about space, or in a bizarre imagery condition imagined themselves drawing an alien next to those questions. Relative to the control condition, PM was significantly enhanced when participants imagined writing a letter "X" next to the target questions, but not by the bizarre imagery task. The findings indicate that the robust effects of imagery observed in retrospective memory also extend to PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Abel
- School of Psychology & Social Work, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Rachel J Anderson
- School of Psychology & Social Work, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | | | - Stephen A Dewhurst
- School of Psychology & Social Work, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brinkhof LP, Ridderinkhof KR, Murre JMJ, Krugers HJ, de Wit S. Improving goal striving and resilience in older adults through a personalized metacognitive self-help intervention: a protocol paper. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:223. [PMID: 37542308 PMCID: PMC10403928 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful aging is often linked to individual's ability to demonstrate resilience: the maintenance or quick recovery of functional ability, well-being, and quality of life despite losses or adversity. A crucial element of resilience is behavioral adaptability, which refers to the adaptive changes in behavior in accordance with internal or external demands. Age-related degradation of executive functions can, however, lead to volition problems that compromise flexible adjustment of behavior. In contrast, the reliance on habitual control has been shown to remain relatively intact in later life and may therefore provide an expedient route to goal attainment among older adults. In the current study, we examine whether a metacognitive self-help intervention (MCSI), aimed at facilitating goal striving through the gradual automatization of efficient routines, could effectively support behavioral adaptability in favor of resilience among older adults with and without (sub-clinical) mental health problems. METHODS This metacognitive strategy draws on principles from health and social psychology, as well as clinical psychology, and incorporates elements of established behavioral change and activation techniques from both fields. Additionally, the intervention will be tailored to personal needs and challenges, recognizing the significant diversity that exist among aging individuals. DISCUSSION Despite some challenges that may limit the generalizability of the results, our MCSI program offers a promising means to empower older adults with tools and strategies to take control of their goals and challenges. This can promote autonomy and independent functioning, and thereby contribute to adaptability and resilience in later life. TRIAL REGISTRATION Pre-registered, partly retrospectively. This study was pre-registered before the major part of the data was collected, created, and realized. Only a small part of the data of some participants (comprising the baseline and other pre-intervention measures), and the full dataset of the first few participants, was collected prior to registration, but it was not accessed yet. See: https://osf.io/5b9xz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte P Brinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J Murre
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harm J Krugers
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van de Vijver I, Brinkhof LP, de Wit S. Age differences in routine formation: the role of automatization, motivation, and executive functions. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1140366. [PMID: 37484115 PMCID: PMC10357511 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1140366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Medication adherence can be vital for one's health, especially in older adults. However, previous research has demonstrated that medication adherence is negatively affected by age-related cognitive decline. In the current study we investigated whether older adults are able to compensate for this decline by relying more on the formation of efficient, automatized routines. To this end, we directly compared daily (placebo) medication adherence in a healthy sample of 68 younger (18-29 years) and 63 older adults (65-86 years) over a period of 4 weeks. We show that despite an age-related decline in cognitive functions (i.e., poorer working memory, prospective memory, task switching, and goal-directed control), older adults adhered better to a daily pill intake routine than younger adults did and, in line with our hypothesis about increased routine formation, reported higher subjective automaticity of pill intake. Across age groups, automatization of pill intake was related to intake regularity and conscientiousness, but not to individual differences in habit tendency as measured in the lab nor to explicit strategic planning. Crucially, the age-related increase in pill intake adherence was mediated by experienced automatization as well as motivation. These findings demonstrate that intact habitual processes and high motivation aid older adults in successfully forming daily routines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene van de Vijver
- Habit Lab, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lotte P. Brinkhof
- Habit Lab, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Habit Lab, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, Zhang M, Xin C, Guo Y, Lin Q, Ma Z, Hu J, Huang W, Liao Q. Effect of Encoding on Prospective Memory. Front Psychol 2022; 12:701281. [PMID: 35140643 PMCID: PMC8818949 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-based prospective memory (ProM) refers to remembering to execute planned actions in response to a target ProM cues. Encoding modality influences ProM performance; visual encoding has been studied more than auditory encoding. Further, it has not yet been examined whether different encoding may influence ProM performance in different encoding modalities. This study examines the effects of encoding modality (visual vs. auditory), cue-encoding specificity (specific cue vs. non-specific cue), and encoding modes (standard vs. implementation intention) on event-based ProM tasks. In Experiment 1, cue specificity and encoding modality were manipulated as a within-groups encoding of visual cues is more commonly and between-groups variable. Results revealed the facilitative effect of cue specificity on ProM performance. Also, with respect to encoding modality, participants showed better performance when receiving auditory instructions compared with the visual encoding condition. In Experiment 2, as in Experiment 1, cue specificity and encoding modality were manipulated. Encoding mode was added as a new between-group variable. Result revealed that there was a significant interaction between encoding modality and encoding modes. Visual implementation intention encoding was a more effective method for improving ProM performance compared with visual standard encoding. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between cue-encoding specificity and encoding modes. Implementation intention encoding enhances ProM performance in non-specific cue-encoding conditions. Overall, the present study found that (1) auditory encoding modality showed superior ProM performance compared with visual encoding, although implementation intention had facilitative on ProM performance regardless of the encoding modalities, and (2) there was better ProM performance under specific encoding compared with non-specific encoding, and implementation intention had a facilitative effect on ProM performance in the non-specific condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youzhen Chen
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cong Xin
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfei Guo
- Department of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhujun Ma
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiting Huang
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianfang Liao
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kretschmer-Trendowicz A, Kliegel M, Goschke T, Altgassen M. ‘If-then’ but when? Effects of implementation intentions on children’s and adolescents’ prospective memory. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Gladwin TE, Jewiss M, Banic M, Pereira A. Associations between performance-based and self-reported prospective memory, impulsivity and encoding support. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 206:103066. [PMID: 32247968 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to execute future intended actions and may be negatively affected by impulsivity. The current study aimed to address questions on (1) relationships of PM with facets of impulsivity; (2) psychometric properties of a PM task, in particular convergent validity with self-reported PM; and (3) whether external support of the encoding process would improve PM or affect relationships with impulsivity. 245 participants performed the experiment online. Participants completed either a baseline version of the task, which combined blocks of an ongoing working memory task with PM trials involving a varying stimulus requiring an alternative response; or a version that provided external support of encoding by requesting that participants visualize and execute the intended prospective action before each block. The Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) and Short Version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (SUPPS) were used to assess self-reported prospective memory and facets of impulsivity. Reliability of PM performance was good and remained acceptable even with the exclusion of participants with low scores. PM performance was associated with self-reported PM, explaining variance in addition to that explained by working memory performance. PM performance was also negatively associated with impulsivity, in particular sensation seeking and positive urgency, but only in the baseline task. Support did not cause overall improvements in performance. In conclusion, results provided further evidence for a relationship between facets of impulsivity and PM. PM as assessed via the current task has good psychometric properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Edward Gladwin
- Institute of Education, Health and Social Sciences, University of Chichester, United Kingdom; Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Matt Jewiss
- Institute of Education, Health and Social Sciences, University of Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Milena Banic
- Institute of Education, Health and Social Sciences, University of Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Antonina Pereira
- Institute of Education, Health and Social Sciences, University of Chichester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scullin MK, McDaniel MA, Dasse MN, Lee JH, Kurinec CA, Tami C, Krueger ML. Thought probes during prospective memory encoding: Evidence for perfunctory processes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198646. [PMID: 29874277 PMCID: PMC5991366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly 50 years, psychologists have studied prospective memory, or the ability to execute delayed intentions. Yet, there remains a gap in understanding as to whether initial encoding of the intention must be elaborative and strategic, or whether some components of successful encoding can occur in a perfunctory, transient manner. In eight studies (N = 680), we instructed participants to remember to press the Q key if they saw words representing fruits (cue) during an ongoing lexical decision task. They then typed what they were thinking and responded whether they encoded fruits as a general category, as specific exemplars, or hardly thought about it at all. Consistent with the perfunctory view, participants often reported mind wandering (42.9%) and hardly thinking about the prospective memory task (22.5%). Even though participants were given a general category cue, many participants generated specific category exemplars (34.5%). Bayesian analyses of encoding durations indicated that specific exemplars came to mind in a perfunctory manner rather than via strategic, elaborative mechanisms. Few participants correctly guessed the research hypotheses and changing from fruit category cues to initial-letter cues eliminated reports of specific exemplar generation, thereby arguing against demand characteristics in the thought probe procedure. In a final experiment, encoding duration was unrelated to prospective memory performance; however, specific-exemplar encoders outperformed general-category encoders with no ongoing task monitoring costs. Our findings reveal substantial variability in intention encoding, and demonstrate that some components of prospective memory encoding can be done "in passing."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Scullin
- Baylor University, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Waco, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark A. McDaniel
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Michelle N. Dasse
- Baylor University, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Waco, TX, United States of America
| | - Ji hae Lee
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Courtney A. Kurinec
- Baylor University, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Waco, TX, United States of America
| | - Claudina Tami
- Baylor University, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Waco, TX, United States of America
| | - Madison L. Krueger
- Baylor University, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Waco, TX, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|