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Ma X, Liu Z, Yue C, Wang S, Li X, Wang C, Ling S, Wang Y, Liu S, Gu Y. High-throughput sequencing and characterization of potentially pathogenic fungi from the vaginal mycobiome of giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in estrus and non-estrus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1265829. [PMID: 38333585 PMCID: PMC10850575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1265829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) reproduction is of worldwide attention, and the vaginal microbiome is one of the most important factors affecting the reproductive rate of giant pandas. The aim of this study is to investigate the diversity of vaginal mycobiota structure, and potential pathogenic fungi in female giant pandas during estrus and non-estrus. Methods This study combined with high-throughput sequencing and laboratory testing to compare the diversity of the vaginal mycobiota in giant pandas during estrus and non-estrus, and to investigate the presence of potentially pathogenic fungi. Potentially pathogenic fungi were studied in mice to explore their pathogenicity. Results and discussion The results revealed that during estrus, the vaginal secretions of giant pandas play a crucial role in fungal colonization. Moreover, the diversity of the vaginal mycobiota is reduced and specificity is enhanced. The abundance of Trichosporon and Cutaneotrichosporon in the vaginal mycobiota of giant pandas during estrus was significantly higher than that during non-estrus periods. Apiotrichum and Cutaneotrichosporon were considered the most important genera, and they primarily originate from the environment owing to marking behavior exhibited during the estrous period of giant pandas. Trichosporon is considered a resident mycobiota of the vagina and is an important pathogen that causes infection when immune system is suppressed. Potentially pathogenic fungi were further isolated and identified from the vaginal secretions of giant pandas during estrus, and seven strains of Apiotrichum (A. brassicae), one strain of Cutaneotrichosporon (C. moniliiforme), and nine strains of Trichosporon (two strains of T. asteroides, one strain of T. inkin, one strain of T. insectorum, and five strains of T. japonicum) were identified. Pathogenicity results showed that T. asteroides was the most pathogenic strain, as it is associated with extensive connective tissue replacement and inflammatory cell infiltration in both liver and kidney tissues. The results of this study improve our understanding of the diversity of the vaginal fungi present in giant pandas and will significantly contribute to improving the reproductive health of giant pandas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chanjuan Yue
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
| | - Siwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinni Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanshan Ling
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Songrui Liu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Ma X, Liu H, Liu Z, Wang Y, Zhong Z, Peng G, Gu Y. Trichosporon asahii PLA2 Gene Enhances Drug Resistance to Azoles by Improving Drug Efflux and Biofilm Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108855. [PMID: 37240199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe or even fatal infections in patients with low immune function. sPLA2 plays different roles in different fungi and is also related to fungal drug resistance. However, the mechanism underlying its drug resistance to azoles has not yet been reported in T. asahii. Therefore, we investigated the drug resistance of T. asahii PLA2 (TaPLA2) by constructing overexpressing mutant strains (TaPLA2OE). TaPLA2OE was generated by homologous recombination of the recombinant vector pEGFP-N1-TaPLA2, induced by the CMV promoter, with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The structure of the protein was found to be typical of sPLA2, and it belongs to the phospholipase A2_3 superfamily. TaPLA2OE enhanced antifungal drug resistance by upregulating the expression of effector genes and increasing the number of arthrospores to promote biofilm formation. TaPLA2OE was highly sensitive to sodium dodecyl sulfate and Congo red, indicating impaired cell wall integrity due to downregulation of chitin synthesis or degradation genes, which can indirectly affect fungal resistance. In conclusion, TaPLA2 overexpression enhanced the resistance to azoles of T. asahii by enhancing drug efflux and biofilm formation and upregulating HOG-MAPK pathway genes; therefore, it has promising research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yu Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Ma X, Liu Z, Yu Y, Jiang Y, Wang C, Zuo Z, Ling S, He M, Cao S, Wen Y, Zhao Q, Wu R, Huang X, Zhong Z, Peng G, Gu Y. Microsporum gypseum Isolated from Ailuropoda melanoleuca Provokes Inflammation and Triggers Th17 Adaptive Immunity Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912037. [PMID: 36233337 PMCID: PMC9570494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporum gypseum causes dermatomycoses in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). This study aimed to investigate the immune response of M. gypseum following deep infection. The degree of damage to the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys was evaluated using tissue fungal load, organ index, and histopathological methods. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) detected the mRNA expression of receptors and cytokines in the lung, and immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry, were used to assess immune cells in the lung. The results indicated that conidia mainly colonized the lungs and caused serious injury with M. gypseum infection. Furthermore, dectin-1, TLR-2, and TLR-4 played a role in recognizing M. gypseum cells. Numerous inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages, dendritic cells, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23), were activated in the early stages of infection. With the high expression of IL-22, IL-17A, and IL-17F, the Th17 pathway exerted an adaptive immune response to M. gypseum infection. These results can potentially aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by M. gypseum in giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaozhang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu 611800, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shanshan Ling
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu 611800, China
| | - Ming He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu 611800, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yu Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18190681226
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Weber JK, Scharf S, Walther G, Flüh G, MacKenzie CR, Kondakci M, Henrich B, Kohns Vasconcelos M. Detection of invasive Trichosporon asahii in patient blood by a fungal PCR array. Access Microbiol 2022; 3:000285. [PMID: 35024550 PMCID: PMC8749139 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare invasive fungal infections are increasingly emerging in hosts with predisposing factors such as immunodeficiency. Their timely diagnosis remains difficult, as their clinical picture may initially mimic infections with more common fungal species and species identification may be difficult with routine methods or may require time-consuming subcultures. This often results in ineffective drug administration and fatal outcomes. We report on a patient in their early twenties with mixed cellularity classical Hodgkin lymphoma with a disseminated Trichosporon asahii (T. asahii) infection. Even though pathogen detection and identification was possible via the standard procedure consisting of culture followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation–time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, the patient passed away in the course of multi organ failure. Herein, we report on a retrospectively applied experimental diagnostic fungal PCR-analysis used on an EDTA blood sample and consisting of two pan-fungal reactions and seven branch-specific reactions. Regarding invasive T. asahii infection, this PCR array could considerably shorten time to diagnosis and switch to a targeted therapy with triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin K Weber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Scharf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Grit Walther
- German National Reference Centre for Invasive Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Greta Flüh
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Labor Dr. Wisplinghoff, Cologne, Germany
| | - Colin R MacKenzie
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mustafa Kondakci
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Henrich
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malte Kohns Vasconcelos
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Santos FA, Leite-Andrade MC, Vasconcelos MA, Alves AI, Buonafina-Paz MD, Araújo-Neto LN, Macêdo DP, Neves RP. Trichosporon inkin fungemia case report: clinical and laboratory management. Future Microbiol 2021; 17:81-87. [PMID: 34913372 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon species are emerging as opportunistic pathogens that mainly affect immunocompromised patients. Patients with onco-hematological diseases usually present with fungemia by Trichosporon species, especially by T. asahii. Reports of this infection by other species of the genus are uncommon. Thus, in this paper, we present a case of T. inkin fungemia in a 39-year-old female patient with intestinal obstruction and absence of malignant hematological diseases. The late mycological diagnosis, the ineffective control of her pre-existing conditions and consequent failure to start antifungal therapy were the contributing factors for the patient's death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Ag Santos
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adryelle Is Alves
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rejane P Neves
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
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de Aguiar Cordeiro R, da Silva BN, de Aguiar ALR, Pereira LMG, Portela FVM, da Rocha MG, Pergentino MLM, de Santos Sales G, de Sousa JK, de Camargo ZP, Brilhante RSN, Rocha MFG, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Sidrim JJC. Vancomycin enhances growth and virulence of Trichosporon spp. planktonic cells and biofilms. Med Mycol 2021; 59:793-801. [PMID: 33550417 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are important worldwide health problem, affecting the growing population of immunocompromised patients. Although the majority of IFIs are caused by Candida spp., other fungal species have been increasingly recognized as relevant opportunistic pathogens. Trichosporon spp. are members of skin and gut human microbiota. Since 1980's, invasive trichosporonosis has been considered a significant cause of fungemia in patients with hematological malignancies. As prolonged antibiotic therapy is an important risk factor for IFIs, the present study investigated if vancomycin enhances growth and virulence of Trichosporon. Vancomycin was tested against T. inkin (n = 6) and T. asahii (n = 6) clinical strains. Planktonic cells were evaluated for their metabolic activity and virulence against Caenorhabditis elegans. Biofilms were evaluated for metabolic activity, biomass production, amphotericin B tolerance, induction of persister cells, and ultrastructure. Vancomycin stimulated planktonic growth of Trichosporon spp., increased tolerance to AMB, and potentiates virulence against C. elegans. Vancomycin stimulated growth (metabolic activity and biomass) of Trichosporon spp. biofilms during all stages of development. The antibiotic increased the number of persister cells inside Trichosporon biofilms. These cells showed higher tolerance to AMB than persister cells from VAN-free biofilms. Microscopic analysis showed that VAN increased production of extracellular matrix and cells in T. inkin and T. asahii biofilms. These results suggest that antibiotic exposure may have a direct impact on the pathophysiology of opportunistic trichosporonosis in patients at risk. LAY ABSTRACT This study showed that the vancomycin stimulated Trichosporon growth, induced morphological and physiological changes on their biofilms, and also enhanced their in vivo virulence. Although speculative, the stimulatory effect of vancomycin on fungal cells should be considered in a clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Bruno Nascimento da Silva
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Ribeiro de Aguiar
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Livia Maria Galdino Pereira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Fernando Victor Monteiro Portela
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Gleiciane da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará. Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lara Mendes Pergentino
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Gyrliane de Santos Sales
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Kleybson de Sousa
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará. Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Kim JH, Cheng LW, Chan KL, Tam CC, Mahoney N, Friedman M, Shilman MM, Land KM. Antifungal Drug Repurposing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110812. [PMID: 33203147 PMCID: PMC7697925 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of fungal pathogens is increasingly problematic due to the limited number of effective drugs available for antifungal therapy. Conventional antifungal drugs could also trigger human cytotoxicity associated with the kidneys and liver, including the generation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, increased incidences of fungal resistance to the classes of azoles, such as fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, or posaconazole, or echinocandins, including caspofungin, anidulafungin, or micafungin, have been documented. Of note, certain azole fungicides such as propiconazole or tebuconazole that are applied to agricultural fields have the same mechanism of antifungal action as clinical azole drugs. Such long-term application of azole fungicides to crop fields provides environmental selection pressure for the emergence of pan-azole-resistant fungal strains such as Aspergillus fumigatus having TR34/L98H mutations, specifically, a 34 bp insertion into the cytochrome P450 51A (CYP51A) gene promoter region and a leucine-to-histidine substitution at codon 98 of CYP51A. Altogether, the emerging resistance of pathogens to currently available antifungal drugs and insufficiency in the discovery of new therapeutics engender the urgent need for the development of new antifungals and/or alternative therapies for effective control of fungal pathogens. We discuss the current needs for the discovery of new clinical antifungal drugs and the recent drug repurposing endeavors as alternative methods for fungal pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H. Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-510-559-5841
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Kathleen L. Chan
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Christina C. Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Noreen Mahoney
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
| | | | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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Piatek M, Sheehan G, Kavanagh K. UtilisingGalleria mellonella larvae for studying in vivo activity of conventional and novel antimicrobial agents. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:5917982. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe immune response of insects displays many structural and functional similarities to the innate immune response of mammals. As a result of these conserved features, insects may be used for evaluating microbial virulence or for testing the in vivo efficacy and toxicity of antimicrobial compounds and results show strong similarities to those from mammals. Galleria mellonella larvae are widely used in this capacity and have the advantage of being easy to use, inexpensive to purchase and house, and being free from the ethical and legal restrictions that relate to the use of mammals in these tests. Galleria mellonella larvae may be used to assess the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of novel antimicrobial compounds. A wide range of antibacterial and antifungal therapies have been evaluated in G. mellonella larvae and results have informed subsequent experiments in mammals. While insect larvae are a convenient and reproducible model to use, care must be taken in their use to ensure accuracy of results. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive account of the use of G. mellonella larvae for assessing the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of a wide range of antibacterial and antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Piatek
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Gerard Sheehan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
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First case of bloodstream infection of Trichosporon loubieri in a patient with B-cell lymphocytic leukemia in China. J Infect Chemother 2020; 27:86-89. [PMID: 32933860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichosporon loubieri is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus that could causes invasive infections for human, which rarely been reported. In the present study, we reported a case of bloodstream infection from a patient with Ph-positive B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL) due to Trichosporon loubieri. Trichosporon loubieri was identified by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene sequencing. The patient was treated by intravenous voriconazole (VCZ) and amphotericin B (AmB) according to antifungal susceptibility testing and he was still alive so far. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fourth report of human bloodstream infection due to Trichosporon loubieri and the first survival case of its kind in an immunocompromised patient.
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Firacative C, Khan A, Duan S, Ferreira-Paim K, Leemon D, Meyer W. Rearing and Maintenance of Galleria mellonella and Its Application to Study Fungal Virulence. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030130. [PMID: 32784766 PMCID: PMC7558789 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella larvae have been widely used as alternative non-mammalian models for the study of fungal virulence and pathogenesis. The larvae can be acquired in small volumes from worm farms, pet stores, or other independent suppliers commonly found in the United States and parts of Europe. However, in countries with no or limited commercial availability, the process of shipping these larvae can cause them stress, resulting in decreased or altered immunity. Furthermore, the conditions used to rear these larvae including diet, humidity, temperature, and maintenance procedures vary among the suppliers. Variation in these factors can affect the response of G. mellonella larvae to infection, thereby decreasing the reproducibility of fungal virulence experiments. There is a critical need for standardized procedures and incubation conditions for rearing G. mellonella to produce quality, unstressed larvae with the least genetic variability. In order to standardize these procedures, cost-effective protocols for the propagation and maintenance of G. mellonella larvae using an artificial diet, which has been successfully used in our own laboratory, requiring minimal equipment and expertise, are herein described. Examples for the application of this model in fungal pathogenicity and gene knockout studies as feasible alternatives for traditionally used animal models are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Firacative
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (C.F.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (K.F.-P.)
- Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases Research Group (MICROS), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
| | - Aziza Khan
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (C.F.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (K.F.-P.)
| | - Shuyao Duan
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (C.F.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (K.F.-P.)
| | - Kennio Ferreira-Paim
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (C.F.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (K.F.-P.)
- Infectious Disease Department, Triangulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba 38025-440, Brazil
| | - Diana Leemon
- Agri Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries and Forestry, Brisbane 4102, QLD, Australia;
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (C.F.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (K.F.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-86273430
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A novel silkworm infection model with fluorescence imaging using transgenic Trichosporon asahii expressing eGFP. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10991. [PMID: 32620930 PMCID: PMC7335072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii is a pathogenic fungus that causes deep mycosis in patients with neutropenia. Establishing an experimental animal model for quantitatively evaluating pathogenicity and developing a genetic recombination technology will help to elucidate the infection mechanism of T. asahii and promote the development of antifungal drugs. Here we established a silkworm infection model with a transgenic T. asahii strain expressing eGFP. Injecting T. asahii into silkworms eventually killed the silkworms. Moreover, the administration of antifungal agents, such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, and voriconazole, prolonged the survival time of silkworms infected with T. asahii. A transgenic T. asahii strain expressing eGFP was obtained using a gene recombination method with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The T. asahii strain expressing eGFP showed hyphal formation in the silkworm hemolymph. Both hyphal growth and the inhibition of hyphal growth by the administration of antifungal agents were quantitatively estimated by monitoring fluorescence. Our findings suggest that a silkworm infection model using T. asahii expressing eGFP is useful for evaluating both the pathogenicity of T. asahii and the efficacy of antifungal drugs.
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12
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Galleria mellonella for the Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy against Medically Important Fungi, a Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030390
expr 890942362 + 917555800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of invasive fungal infections remains challenging and the emergence of new fungal pathogens as well as the development of resistance to the main antifungal drugs highlight the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Although in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing has come of age, the proper evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of current or new antifungals is dependent on the use of animal models. Mammalian models, particularly using rodents, are the cornerstone for evaluation of antifungal efficacy, but are limited by increased costs and ethical considerations. To circumvent these limitations, alternative invertebrate models, such as Galleria mellonella, have been developed. Larvae of G. mellonella have been widely used for testing virulence of fungi and more recently have proven useful for evaluation of antifungal efficacy. This model is suitable for infection by different fungal pathogens including yeasts (Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon) and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus, Mucorales). Antifungal efficacy may be easily estimated by fungal burden or mortality rate in infected and treated larvae. The aim of the present review is to summarize the actual data about the use of G. mellonella for testing the in vivo efficacy of licensed antifungal drugs, new drugs, and combination therapies.
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13
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Jemel S, Guillot J, Kallel K, Botterel F, Dannaoui E. Galleria mellonella for the Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy against Medically Important Fungi, a Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030390. [PMID: 32168839 PMCID: PMC7142887 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of invasive fungal infections remains challenging and the emergence of new fungal pathogens as well as the development of resistance to the main antifungal drugs highlight the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Although in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing has come of age, the proper evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of current or new antifungals is dependent on the use of animal models. Mammalian models, particularly using rodents, are the cornerstone for evaluation of antifungal efficacy, but are limited by increased costs and ethical considerations. To circumvent these limitations, alternative invertebrate models, such as Galleria mellonella, have been developed. Larvae of G. mellonella have been widely used for testing virulence of fungi and more recently have proven useful for evaluation of antifungal efficacy. This model is suitable for infection by different fungal pathogens including yeasts (Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon) and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus, Mucorales). Antifungal efficacy may be easily estimated by fungal burden or mortality rate in infected and treated larvae. The aim of the present review is to summarize the actual data about the use of G. mellonella for testing the in vivo efficacy of licensed antifungal drugs, new drugs, and combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Jemel
- EA Dynamyc UPEC, EnvA, USC Anses, Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France; (S.J.); (J.G.); (F.B.)
- Université Tunis EL Manar, Faculté de médecine de Tunis, Tunis 1007, Tunisie;
- UR17SP03, centre hospitalo-universitaire La Rabta, Jabbari, Tunis 1007, Tunisie
| | - Jacques Guillot
- EA Dynamyc UPEC, EnvA, USC Anses, Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France; (S.J.); (J.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Kalthoum Kallel
- Université Tunis EL Manar, Faculté de médecine de Tunis, Tunis 1007, Tunisie;
- UR17SP03, centre hospitalo-universitaire La Rabta, Jabbari, Tunis 1007, Tunisie
| | - Françoise Botterel
- EA Dynamyc UPEC, EnvA, USC Anses, Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France; (S.J.); (J.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Eric Dannaoui
- EA Dynamyc UPEC, EnvA, USC Anses, Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France; (S.J.); (J.G.); (F.B.)
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Service de Microbiologie, 75015 Paris, France
- Université René Descartes, Faculté de médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-56-09-39-48; Fax: +33-1-56-09-24-46
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Montoya AM, Luna-Rodríguez CE, Treviño-Rangel RDJ, Becerril-García M, Ballesteros-Elizondo RG, Saucedo-Cárdenas O, González GM. In vivo pathogenicity of Trichosporon asahii isolates with different in vitro enzymatic profiles in an immunocompetent murine model of systemic trichosporonosis. Med Mycol 2019; 56:434-441. [PMID: 28992352 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii is an opportunistic yeastlike fungus that colonizes the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and human skin. Although it is an important cause of disseminated infections by non-Candida species, there are a few reports related to its virulence factors and their possible role in in vivo pathogenicity. We developed a murine model of disseminated trichosporonosis in immunocompetent mice for the evaluation of the in vivo pathogenicity of 6 T. asahii isolates with different in vitro virulence factor profiles. Tissue fungal burden was determined on days 1, 3, 7, 15, and 25 post-challenge. Overall, the largest fungal load was detected in the kidney on the 5 experimental days, while brain, spleen, and liver displayed a comparatively low fungal count. We observed a fungal burden decrease in most experimental groups from day 15. Histological analysis showed the presence of T. asahii in tissue and a generalized inflammatory infiltrate of polymorphonuclear cells in the kidney, liver, red pulp of the spleen, and the hippocampus. Even though our isolates showed different in vitro virulence factors profiles, we did not detect relevant differences when assayed in vivo, except for a higher persistence of a protease- and biofilm-producing strain in kidney, liver, and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Montoya
- Departamento de Microbiología and Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Carolina E Luna-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología and Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Rogelio de J Treviño-Rangel
- Departamento de Microbiología and Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Miguel Becerril-García
- Departamento de Microbiología and Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | | | - Odila Saucedo-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Gloria M González
- Departamento de Microbiología and Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
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Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of 358 Trichosporon clinical isolates collected in 24 medical centres. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:909.e1-909.e5. [PMID: 30991116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide species distribution and antifungal susceptibility profiles of 358 Trichosporon clinical isolates collected from 24 tertiary-care hospitals. METHODS Species identification was performed by sequencing the IGS1 region of rDNA. Antifungal susceptibility testing for amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole followed the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute reference method. Tentative epidemiologic cutoff values (97.5% ECVs) of antifungals for Trichosporon asahii were also calculated. RESULTS Isolates were cultured mostly from urine (155/358, 43.3%) and blood (82/358, 23%) samples. Trichosporon asahii was the most common species (273/358, 76.3%), followed by T. inkin (35/358, 9.7%). Isolation of non-T. asahii species increased substantially over the last 11 years [11/77 (14.2%) from 1997 to 2007 vs. 74/281, (26.3%) from 2008 to 2018, p0.03]. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed high amphotericin B minimum inhibitory concentrations against Trichosporon isolates, with higher values for T. faecale. The ECV for amphotericin B and T. asahii was set at 4 μg/mL. Among the triazole derivatives, fluconazole was the least active drug. The ECVs for fluconazole and posaconazole against T. asahii were set at 8 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. Voriconazole showed the strongest in vitro activity against the Trichosporon isolates; its ECV for T. asahii was set at 0.25 μg/mL after 48 hours' incubation. CONCLUSIONS Trichosporon species diversity has increased over the years in human samples, and antifungal susceptibility profiles were species specific. Trichosporon asahii antifungal ECVs were proposed, which may be helpful to guide antifungal therapy.
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Sodium butyrate inhibits planktonic cells and biofilms of Trichosporon spp. Microb Pathog 2019; 130:219-225. [PMID: 30878621 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichosporon spp. have been increasingly recognized as an important pathogen of invasive and disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients. These species are prone to form biofilms in medical devices such as catheters and prosthesis, which are associated with antifungal resistance and therapeutic failure. Therefore, new antifungals with a broader anti-biofilm activity need to be discovered. In the present study we evaluate the inhibitory potential of sodium butyrate (NaBut) - a histone deacetylase inhibitor that can alter chromatin conformation - against planktonic and sessile cells of T. asahii and T. inkin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NaBut against planktonic cells was evaluated by microdilution and morphological changes were analyzed by optical microscopy on malt agar supplemented with NaBut. Biofilms were evaluated during adhesion, development and after maturation for metabolic activity and biomass, as well as regarding ultrastructure by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. NaBut inhibited the growth of planktonic cells by 50% at 60 mM or 120 mM (p < 0.05) and also reduced filamentation of Trichosporon spp. NaBut reduced adhesion of Trichosporon cells by 45% (10xMIC) on average (p < 0.05). During biofilm development, NatBut (10xMIC) reduced metabolic activity and biomass up to 63% and 81%, respectively (p < 0.05). Mature biofilms were affected by NaBut (10xMIC), showing reduction of metabolic activity and biomass of approximately 48% and 77%, respectively (p < 0.05). Ultrastructure analysis showed that NaBut (MIC and 10xMIC) was able to disassemble mature biofilms. The present study describes the antifungal and anti-biofilm potential of NaBut against these opportunist emerging fungi.
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A glucuronoxylomannan-like glycan produced by Trichosporon mucoides. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 121:46-55. [PMID: 30268928 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii shares with Cryptococcus species the ability to produce glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), an immunomodulatory fungal polysaccharide. The ability of other opportunistic species of Trichosporon to produce GXM-like polysaccharides is unknown. In this study, we observed that T. mucoides was less pathogenic than T. asahii in an infection model of Galleria mellonella and asked whether this difference was related to the characteristics of GXM-like molecules. Compositional analysis of samples obtained from both pathogens indicated that the components of GXM (mannose, xylose and glucuronic acid) were, in fact, detected in T. mucoides and T. asahii glycans. The identification of the T. mucoides glycan as a GXM-like molecule was confirmed by its reactivity with a monoclonal antibody raised to cryptococcal GXM and incorporation of the glycan into the cell surface of an acapsular mutant of C. neoformans. T. mucoides and T. asahii glycans differed in molecular dimensions. The antibody to cryptococcal GXM recognized T. mucoides yeast forms less efficiently than T. asahii cells. Experiments with animal cells revealed that the T. mucoides glycan manifested antiphagocytic properties. Comparative phagocytosis assays revealed that T. mucoides and T. asahii were similarly recognized by macrophages. However, fungal association with the phagocytes did not depend on the typical receptors of cryptococcal GXM, as concluded from assays using macrophages obtained from Tlr2-/- and Cd14-/- knockout mice. These results add T. mucoides to the list of fungal pathogens producing GXM-like glycans, but also indicate a high functional diversity of this major fungal immunogen.
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Kavanagh K, Sheehan G. The Use of Galleria mellonella Larvae to Identify Novel Antimicrobial Agents against Fungal Species of Medical Interest. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030113. [PMID: 30235800 PMCID: PMC6162640 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of insects and the innate immune response of mammals share many similarities and, as a result, insects may be used to assess the virulence of fungal pathogens and give results similar to those from mammals. Larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella are widely used in this capacity and also for assessing the toxicity and in vivo efficacy of antifungal drugs. G. mellonella larvae are easy to use, inexpensive to purchase and house, and have none of the legal/ethical restrictions that are associated with use of mammals. Larvae may be inoculated by intra-hemocoel injection or by force-feeding. Larvae can be used to assess the in vivo toxicity of antifungal drugs using a variety of cellular, proteomic, and molecular techniques. Larvae have also been used to identify the optimum combinations of antifungal drugs for use in the treatment of recalcitrant fungal infections in mammals. The introduction of foreign material into the hemocoel of larvae can induce an immune priming effect which may operate independently with the activity of the antifungal drug. Procedures to identify this effect and limit its action are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kavanagh
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare W23F2H6, Ireland.
| | - Gerard Sheehan
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare W23F2H6, Ireland.
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Trichosporon inkin meningitis in Northeast Brazil: first case report and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:470. [PMID: 30227852 PMCID: PMC6145100 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trichosporon species may colonize the skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract of human beings. The yeast is recognized as etiological agent of white piedra, a superficial mycosis. Nevertheless, immunocompromised hosts may develop invasive Trichosporonosis. Central nervous system trichosporonosis is a very rare clinical manifestation. In fact, only a few cases have been published in the literature and none of them was caused by Trichosporon inkin. Case presentation Here we report the first clinical case of meningoencephalitis due to this species in a female previously healthy patient under corticosteroids and antibiotics therapy for several months. She was submitted to an invasive procedure to remove a left sided acoustic neuroma and further developed a cerebrospinal fistula. After some days of the procedure, she presented a predominantly and intensive occipital holocranial headache, followed by vomiting, hyporexia, weight loss, asthenia, irritability, difficulty to concentrate and rotator vertigo. The patient further developed a cerebrospinal fistula in the occipital region and was submitted to a surgical correction. After several months of clinical interventions, she was diagnosed with CNS Trichosporonosis, after Magnetic Resonance Imaging and positive microbiological cultures obtained within two different occasions (2 weeks apart). Despite the antifungal therapy with Amphotericin B and Voriconazole, the patient did not survive. Conclusions Despite CNS Fungal infections are mostly due to Cryptococcus spp., other emergent yeasts, such as T. inkin may be considered as a likely etiological agent. This is the first case report of CNS Trichosporonosis, where species identification was performed with rDNA sequencing.
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Van Dijck P, Sjollema J, Cammue BPA, Lagrou K, Berman J, d’Enfert C, Andes DR, Arendrup MC, Brakhage AA, Calderone R, Cantón E, Coenye T, Cos P, Cowen LE, Edgerton M, Espinel-Ingroff A, Filler SG, Ghannoum M, Gow NA, Haas H, Jabra-Rizk MA, Johnson EM, Lockhart SR, Lopez-Ribot JL, Maertens J, Munro CA, Nett JE, Nobile CJ, Pfaller MA, Ramage G, Sanglard D, Sanguinetti M, Spriet I, Verweij PE, Warris A, Wauters J, Yeaman MR, Zaat SA, Thevissen K. Methodologies for in vitro and in vivo evaluation of efficacy of antifungal and antibiofilm agents and surface coatings against fungal biofilms. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:300-326. [PMID: 29992128 PMCID: PMC6035839 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.07.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unlike superficial fungal infections of the skin and nails, which are the most common fungal diseases in humans, invasive fungal infections carry high morbidity and mortality, particularly those associated with biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices. Therapeutic management of these complex diseases is often complicated by the rise in resistance to the commonly used antifungal agents. Therefore, the availability of accurate susceptibility testing methods for determining antifungal resistance, as well as discovery of novel antifungal and antibiofilm agents, are key priorities in medical mycology research. To direct advancements in this field, here we present an overview of the methods currently available for determining (i) the susceptibility or resistance of fungal isolates or biofilms to antifungal or antibiofilm compounds and compound combinations; (ii) the in vivo efficacy of antifungal and antibiofilm compounds and compound combinations; and (iii) the in vitro and in vivo performance of anti-infective coatings and materials to prevent fungal biofilm-based infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of BioMedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, UZ Leuven, Belgium
| | - Judith Berman
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Christophe d’Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - David R. Andes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maiken C. Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Dept. Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Jena, Germany
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Emilia Cantón
- Severe Infection Research Group: Medical Research Institute La Fe (IISLaFe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Switzerland
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | | | - Scott G. Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Re-serve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neil A.R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Biocenter - Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Johnson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and Clinical Department of Haematology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carol A. Munro
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jeniel E. Nett
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Clarissa J. Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, USA
| | - Michael A. Pfaller
- Departments of Pathology and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
- JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa, USA
| | - Gordon Ramage
- ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Switzerland
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, IRCCS-Fondazione Policlinico "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Pharmacy Dpt, University Hospitals Leuven and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Dpt. of Pharmaceutical and Pharma-cological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul E. Verweij
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (omit "Nijmegen" in Radboud University Medical Center)
| | - Adilia Warris
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Joost Wauters
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of General Internal Medicine, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael R. Yeaman
- Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Har-bor-UCLA Medical Center, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Sebastian A.J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Am-sterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Evaluating and Improving Vitek MS for Identification of Clinically Relevant Species of Trichosporon and the Closely Related Genera Cutaneotrichosporon and Apiotrichum. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:2439-2444. [PMID: 28539340 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00461-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon species are relevant etiologic agents of hospital-acquired infections. High mortality rates are attributed to Trichosporon deep-seated infections in immunocompromised individuals, making fast and accurate species identification relevant for hastening the discovery of best-targeted therapy. Recently, Trichosporon taxonomy has been reassessed, and three genera have been proposed for the pathogenic species: Trichosporon, Cutaneotrichosporon, and Apiotrichum Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has replaced old phenotypic methods for microorganism identification in clinical laboratories, but spectral profile databases have to be evaluated and improved for optimal species identification performance. Vitek MS (bioMérieux) is one of the commercially available MALDI-TOF MS platforms for pathogen identification, and its spectral profile databases remain poorly evaluated for Trichosporon, Cutaneotrichosporon, and Apiotrichum species identification. We herein evaluated and improved Vitek MS for the identification of the main clinical relevant species of Trichosporon, Cutaneotrichosporon, and Apiotrichum using a large set of strains and isolates belonging to different yeast collections in Brazil and France.
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22
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de Lacorte Singulani J, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva ACA, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Evaluation of the efficacy of antifungal drugs against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii in a Galleria mellonella model. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:292-7. [PMID: 27444116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii belong to a group of thermodimorphic fungi and cause paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), which is a human systemic mycosis endemic in South and Central America. Patients with this mycosis are commonly treated with amphotericin B (AmB) and azoles. The study of fungal virulence and the efficacy and toxicity of antifungal drugs has been successfully performed in a Galleria mellonella infection model. In this work, G. mellonella larvae were infected with two Paracoccidioides spp. and the efficacy and toxicity of AmB and itraconazole were evaluated in this model for the first time. AmB and itraconazole treatments were effective in increasing larval survival and reducing the fungal burden. The fungicidal and fungistatic effects of AmB and itraconazole, respectively, were observed in the model. Furthermore, these effects were independent of changes in haemocyte number. G. mellonella can serve as a rapid model for the screening of new antifungal compounds against Paracoccidioides and can contribute to a reduction in experimental animal numbers in the study of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alves de Paula E Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14801-902, Brazil.
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23
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Champion OL, Wagley S, Titball RW. Galleria mellonella as a model host for microbiological and toxin research. Virulence 2016; 7:840-5. [PMID: 27362761 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1203486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals are widely used by microbiologists as a model host species to study infectious diseases of humans and domesticated livestock. These studies have been pivotal for our understanding of mechanisms of virulence and have allowed the development of diagnostics, pre-treatments and therapies for disease. However, over the past decade we have seen efforts to identify organisms which can be used as alternatives to mammals for these studies. The drivers for this are complex and multifactorial and include cost, ethical and scientific considerations. Galleria mellonella have been used as an alternative infection model since the 1980s and its utility for the study of bacterial disease and antimicrobial discovery was recently comprehensively reviewed. The wider applications of G. mellonella as a model host, including its susceptibility to 29 species of fungi, 7 viruses, 1 species of parasite and 16 biological toxins, are described in this perspective. In addition, the latest developments in the standardisation of G. mellonella larvae for research purposes has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Champion
- a University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Science , Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Sariqa Wagley
- a University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Science , Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Richard W Titball
- a University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Science , Exeter , Devon , UK
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24
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Mariné M, Brown NA, Riaño-Pachón DM, Goldman GH. On and Under the Skin: Emerging Basidiomycetous Yeast Infections Caused by Trichosporon Species. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004982. [PMID: 26226483 PMCID: PMC4520462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Mariné
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neil Andrew Brown
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Henrique Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol—CTBE, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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