1
|
Ma S, Wei D, Hu W, Xi M, Zhang Y, Chen X, Chen J. A case report of prolonged viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in a patient who receive ibrutinib for CLL therapy. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:895. [PMID: 39218877 PMCID: PMC11367913 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients on B cell immunosuppressive treatments have been shown to have persistent infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this report, a woman treated with ibrutinib for chronic lymphocytic leukemia experienced more than 40 days of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Unexpectedly, her peripheral blood experiments showed a normal SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody level and a relatively elevated percentage of CD19 + B cells, while an obvious decrease in the percentages of NK cells, CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells. Further SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell analysis in this patient indicated a significant decrease in the percentage of SARS-CoV-2-specific IFN-γ, TNF-α or IL-2 producing CD4 + T or CD8 + T cells. Most notably, ten days after the cease of ibrutinib, the PCR for SARS-CoV-2 turned negative and the reduced proportions of peripheral CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells recovered. Our research predicted that the depleted B-cell function therapies may play considerable role in the development of long COVID-19 and the abnormal T-cell subset distribution might be the underlying mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's HospitalAffiliated to, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's HospitalAffiliated to, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Min Xi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's HospitalAffiliated to, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's HospitalAffiliated to, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's HospitalAffiliated to, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's HospitalAffiliated to, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200233, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu X, Chen Y, Cao K, Shen Y, Wu X, Yang Y, Kuang Z, Li Q, Lu Z, Jia Y, Shao M, Gu G, Wang X, Yao Y, Wang Y, Chen S, Yu Z, Wei W, Ding L, Lan L, Gu T, Long X, Sun J, Xing L, Shen J, Han Y, Luo Y, Mu S, Lin M, Zhang X, Zeng R, Xu J, Zhao G, Huang L, Song Z. Reduced clinical severity during 2022 Shanghai Spring epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.2 variant infection-an integrated account of virus pathogenicity and vaccination effectiveness. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae011. [PMID: 38699632 PMCID: PMC11065342 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Kangli Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Yao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Xueling Wu
- Department of Pulmonology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Zhongshu Kuang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Qingrun Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhenzhen Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Yichen Jia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Mian Shao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Guorong Gu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Virology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Shaodie Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Zhigao Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Longfei Ding
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, China
| | - Lulu Lan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Tianwen Gu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Xiangyu Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Lingyu Xing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Jiayuan Shen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Sucheng Mu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Mengna Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan Microbiome Center, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, China
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, China
| | - Zhenju Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo L, Zhang Q, Gu X, Ren L, Huang T, Li Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhong J, Wang X, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li D, Fang M, Xu L, Li H, Wang Z, Li H, Bai T, Liu W, Peng Y, Dong T, Cao B, Wang J. Durability and cross-reactive immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 in individuals 2 years after recovery from COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e24-e33. [PMID: 38048805 PMCID: PMC10789611 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity more than 1 year after initial infection has not been well characterised. The aim of this study was to investigate the durability and cross-reactivity of immunological memory acquired from natural infection against SARS-CoV-2 in individuals recovered from COVID-19 2 years after infection. METHODS In this longitudinal cohort study, we recruited patients who had recovered from laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and were discharged from Jinyintan Hospital (Wuhan, China) between Jan 7 and May 29, 2020. We carried out three successive follow-ups between June 16 and Sept 3, 2020 (6 months), Dec 16, 2020, and Feb 7, 2021 (1 year), and Nov 16, 2021, and Jan 10, 2022 (2 years), in which blood samples were taken. We included participants who did not have re-infection or receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (infected-unvaccinated), and participants who received one to three doses of inactivated vaccine 1-2 years after infection (infected-vaccinated). We evaluated the presence of IgG antibodies, neutralising antibodies, and memory B-cell and memory T-cell responses against the prototype strain and delta and omicron variants. FINDINGS In infected-unvaccinated participants, neutralising antibody titres continually declined from 6-month to 2-year follow-up visits, with a half-life of about 141·2 days. Neutralising antibody responses to omicron sublineages (BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.4/5, BF.7, BQ.1, and XBB) were poor. Memory B-cell responses to the prototype strain were retained at 2 years and presented cross-reactivity to the delta and omicron BA.1 variants. The magnitude of interferon γ and T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were not significantly different between 1 year and 2 years after infection. Multifunctional T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and nucleoprotein were detected in most participants. Recognition of the BA.1 variant by memory T cells was not affected in most individuals. The antibody titres and the frequencies of memory B cells, but not memory T cells, increased in infected-vaccinated participants after they received the inactivated vaccine. INTERPRETATION This study improves the understanding of the duration of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity without boosting, which has implications for the design of vaccination regimens and programmes. Our data suggest that memory T-cell responses primed by initial viral infection remain highly cross-reactive after 2 years. With the increasing emergence of variants, effective vaccines should be introduced to boost neutralising antibody and overall T-cell responses to newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants. FUNDING Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities for Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Natural Science Foundation, UK Medical Research Council.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Gu
- Department of Clinical Research and Data Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingxuan Huang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanan Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jingchuan Zhong
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Chen
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Danyang Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meiyu Fang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liuhui Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zai Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanchun Peng
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bin Cao
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jianwei Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei D, Yu X, Li Y, Chen Y, Chen E, Wang Y, Yang Z, Zhang X. Sequential reinfection with Omicron variants elicits broader neutralizing antibody profiles in booster vaccinees and reduces the duration of viral shedding. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29151. [PMID: 37805829 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The constant emergence of breakthrough infections with Omicron variants poses an escalating challenge to the current vaccination strategy. In this study, we investigated the distinct neutralization activities and clinical characteristics of the booster vaccinees with Omicron reinfection compared with single breakthrough infection and homologous booster vaccination. Our results demonstrate that neutralizing antibody GMTs for WT and other four subvariants (BA.2.2, BA.5.2, BF.7, and XBB.1) differ greatly between breakthrough infection and homologous booster cohorts. Sequential reinfection with Omicron variants elicits broader and high-titer variant-specific neutralizing antibody profiles against Omicron variants. It could also dampen the hyperactivation of WT-specific neutralization induced by previous WT-based vaccination. Moreover, the clinical characteristics from reinfection demonstrated that repeated stimulation by Omicron variants could reduce the duration of viral shedding. By considering reinfection with the Omicron variant as a representative model of repeated immunogen exposures, our results thus illustrate the potential superiority of repeated Omicron stimuli and provide additional evidence supporting the Omicron immunogen as a more effective vaccine candidate to mitigate the transmission of emerging variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Virology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Erzhen Chen
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Virology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Yang
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|