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Serrão-Pinto T, Strand E, Rocha G, Sachett A, Saturnino J, Seabra de Farias A, Alencar A, Brito-Sousa JD, Tupetz A, Ramos F, Teixeira E, Staton C, Vissoci J, Gerardo CJ, Wen FH, Sachett J, Monteiro WM. Development and validation of a minimum requirements checklist for snakebite envenoming treatment in the Brazilian Amazonia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011921. [PMID: 38241387 PMCID: PMC10829989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, antivenoms are the only specific treatment available for snakebite envenoming. In Brazil, over 30% of patients cannot access antivenom within its critical care window. Researchers have therefore proposed decentralizing to community health centers to decrease time-to-care and improve morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is no evidence-based method to evaluate the capacity of health units for antivenom treatment, nor what the absolute minimum supplies and staff are necessary for safe and effective antivenom administration and clinical management. METHODS This study utilized a modified-Delphi approach to develop and validate a checklist to evaluate the minimum requirements for health units to adequately treat snakebite envenoming in the Amazon region of Brazil. The modified-Delphi approach consisted of four rounds: 1) iterative development of preliminary checklist by expert steering committee; 2) controlled feedback on preliminary checklist via expert judge survey; 3) two-phase nominal group technique with new expert judges to resolve pending items; and 4) checklist finalization and closing criteria by expert steering committee. The measure of agreement selected for this study was percent agreement defined a priori as ≥75%. RESULTS A valid, reliable, and feasible checklist was developed. The development process highlighted three key findings: (1) the definition of community health centers and its list of essential items by expert judges is consistent with the Brazilian Ministry of Health, WHO snakebite strategic plan, and a general snakebite capacity guideline in India (internal validity), (2) the list of essential items for antivenom administration and clinical management is feasible and aligns with the literature regarding clinical care (reliability), and (3) engagement of local experts is critical to developing and implementing an antivenom decentralization strategy (feasibility). CONCLUSION This study joins an international set of evidence advocating for decentralization, adding value in its definition of essential care items; identification of training needs across the care continuum; and demonstration of the validity, reliability, and feasibility provided by engaging local experts. Specific to Brazil, further added value comes in the potential use of the checklist for health unit accreditation as well as its applications to logistics and resource distribution. Future research priorities should apply this checklist to health units in the Amazon region of Brazil to determine which community health centers are or could be capable of receiving antivenom and translate this expert-driven checklist and approach to snakebite care in other settings or other diseases in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Serrão-Pinto
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Eleanor Strand
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gisele Rocha
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - André Sachett
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Joseir Saturnino
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Altair Seabra de Farias
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Aline Alencar
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - José Diego Brito-Sousa
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Anna Tupetz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Flávia Ramos
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Teixeira
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Catherine Staton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - João Vissoci
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Gerardo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fan Hui Wen
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
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Thekkur P, Nair D, Fernando M, Kumar AMV, Satyanarayana S, Chandraratne N, Chandrasiri A, Attygalle DE, Higashi H, Bandara J, Berger SD, Harries AD. Empanelment of the Population to the Primary Medical Care Institution of Sri Lanka: A Mixed-Methods Study on Outcomes and Challenges. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:575. [PMID: 36833109 PMCID: PMC9957292 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The registration of individuals with designated primary medical care institutions (PMCIs) is a key step towards their empanelment with these PMCIs, supported by the Primary Health Care System Strengthening Project in Sri Lanka. We conducted an explanatory mixed-methods study to assess the extent of registration at nine selected PMCIs and understand the challenges therein. By June 2021, 36,999 (19.2%, 95% CI-19.0-19.4%) of the 192,358 catchment population allotted to these PMCIs were registered. At this rate, only 50% coverage would be achieved by the end of the project (December 2023). Proportions of those aged <35 years and males among those registered were lower compared to their general population distribution. Awareness activities regarding registration were conducted in most of the PMCIs, but awareness in the community was low. Poor registration coverage was due to a lack of dedicated staff for registration, misconceptions of health care workers about individuals needing to be registered, reliance on opportunistic or passive registration, and lack of monitoring mechanisms; these were further compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. Moving forward, there is an urgent need to address these challenges to improve registration coverage and ensure that all individuals are empaneled before the close of the project for it to have a meaningful impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruthu Thekkur
- Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 75001 Paris, France
| | - Divya Nair
- Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 75001 Paris, France
| | - Manoj Fernando
- Department of Health Promotion, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Anuradhapura 50300, Sri Lanka
| | - Ajay M. V. Kumar
- Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 75001 Paris, France
- The Union-South East Asia (USEA) Office, New Delhi 110016, India
- Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Srinath Satyanarayana
- Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 75001 Paris, France
- The Union-South East Asia (USEA) Office, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Nadeeka Chandraratne
- The Foundation for Health Promotion, 21/1 Kahawita Road, Dehiwala 10350, Sri Lanka
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Amila Chandrasiri
- The Foundation for Health Promotion, 21/1 Kahawita Road, Dehiwala 10350, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Jayasundara Bandara
- Project Management Unit, Primary Health Care System Strengthening Project (PSSP), Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Selma Dar Berger
- Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 75001 Paris, France
| | - Anthony D. Harries
- Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 75001 Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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