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You H, Wang F, Li T, Xu X, Sun Y, Nan Y, Wang G, Hou J, Duan Z, Wei L, Jia J, Zhuang H. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B (version 2022). J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:1425-1442. [PMID: 37719965 PMCID: PMC10500285 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To facilitate the achieving of the goal of "eliminating viral hepatitis as a major public health threat by 2030" set by the World Health Organization, the Chinese Society of Hepatology together with the Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases (both are branches of the Chinese Medical Association) organized a panel of experts and updated the guidelines for prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B in China (version 2022). With the support of available evidence, this revision of the guidelines focuses on active prevention, large scale testing, and expansion of therapeutic indication of chronic hepatitis B with the aim of reducing the hepatitis B related disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong You
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Wang
- The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Xu
- Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yameng Sun
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuemin Nan
- Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | | | - Jinlin Hou
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jidong Jia
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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2
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Hsu YC, Tseng CH, Kao JH. Safety considerations for withdrawal of nucleos(t)ide analogues in patients with chronic hepatitis B: First, do no harm. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023; 29:869-890. [PMID: 36916171 PMCID: PMC10577354 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) are widely used to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but they cannot eradicate the virus and treatment duration can be lifelong if the endpoint is set at seroclearance of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). As an alternative strategy, finite NA therapy without the prerequisite of HBsAg seroclearance has been proposed to allow treatment cessation in patients with sustained undetectable HBV viremia for two to three years. However, reactivation of viral replication almost always follows NA withdrawal. Whereas HBV reactivation might facilitate HBsAg seroclearance in some, it could lead to serious acute flare-ups in a certain proportion of patients. Occurrence and consequences of NA withdrawal flares are complicated with various factors involving the virus, host, and treatment. Accurate risk prediction for severe flares following NA cessation is essential to ensure patient safety. The risks of life-threatening flares in patients who discontinued NA according to the stopping rules of current guidelines or local reimbursement policies have recently been quantitatively estimated in large-scale studies, which also provided empirical evidence to help identify vulnerable patients at risk of devastating outcomes. Moreover, risk predictors were further explored and validated to hopefully aid in patient selection and management. In this narrative review with a focus on patient safety, we summarize and discuss current literature on the incidence of severe flares following NA cessation, risk stratification for candidate selection, rules of posttreatment monitoring, and indications for treatment resumption. We also share our thoughts on the limitations of existing knowledge and suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chun Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hao Tseng
- School of Medicine College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fan P, Li LQ, Chen EQ. The urgency to expand the antiviral indications of general chronic hepatitis B patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1165891. [PMID: 37275355 PMCID: PMC10235492 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1165891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, liver experts have conducted in-depth discussions on whether it is necessary to expand the indication of antiviral therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Currently, the guidelines are too strict in treating CHB patients. With the deepening understanding of the natural history of hepatitis B virus infection, there is more and more evidence challenging the view that there is no disease progression and no treatment in the immune tolerance period and inactive period. As the price of antiviral agents for CHB has decreased significantly, the availability of antiviral agents for CHB has been considerably improved. Therefore, expanding the indications for antiviral treatment of CHB is of great significance in achieving the goal of eliminating the public health threat of viral hepatitis by 2030, as the World Health Organization has proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan-Qing Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - En-Qiang Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Colombe S, Axelsson M, Aleman S, Duberg AS, Lundberg Ederth J, Dahl V. Monitoring the progress towards the elimination of hepatitis B and C in Sweden: estimation of core indicators for 2015 and 2018. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:885. [PMCID: PMC9700967 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To monitor Sweden’s progress towards the WHO goal of eliminating viral hepatitis, we estimated the prevalence, notification rate, and liver-related morbidity and mortality for diagnosed hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in 2015 and 2018. Methods We identified cases of hepatitis B and C within the National System for Notifiable Diseases and obtained data on treatment and whether the case was deceased or not. We calculated prevalence, notification rates per 100,000, and proportion of newly diagnosed cases of hepatitis with liver disease at the time of diagnosis, and proportion of all deceased cases who died from liver disease. We calculated Poisson 95% confidence intervals (CIs) around the notification rates and Wilson 95% CIs around prevalence and mortality estimates. Results In 2015 and 2018, the prevalence of diagnosed HBV infections was 0.20% [95% CI: 0.19–0.20] and 0.21% [0.20–0.21]. Notification rates per 100,000 for HBV infections were 13.02 [12.32–13.76] and 7.71 [7.18–8.27]. HBV liver-related morbidity was 2.65% [1.90–3.68] and 2.16% [1.35–3.43]. HBV liver-related mortality was 20.00% [14.81–26.44] and 17.95% [13.20–23.94]. In 2015 and 2018, the prevalence of diagnosed HCV-infections was 0.24% [0.24–0.25] and 0.18% [0.18–0.19]. Notification rates per 100,000 for HCV infections were 15.92 [15.14–16.73] and 13.05 [12.36–13.77]. HCV liver–related morbidity was 8.14% [6.89–9.60] and 3.90% [2.99–5.08]. HCV liver–related mortality was 27.08% [24.54–29.77] and 26.90% [24.12–29.88]. Conclusions All indicators decreased or remained stable between 2015 and 2018, indicating progress in the elimination of viral hepatitis, especially for HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Colombe
- grid.419734.c0000 0000 9580 3113Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden ,grid.418914.10000 0004 1791 8889European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden ,grid.11505.300000 0001 2153 5088Outbreak Research Team, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Axelsson
- grid.419734.c0000 0000 9580 3113Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofi Duberg
- grid.15895.300000 0001 0738 8966Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Viktor Dahl
- grid.419734.c0000 0000 9580 3113Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
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Al-Ismaili OM, Al-Jardani A, Al-Hinai F, Al-Shukri I, Mathew M, Al-Abri S, Al-Kindi H. Prevalence of Hepatitis B Infection Among Pregnant Women in Oman. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2022; 12:311-315. [PMID: 35643822 PMCID: PMC9470805 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-022-00043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The primary objective of our study was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B infection among pregnant women in Oman. The secondary objectives were to test for other hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers and to determine hepatitis B viral load.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study conducted from June 2019 to December 2020, we randomly selected 2210 Omani women who attended antenatal clinics across the country. Pregnant women were tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) using a commercial enzyme immunoassay; those who tested positive were further analyzed for other HBV serological markers: HBV core total antibody (anti-HBc), HBV core antibody IgM (immunoglobulin M) (anti-HBc IgM), hepatitis B virus e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B virus e antibody (anti-HBe). They were also tested for hepatitis B viral load.
Results
This study included 2210 women with a mean age of 39 years. Ninety-five percent of the women who were invited to participate consented and were included in the study. Thirty-three (1.49%) tested positive for HBsAg. All participants tested negative for HBeAg and anti-HBc IgM and positive for anti-HBc and anti-HBe, and 30 (90.9%) women had their hepatitis B viral load measured. Three (10.0%) had undetectable viral loads, 23 (76.7%) had low viral loads of < 2000 (IU/ml), 2 had moderate viral loads between 2000 and 200,000 (IU/ml) and one had a high viral load of 486,000 (IU/ml).
Conclusion
Our study shows that the HBV prevalence in pregnant women is 1.49%, which is lower than what was reported earlier. Nevertheless, antenatal screening is still warranted, as there are vital interventions for the newborn and the mother.
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6
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Kieri O, Marrone G, Sönnerborg A, Nowak P. Incidence, Treatment, and Outcome of HIV-Associated Hematologic Malignancies in People Living with HIV in Sweden. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:135-142. [PMID: 34652958 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2021.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLHIV) have an increased risk of hematologic malignancies (HMs). We aimed to characterize HMs among PLHIV at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. We studied all PLHIV receiving care at our center between 2004 and 2018. Data were retrieved retrospectively from InfCareHIV database and medical records. Around 3,484 patients received HIV care for a total of 22,903 person-years (py) with median follow-up of 7.6 years. HMs were identified in 43 patients with 30 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 9 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), 2 multicentric Castleman's disease, and 1 case each of myeloma and myelodysplastic syndrome. The incidence rate of NHL was 88/105 py and HL 39.6/105 py. The incidence of NHL declined 2004-2010 versus 2011-2018 (180.8 vs. 40.1/105 py; p = .001). Median time from HIV diagnosis to malignancy was shorter in NHL compared with HL (1.2 years vs. 8.9 years; p = .01) and effective HIV treatment was less common in NHL (33% vs. 100%; p < .001). The 5-year survival rate of NHL was 59% and HL 43%, significantly lower compared with lymphoma survival in the general population in Sweden. In the era of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the incidence rate of lymphoma was more than five times higher in PLHIV and 5-year survival significantly inferior. Efforts for earlier identification of HIV-infected individuals are likely to affect the incidence of NHL. Additionally, an effective screening for clinical and laboratory signs of HL in PLHIV on ART should be introduced to improve identification and survival of HL in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Kieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gaetano Marrone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine ANA Futura Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine ANA Futura Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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7
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de Almeida NAA, de Paula VS. Occult Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and challenges for hepatitis elimination: A literature review. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1616-1635. [PMID: 34724308 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is characterized by the detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in serum or liver but negativity for hepatitis B surface antigen. OBI, which is thought to be maintained by host, immunological, viral and/or epigenetic factors, is one of the most challenging clinical features in the study of viral hepatitis. Currently, there is no validated detection test for OBI. It is believed that OBI is widely distributed throughout the world, with a higher prevalence in populations at high-risk HBV, but the detailed worldwide prevalence patterns are unknown. We conducted a survey of recently published studies on OBI rates across all continents. High prevalence rates of OBI are observed in some specific groups, including patients with hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus co-infection or hepatocellular carcinoma. In 2016, the World Health Organization adopted strategies to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030, but the difficulties in detecting and treating OBI currently challenge this goal. Subjects with OBI can transmit HBV, and episodes of reactivation can occur. Further studies to understanding the mechanisms that drive the development of OBI are needed and can contribute to efforts at eliminating viral hepatitis.
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Mallah SI, Ghorab OK, Al-Salmi S, Abdellatif OS, Tharmaratnam T, Iskandar MA, Sefen JAN, Sidhu P, Atallah B, El-Lababidi R, Al-Qahtani M. COVID-19: breaking down a global health crisis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:35. [PMID: 34006330 PMCID: PMC8129964 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-021-00438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the second pandemic of the twenty-first century, with over one-hundred million infections and over two million deaths to date. It is a novel strain from the Coronaviridae family, named Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); the 7th known member of the coronavirus family to cause disease in humans, notably following the Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (SARS). The most characteristic feature of this single-stranded RNA molecule includes the spike glycoprotein on its surface. Most patients with COVID-19, of which the elderly and immunocompromised are most at risk, complain of flu-like symptoms, including dry cough and headache. The most common complications include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and cardiovascular manifestations. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is mainly via respiratory droplets, either directly from the air when an infected patient coughs or sneezes, or in the form of fomites on surfaces. Maintaining hand-hygiene, social distancing, and personal protective equipment (i.e., masks) remain the most effective precautions. Patient management includes supportive care and anticoagulative measures, with a focus on maintaining respiratory function. Therapy with dexamethasone, remdesivir, and tocilizumab appear to be most promising to date, with hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferons falling out of favour. Additionally, accelerated vaccination efforts have taken place internationally, with several promising vaccinations being mass deployed. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, countries and stakeholders have taken varying precautions to combat and contain the spread of the virus and dampen its collateral economic damage. This review paper aims to synthesize the impact of the virus on a global, micro to macro scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad I Mallah
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain.
- The National Taskforce for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID-19), Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain.
| | - Omar K Ghorab
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Sabrina Al-Salmi
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Omar S Abdellatif
- Department of Political Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- G7 and G20 Research Groups, Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tharmegan Tharmaratnam
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain
- School of Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mina Amin Iskandar
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | | | - Pardeep Sidhu
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Bassam Atallah
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Al Maryah Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rania El-Lababidi
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Al Maryah Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manaf Al-Qahtani
- The National Taskforce for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID-19), Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain.
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Medical Services, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain.
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9
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Hepatitis B Vaccination Status in Dental Practitioners: Local Horrifying Report, National Considerable Issue, and Global Health Impact. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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10
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Ng TI, Dorr PK, Krishnan P, Cohen DE, Rhee S, Wang SX, Ruzek MC, Mensa FJ, Kati WM. Biomarkers for the clinical development of antiviral therapies. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2021; 100:19-32. [PMID: 34542933 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the morbidity and mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic that we are witnessing this year, the risks posed by emerging viral diseases to global health are all too obvious. This pandemic highlights the importance of antiviral drug discovery, which targets emerging viral pathogens, as well as existing pathogenic viruses that undergo continuous evolution. Drug discovery and development is a long and resource intensive process; however, the use of biomarkers can accelerate clinical development of antivirals by providing information regarding diagnosis of specific viral infections, status of infection, potential safety parameters, and antiviral responses. In clinical practice, many of the biomarkers initially utilized to support clinical development are also used for patient care. While viral load is a standard and essential biomarker used to detect the desired viral suppression induced by an antiviral agent, it has become apparent that additional biomarkers, whether related to the virus, the host or as a consequence of the drug's mechanistic effects, are also important for monitoring clinical outcomes associated with an antiviral therapy. This review summarizes the biomarkers used in the clinical development (as well as in clinical practice, where appropriate) of antiviral therapies for hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa I Ng
- Virology Drug Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrick K Dorr
- General Medicine and Virology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Preethi Krishnan
- Virology Drug Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel E Cohen
- General Medicine and Virology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Susan Rhee
- General Medicine and Virology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stanley X Wang
- General Medicine and Virology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melanie C Ruzek
- Translational Immunology, AbbVie Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Federico J Mensa
- General Medicine and Virology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Warren M Kati
- Virology Drug Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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11
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Psaros Einberg A, Fischler B. Chronic viral hepatitis-'B' aware and 'C' the new possibilities. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:2441-2442. [PMID: 32794600 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afrodite Psaros Einberg
- Department of Pediatrics, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Fischler
- Department of Pediatrics, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Hassan W, Ramadan HKA. COVID-19 as a novel etiology of portal vein thrombosis: change in the current management concepts. Infect Dis (Lond) 2020; 53:148-150. [PMID: 33090034 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2020.1837943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Hassan
- Assiut Center for Viral Hepatitis Management, Ministry of Health, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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13
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Ganesan M, Mathews S, Makarov E, Petrosyan A, Kharbanda KK, Kidambi S, Poluektova LY, Casey CA, Osna NA. Acetaldehyde suppresses HBV-MHC class I complex presentation on hepatocytes via induction of ER stress and Golgi fragmentation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G432-G442. [PMID: 32755306 PMCID: PMC7654643 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00109.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption worsens hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection pathogenesis. We have recently reported that acetaldehyde suppressed HBV peptide-major histocompatibility complex I (MHC class I) complex display on hepatocytes, limiting recognition and subsequent removal of the infected hepatocytes by HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This suppression was attributed to impaired processing of antigenic peptides by the proteasome. However, in addition to proteasome dysfunction, alcohol may induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and Golgi fragmentation in HBV-infected liver cells to reduce uploading of viral peptides to MHC class I and/or trafficking of this complex to the hepatocyte surface. Hence, the aim of this study was to elucidate whether alcohol-induced ER stress and Golgi fragmentation affect HBV peptide-MHC class I complex presentation on HBV+ hepatocytes. Here, we demonstrate that, while both acetaldehyde and HBV independently cause ER stress and Golgi fragmentation, the combined exposure provided an additive effect. Thus we observed an activation of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α-X-box binding protein 1 and activation transcription factor (ATF)6α, but not the phospho PKR-like ER kinase-phospho eukaryotic initiation factor 2α-ATF4-C/EBP homologous protein arms of ER stress in HBV-transfected cells treated with acetaldehyde-generating system (AGS). In addition, Golgi proteins trans-Golgi network 46, GM130, and Giantin revealed punctate distribution, indicating Golgi fragmentation upon AGS exposure. Furthermore, the effects of acetaldehyde were reproduced by treatment with ER stress inducers, thapsigargin and tunicamycin, which also decreased the display of this complex and MHC class I turnover in HepG2.2.15 cells and HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes. Taken together, alcohol-induced ER stress and Golgi fragmentation contribute to the suppression of HBV peptide-MHC class I complex presentation on HBV+ hepatocytes, which may diminish their recognition by CTLs and promote persistence of HBV infection in hepatocytes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our current findings show that acetaldehyde accelerates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by activating the unfolded protein response arms inositol-requiring enzyme 1α-X-box binding protein 1 and activation transcription factor (ATF)6α but not phospho PKR-like ER kinase-p eukaryotic initiation factor 2α-ATF4-C/EBP homologous protein in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-transfected HepG2.2.15 cells. It also potentiates Golgi fragmentation, as evident by punctate distribution of Golgi proteins, GM130, trans-Golgi network 46, and Giantin. While concomitantly increasing HBV DNA and HBV surface antigen titers, acetaldehyde-induced ER stress suppresses the presentation of HBV peptide-major histocompatibility complex I complexes on hepatocyte surfaces, thereby promoting the persistence of HBV infection in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Saumi Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Edward Makarov
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Armen Petrosyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | - Carol A Casey
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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14
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Ganesan M, Eikenberry A, Poluektova LY, Kharbanda KK, Osna NA. Role of alcohol in pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:883-903. [PMID: 32206001 PMCID: PMC7081008 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i9.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and alcohol abuse often contribute to the development of end-stage liver disease. Alcohol abuse not only causes rapid progression of liver disease in HBV infected patients but also allows HBV to persist chronically. Importantly, the mechanism by which alcohol promotes the progression of HBV-associated liver disease are not completely understood. Potential mechanisms include a suppressed immune response, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus stresses, and increased HBV replication. Certainly, more research is necessary to gain a better understanding of these mechanisms such that treatment(s) to prevent rapid liver disease progression in alcohol-abusing HBV patients could be developed. In this review, we discuss the aforementioned factors for the higher risk of liver diseases in alcohol-induced HBV pathogenies and suggest the areas for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Allison Eikenberry
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
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15
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Buonomo AR, Viceconte G, Scotto R, De Angelis M, Tozza S, Manganelli F, Lanza AG, Di Costanzo GG, Gentile I. Seronegative occult HBV reactivation complicated with fulminant acute liver failure after rituximab for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 52:216-218. [DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1693624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Buonomo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - G. Viceconte
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - R. Scotto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M. De Angelis
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S. Tozza
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - F. Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - A. G. Lanza
- Hepatology Unit, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | - I. Gentile
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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